Controlled release of doxorubicin from electrospun MWCNTs/PLGA hybrid nanofibers

In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used to encapsulate a model anticancer drug, doxorubicin (Dox). Then, the drug-loaded MWCNTs (Dox/MWCNTs) with an optimized drug encapsulation percentage were mixed with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer solution for subsequent electrospinning to form drug-loaded composite nanofibrous mats. The structure, morphology, and mechanical properties of the formed electrospun Dox/PLGA, MWCNTs/PLGA, and Dox/MWCNTs/PLGA composite nanofibrous mats were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and tensile testing. In vitro viability assay and SEM morphology observation of mouse fibroblast cells cultured onto the MWCNTs/PLGA fibrous scaffolds demonstrate that the developed MWCNTs/PLGA composite nanofibers are cytocompatible. The incorporation of Dox-loaded MWCNTs within the PLGA nanofibers is able to improve the mechanical durability and maintain the three-dimensional structure of the nanofibrous mats. More importantly, our results indicate that this double-container drug delivery system (both PLGA polymer and MWCNTs are drug carriers) is beneficial to avoid the burst release of the drug and able to release the antitumor drug Dox in a sustained manner for 42 days. The developed composite electrospun nanofibrous drug delivery system may be used as therapeutic scaffold materials for post-operative local chemotherapy.     

Folic acid modified electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyethyleneimine nanofibers for cancer cell capture applications

Capture and detection of metastatic cancer cells are crucial for diagnosis and treatment of malignant neoplasm. Here, we report the use of folic acid (FA) modified electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) nanofibers for cancer cell capture applications. Electrospun PVA/PEI nanofibers crosslinked by glutaraldehyde vapor were modified with FA via a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer, followed by acetylation of the fiber surface PEI amines. The formed FA-modified nanofibers were well characterized. The morphology of the electrospun PVA/PEI nanofibers is smooth and uniform despite the surface modification. In addition, the FA-modified nanofibers display good hemocompatibility as confirmed by hemolysis assay. Importantly, the developed FA-modified nanofibers are able to specifically capture cancer cells overexpressing FA receptors, which were validated by quantitative cell counting assay and qualitative confocal microscopy analysis. The developed FA-modified PVA/PEI nanofibers may be used for capturing circulating tumor cells for cancer diagnosis applications.     

Photocrosslinked methacrylated chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffolds as potential skin substitute

Nanofibers based on natural polymers have recently been attracting research interest as promising materials for use as skin substitutes. Here, we prepared photocrosslinked nanofibrous scaffolds based on methacrylated chitosan (MACS) by photocrosslinking electrospun methacrylated chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) mats and subsequently removing PVA from the nanofibers. We comprehensively investigated the solution properties of MACS/PVA precursors, the intermolecular action between MACS and PVA components, and the morphology of MACS/PVA nanofibers. Results indicated that the fiber diameter and morphology of the photocrosslinked methacrylated chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffolds were controlled by the MACS/PVA mass ratio and showed highly micro-porous structures with many fibrils. In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation and cell culture experiments confirmed that MACS-based mats with micro-pore structure were biocompatible with L929 cells and facilitated cellular migration into the 3D matrix, demonstrating their potential application as skin replacements for wound repair.     

In situ mineralization of hydroxyapatite on electrospun chitosan-based nanofibrous scaffolds

A biocomposite of hydroxyapatite (HAp) with electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds was prepared by using chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) and N-carboxyethyl chitosan/PVA (CECS/PVA) electrospun membranes as organic matrix, and HAp was formed in supersaturated CaCl2 and KH2PO4 solution. The influences of carboxylic acid groups in CECS/PVA fibrous scaffold and polyanionic additive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in the incubation solution on the crystal distribution of the HAp were investigated. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to characterize the morphology and structure of the deposited mineral phase on the scaffolds. It was found that addition of PAA to the mineral solution and use of matrix with carboxylic acid groups promoted mineral growth and distribution of HAp. MTT testing and SEM imaging from mouse fibroblast (L929) cell culture revealed the attachment and growth of mouse fibroblast on the surface of biocomposite scaffold, and that the cell morphology and viability were satisfactory for the composite to be used in bioapplications.     

Stabilization of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibrous mats in aqueous solutions

<正>The stability ofpoly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) nanofibrous mats in water media was improved by post-electrospinning treatments.Bifunctional glutaraldehyde(GA) in methanol was used as a crosslinking agent to stabilize PVA nanofiber,but fiber twinning was observed frequently,and the highly porous structure of PVA nanofibrous mats was destroyed when the crosslinked fiber was soaked in water.To overcome this shortcoming,chitosan(CS) was introduced into the PVA spinning solution to prepare PVA/CS composite nanofibers.Their treatment in GA/methanol solution could retain the fiber morphology of PVA/CS nanofibers and porous structure of PVA/CS nanofibrous mats even if they were soaked in aqueous solutions for 1 month.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) were applied to characterize the physicochemical structure and thermal properties of PVA nanofibers.It was found that the water resistance of PVA nanofibrous mats was enhanced because of the improvement of the degree of crosslinking and crystallinity in the electrospun PVA fibers after soaking in GA/methanol solution.     

