异构丁醇在四氯化碳、正庚烷、苯和1,2二氯乙烷中的红外光谱研究

利用FT-IR,测定了四种异构丁醇十四氯化碳、+正庚烷, +苯和1,2-二氯乙烷稀溶液在3800—3000 cm~(-1)内的红外吸收光谱。缔合峰与自由羟基峰的面积之比与溶质、溶剂的性质有关, 且在极稀溶液区与溶质的质量百分比浓度之间有良好的直线关系。本文又运用1-n(环状)模型对有关体系进行了对比研究。结果表明, 丁醇分子支链度的增加以及丁醇分子与苯和1,2-二氯乙烷之间的特殊相互作用, 降低了醇分子的缔合能力。稀溶液中, 丁醇分子在苯和1,2-二氯乙烷中主要以单体和环状二聚体形式存在, 在四氯化碳中以单体和环状三聚体形式存在, 而正丁醇分子在正庚烷中主要为单体和环状四聚体, 异、仲、特丁醇主要为环状三聚体和单体。     

异构丁醇在四氯化碳、正庚烷、苯和1,2-二氯乙烷中的红外光谱研究

利用FT-IR,测定了四种异构丁醇十四氯化碳、 正庚烷, 苯和1,2-二氯乙烷稀溶液在3800—3000cm~(-1)内的红外吸收光谱。缔合峰与自由羟基峰的面积之比与溶质、溶剂的性质有关,且在极稀溶液区与溶质的质量百分比浓度之间有良好的直线关系。本文又运用1-n(环状)模型对有关体系进行了对比研究。结果表明,丁醇分子支链度的增加以及丁醇分子与苯和1,2-二氯乙烷之间的特殊相互作用,降低了醇分子的缔合能力。稀溶液中,丁醇分子在苯和1,2-二氯乙烷中主要以单体和环状二聚体形式存在,在四氯化碳中以单体和环状三聚体形式存在,而正丁醇分子在正庚烷中主要为单体和环状四聚体,异、仲、特丁醇主要为环状三聚体和单体。     

苯—正庚烷—乙醇三元体系加压汽液平衡的研究

用双循环武加压汽液平衡装置测定了苯-正庚烷-乙醇三元体系在101.3、302.5、506.8、709.3、810.6 kPa下的汽液平衡数据。根据有关二元体系在对应压力下的汽液平衡数据所求得的能量配偶参数,对该体系的汽液平衡进行了预测,计算值与实验值符合良好。     

正庚烷-正辛烷、正辛烷-异辛烷体系蒸汽压测定

纯液体和混合液体蒸汽压数据是重要的物理化学参数.文献中对正庚烷-正辛烷、正辛烷-异辛烷(2,2,4-三甲基戊烷)两混合体系的蒸汽压已有报导,但在55℃以下的数据十分缺乏.本文在20.0℃、39.6℃、55.0℃温度下系统地测定了这两个体系的蒸汽压.本文首先设计一套测定溶剂蒸汽压装置,详见图1.图中虚线包围部分固定在一不锈钢支架上.此支架和装置可一起从恒温水槽中取出.在恒温槽中,汞柱与地面垂直.实验过程中,恒温槽的温度波动不超过±0.03℃,温度测量误差不大于0.05℃.正庚烷、正辛烷、异     

固相萃取和气相-质谱法测定主流烟气中苯并[a]芘的研究

 提出了一种用于测定主流烟气中痕量苯并 [a]芘的方法。以甲醇 正庚烷萃取体系初步处理主流烟气中的总粒相物 (TPM) ,接着以KOH甲醇溶液数毫升洗涤正庚烷萃取液 ,再将正庚烷萃取液适当浓缩后经过酸化的硅胶固相萃取小柱 ,流出液用N2 吹干后以乙酸乙酯 2 0 0 μL定容 ,对苯并 [a]芘进行选择离子监测方式下的气相 质谱法定量测定。方法的分离效果及重现性好 ,可用于复杂体系中痕量组分苯并 [a]芘的定量测定。     

含醇二元体系热力学性质的研究 Ⅰ. C1至C5正链醇+苯体系的过量焓

使用Picker流动微量量热器系统测量了298.15 K和常压下甲醇+, 乙醇+, 正丙醇+, 正丁醇+和正戊醇+苯体系的摩尔过量焓。所得结果, 一般较间歇式量热器的测量数据稍高。这些体系的最大过量焓在~x醇=0.30～0.33。正链醇+苯体系的摩尔过量焓的数值, 在C_1～C_5之间, 随着醇分子中碳原子的数目增多而升高, 但两相邻醇H~E的差值, 则随碳链的增长而逐渐减小。     

正庚烷-甲苯-苯酚三元系统氣液平衡计算

应用一种新型的气液平衡器测定了正庚烷-甲苯,正庚烷-苯酚系统的平衡数据。然後以正庚烷-甲苯、正庚烷-苯酚、甲苯-苯酚等三个二元系统数据按van Laar(two suffix)公式推出正庚烷-甲苯-苯酚三元系统的气液平衡。推算结果基本上与实验结果相符合。该三元系统中正庚烷和甲苯间相对挥发度的对数值与苯酚浓度(分子百分数)变化呈直线关系,且不同浓度正庚烷,甲苯的相对挥发度直线均相交於一点,由此获得了从二元系统平衡数据推算该三元系统气液平衡新的简便方法。     

热力学数据精度对正庚烷燃烧模拟结果的影响

为了探讨热力学数据的精度对正庚烷燃烧模拟结果的影响,本文分别在B3LYP/6-31G(d,p)水平和G3水平上计算了正庚烷燃烧反应机理中物种的热力学数据,分别用这些数据模拟了正庚烷在不同条件下的绝热火焰温度和点火延时。同时对正庚烷燃烧反应的点火延时做了敏感度分析,探讨了对点火影响较大的物种。模拟结果表明:核心机理(C0-C4)的物种的热力学数据精度对正庚烷燃烧的模拟结果具有较大影响,而C4以上物种的热力学数据精度对结果影响不大。     

超临界条件下正庚烷的裂解与结焦

以正庚烷为碳氢燃料模型化合物, 考察其在超临界条件下的裂解和结焦情况, 着重探讨了裂解温度和雷诺数(Re)对裂解反应的影响. 在4.0 MPa和500～650 ℃范围内, 随着反应温度升高, 正庚烷的裂解转化率大幅度提高, 裂解反应及其产物的二次反应使结焦前驱物增加, 最终导致结焦严重; 在超临界条件下, 提高流体的湍动程度, 有利于抑制结焦. 采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和X射线衍射(XRD)等技术分析固体焦的形貌特性, 结果表明正庚烷裂解结焦主要以金属催化作用产生的丝状焦为主, 丝状焦的生长是不锈钢发生渗碳现象的重要原因.     

固相萃取和气相色谱-质谱法测定主流烟气中苯并[a]芘的研究

提出了一种用于测定主流烟气中痕量苯并[a]芘的方法.以甲醇-正庚烷萃取体系初步处理主流烟气中的总粒相物(TPM),接着以KOH甲醇溶液数毫升洗涤正庚烷萃取液,再将正庚烷萃取液适当浓缩后经过酸化的硅胶固相萃取小柱,流出液用N2吹干后以乙酸乙酯200 μL定容,对苯并[a]芘进行选择离子监测方式下的气相色谱-质谱法定量测定.方法的分离效果及色谱重现性好,可用于复杂体系中痕量组分苯并[a]芘的定量测定.     

Adipic and malonic acid aqueous solutions: surface tensions and saturation vapor pressures

The surface tension of adipic aqueous solutions was measured as a function of temperature (T=278-313 K) and adipic acid mole fraction (X=0.000-0.003) using the Wilhelmy plate method. A parametrization fitted to these data is presented. The evaporation rates of binary water-malonic and water-adipic acid droplets were measured with a TDMA technique at different temperatures (T=293-300 K) and relative humidities (58-80%), and the saturation vapor pressures of subcooled liquid malonic and adipic acids were derived from the data using a binary evaporation model. The temperature dependence of the vapor pressures was obtained as least-squares fits to the derived vapor pressures: ln(Psat,l) (Pa)=220.2389-22634.96/T (K)-26.66767 ln T (K) for malonic acid and ln(Psat,l) (Pa)=140.6704-18230.97/T (K)-15.48011 ln T (K) for adipic acid.     

Recommended sublimation pressure and enthalpy of benzene

Recommended vapor pressures of solid benzene (CAS Registry Number: 71-43-2) which are consistent with thermodynamically related crystalline and ideal-gas heat capacities as well as with properties of the liquid phase at the triple point temperature (vapor pressure, enthalpy of vaporization) were established. The recommended data were developed by a multi-property simultaneous correlation of vapor pressures and related thermal data. Vapor pressures measured in this work using the static method in the temperature range from 233 K to 260 K, covering pressure range from 99 Pa to 1230 Pa, were included in the simultaneous correlation. The enthalpy of sublimation was established with uncertainty significantly lower than the previously recommended values.     

Some thermodynamic properties of benzocaine

The vaporization enthalpy of benzocaine, ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, has been evaluated using correlation gas chromatography at 298.15 K. The temperature dependence of retention time has also been used to evaluate the vapor pressure of the sub-cooled liquid from 298.15 K to the fusion temperature, 365.2 K, by correlation with the vapor pressures of the compounds used as standards. The vaporization enthalpy calculated from the vapor pressures of benzocaine at the melting point was combined with the experimental fusion enthalpy to evaluate the sublimation enthalpy at the fusion temperature. Application of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation together with the vapor pressure common to both phases permitted calculation of the vapor pressure of the solid at 298.15 K. Similar calculations were performed for two of the standards that were solids for comparisons with experimental data. Vaporization and sublimation enthalpies of (91.8 ± 4.2) and (112.9 ± 4.3) kJ mol^?1 are calculated for benzocaine at 298.15 K as are vapor pressures of 0.0083 and 0.0018 Pa for the sub-cooled liquid and crystalline material, respectively.     

Thermodynamic study of phase transitions in methyl esters of ortho- meta- and para-aminobenzoic acids

A static method based on capacitance gauges was used to measure the vapor pressures of the condensed phases of the methyl esters of the three aminobenzoic acids. For methyl o-aminobenzoate the vapor pressures of the liquid phase were measured in the range (285.4 to 369.5) K. For the meta and para isomers vapor pressures of both crystalline and liquid phases were measured in the ranges (308.9 to 376.6) K, and (332.9 to 428.0) K, respectively. Vapor pressures of the latter compound were also measured using the Knudsen effusion method in the temperature range (319.1 to 341.2) K.From the dependence of the vapor pressures on the temperature, the standard molar enthalpies and entropies of sublimation and of vaporization were derived. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to measure the temperatures and molar enthalpies of fusion of the three isomers. The results enabled the estimation of the enthalpy of the intermolecular (N−H^…O) hydrogen bond in the crystalline methyl p-aminobenzoate. A correlation relating the temperature of fusion and the enthalpy and Gibbs energy of sublimation of benzene, methyl benzoates and benzoic acids was derived.     

气相色谱法测定多溴联苯的蒸气压

采用气相色谱法,以二氯二苯三氯乙烷(DDT)为参考化合物,测定了6个多溴联苯(PBBs)在不同温度条件下的蒸气压, 然后使用Slide数理统计软件、以最小二乘法回归计算出Antoine方程的A,B,C参数,从而建立了6个PBBs的蒸气压与温度 的关联式。初步探讨了分子连接性指数与蒸气压的相关性,结果发现一阶拓扑指数与蒸气压表现出很好的线性关系,两者 的相关系数的平方大于0.99,标准偏差小于0.08。     

Experimental densities,vapor pressures,and critical point,and a fundamental equation of state for dimethyl ether

Densities, vapor pressures, and the critical point were measured for dimethyl ether, thus, filling several gaps in the thermodynamic data for this compound. Densities were measured with a computer-controlled high temperature, high-pressure vibrating-tube densimeter system in the sub- and supercritical states. The densities were measured at temperatures from 273 to 523 K and pressures up to 40 MPa (417 data points), for which densities between 62 and 745 kg/m³ were covered. The uncertainty (where the uncertainties can be considered as estimates of a combined expanded uncertainty with a coverage factor of 2) in density measurement was estimated to be no greater than 0.1% in the liquid and compressed supercritical states. Near the critical temperature and pressure, the uncertainty increases to 1%. Using a variable volume apparatus with a sapphire tube, vapor pressures and critical data were determined. Vapor pressures were measured between 264 and 194 kPa up to near the critical point with an uncertainty of 0.1 kPa. The critical point was determined visually with an uncertainty of 1% for the critical volume, 0.1 K for the critical temperature, and 5 kPa for the critical pressure. The new vapor pressures and compressed liquid densities were correlated with the simple TRIDEN model. The new data along with the available literature data were used to develop a first fundamental Helmholtz energy equation of state for dimethyl ether, valid from 131.65 to 525 K and for pressures up to 40 MPa. The uncertainty in the equation of state for density ranges from 0.1% in the liquid to 1% near the critical point. The uncertainty in calculated heat capacities is 2%, and the uncertainty in vapor pressure is 0.25% at temperatures above 200 K. Although the equation presented here is an interim equation, it represents the best currently available.     

Isopiestic determination of osmotic coefficients and evaluation of vapor pressures for solutions of calcium chloride and calcium nitrate in methanol at 298.15 K

The osmotic coefficients of calcium chloride and calcium nitrate in methanol have been measured by the isopiestic method at the temperature 298.15 K. Sodium iodide served as isopiestic standard for the calculation of osmotic coefficients. The Pitzer model and the self-consistent local composition (SCLC) model developed by Ananth and Ramachandran was used to fit each set of osmotic coefficients. The parameters from the fit were used to calculate the vapor pressures. The osmotic coefficient data are successfully correlated with these models, which provide reliable predictions of vapor pressures.     

Thermodynamic study on the sublimation of diphenyl and triphenyl substituted acetic and propanoic acids

Knudsen mass-loss effusion technique was used for measuring the vapor pressures at different temperatures of the following crystalline compounds: diphenylacetic acid, between 357.27 and 379.08 K; triphenylacetic acid, between 418.98 and 436.97 K; 2,2-diphenylpropanoic acid, between 366.08 and 386.00 K; 3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid, between 366.09 and 386.03 K; 3,3,3-triphenylpropanoic acid, between 402.17 and 420.10 K. From the temperature dependence of the vapor pressure of each crystalline compound, the standard (p ⁰ = 10⁵ Pa) molar enthalpies and Gibbs energies of sublimation, at T = 298.15 K, were derived. The measured thermodynamic properties are compared with literature results for phenylacetic and phenylpropanoic acids and correlations for estimation of the vapor pressures from the enthalpy of sublimation and the temperature of fusion of these and other compounds are presented.     

Investigation of the vaporization of boric acid by transpiration thermogravimetry and knudsen effusion mass spectrometry

The vaporization of H3BO3(s) was studied by using a commercial thermogravimetric apparatus and a Knudsen effusion mass spectrometer. The thermogravimetric measurements involved use of argon as the carrier gas for vapor transport and derivation of vapor pressures of H3BO3(g) in the temperature range 315-352 K through many flow dependence and temperature dependence runs. The vapor pressures as well as the enthalpy of sublimation obtained in this study represent the first results from measurements at low temperatures that are in accord with the previously reported near-classical transpiration measurements (by Stackelberg et al. 70 years ago) at higher temperatures (382-413 K with steam as the carrier gas). The KEMS measurements performed for the first time on boric acid showed H3BO3(g) as the principal vapor species with no meaningful information discernible on H2O(g) though. The thermodynamic parameters, both p(H3BO3) and Delta sub H degrees m(H3BO3,g), deduced from KEMS results in the temperature range 295-342 K are in excellent agreement with the transpiration results lending further credibility to the latter. All this information points toward congruent vaporization at the H3BO3 composition in the H2O-B2O3 binary system. The vapor pressures obtained from transpiration (this study and that of Stackelberg et al.) as well as from KEMS measurements are combined to recommend the following: log [p(H3BO3)/Pa]=-(5199+/-74)/(T/K)+(15.65+/-0.23), valid for T=295-413 K; and Delta sub H degrees m=98.3+/-9.5 kJ mol (-1) at T=298 K for H3BO3(s)=H3BO3(g).     

Partial molar volumes of organic solutes in water. X. Benzene and toluene at temperatures from (298 to 573) K and at pressures up to 30 MPa

Density data for dilute aqueous solutions of benzene and toluene are presented together with partial molar volumes at infinite dilution calculated from the experimental data. The measurements were performed at temperatures from (298.15 to 573.15) K and at pressures close to the saturated vapor pressure of water, at 30 MPa and at pressures between these limits. The data were obtained using a high-temperature high-pressure flow vibrating-tube densimeter.