A nanofibrous composite membrane of PLGA-chitosan/PVA prepared by electrospinning

Tissue engineering scaffolds produced by electrospinning feature a structural similarity to the natural extracellular matrix. In this study, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were simultaneously electrospun from two different syringes and mixed on the rotating drum to prepare the nanofibrous composite membrane. The composite membrane was crosslinked by glutaraldehyde vapor to maintain its mechanical properties and fiber morphology in wet stage. Morphology, shrinkage, absorption in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) and mechanical properties of the electrospun membranes were characterized. Fibroblast viability on electrospun membranes was discussed by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and cell morphology after 7 days of culture. Results indicated that the PBS absorption of the composite membranes, no matter crosslinked or not, was higher than the electrospun PLGA membrane due to the introduction of hydrophilic components, chitosan and PVA. After crosslinking, the composite membrane had a little shrinkage after incubating in PBS. The crosslinked composite membrane also showed moderate tensile properties. Cell culture suggested that electrospun PLGA-chitosan/PVA membrane tended to promote fibroblast attachment and proliferation. It was assumed that the nanofibrous composite membrane of electrospun PLGA-chitosan/PVA could be potentially used for skin reconstruction.     

Electrospun PVA Nanofibrous Membranes Reinforced with Silver Nanoparticles Impregnated Cellulosic Fibers: Morphology and Antibacterial Property

To enhance the mechanical and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticle impregnated cellulosic fibers, carboxy-cellulose nanocrystals(CCNs) were grafted with chitooligosaccharide(COS), which was used as a stabilizer for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Nanofibrous membranes reinforced with silver nanoparticle impregnated cellulosic fibers(CCN-COS-AgNP) were prepared via electrospinning using polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) as a matrix. The effects of CCN-COS-AgNP contents on the morphology, surface composition, mechanical properties, and antibacterial performances of the prepared CCN-COS-AgNP/PVA membranes were examined. The addition of CCN-COS-AgNP certainly improved the mechanical properties and antibacterial performances of the PVA nanofibers. The tensile strength was significantly increased from 4.40 MPa to 8.60 MPa when 8% CCN-COS-AgNP(mass ratio) was introduced. When 10%(mass ratio) CCN-COS-AgNP was added, the nanofibers showed an excellent antibacterial activity for S. aureus(Staphylococcus aureus) and E. coli(Escherichia coli), with the maximum inhibition zones of 2.30 and 1.60 cm, respectively. Moreover, the 2%(mass ratio) CCN-COS-AgNP/PVA fibrous membrane showed 126% cell viability for mg63 human osteoblasts. The electrospun PVA membrane has great potential application in biomedical field.     

Evaluation and correlation of electrochemical and mechanical properties of PVA/SA nanofibres

The present study evaluates and correlates the morphology of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA) nanofibres with their internal structure to determine dielectric and tensile properties for future applications as long-lasting and resistant cell scaffolds. This work generates electrospun nanofibres mixing SA concentration in a PVA solution cross-linked in calcium chloride media. The dielectric properties of the nanofibres that were obtained using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that at higher amount of SA in the PVA/SA fibres, the cross-linking process occurs at shorter times, indicating the modification of the internal structure of the PVA/SA. The X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) demonstrate that the chemical composition of the nanofibres varies depending on the depth profile. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proves that the PVA/SA is formed as a core-shell coaxial nanofibre. The tensile testing demonstrates that with a higher SA concentration, the mechanical properties show brittleness.     

Silk Fibroin Combined with Electrospinning as a Promising Strategy for Tissue Regeneration

The development of tissue engineering scaffolds is of great significance for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues and organs. Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural protein polymer with good biocompatibility, biodegradability, excellent physical and mechanical properties and processability, making it an ideal universal tissue engineering scaffold material. Nanofibers prepared by electrospinning have attracted extensive attention in the field of tissue engineering due to their excellent mechanical properties, high specific surface area, and similar morphology as to extracellular matrix (ECM). The combination of silk fibroin and electrospinning is a promising strategy for the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds. In this review, the research progress of electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers in the regeneration of skin, vascular, bone, neural, tendons, cardiac, periodontal, ocular and other tissues is discussed in detail.     

Preparation of biocompatible system based on electrospun CMC/PVA nanofibers as controlled release carrier of diclofenac sodium

Nanofibers of naturally modified polymer such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) blended with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at different ratios was obtained by electrospinning technique. The blended solutions of CMC and PVA loaded with and without diclofenac sodium (DS) were electrospun using environmentally benign electrospinning technique in the absence of organic solvents. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate the surface morphology functional groups, as well as the thermal stability of DS loaded CMC/PVA nanofibers mat. The mechanical properties of the as prepared electrospun nanofibers was also evaluated. The entrapment efficiency and the in vitro release of DS loaded CMC/PVA nanofibers were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The obtained results displayed that the blended nanofibers have shown a smooth morphology, no beads formation when the concentration of CMC was equal or below 5% and beads formation above 5%. FTIR data demonstrated that there were good interactions between CMC and PVA possibly via the formation of hydrogen bonds. The electrospun blended CMC/PVA nanofibers exhibit good mechanical properties. From the in vitro release data, it was found that with the presence of CMC, the release of DS from the nanofibers mats became sustained controlled. Due to the biocompatibility and low cost of the two blended polymers (CMC and PVA), the blended nanofibers system can be considered as one of the promising materials for the preparation of excellent drug carrier.     

Fabrication of chitosan/collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds with encapsulated Cissus quadrangularis extract

Here, we demonstrated the fabrication of a composite scaffold (chitosan [CS], collagen [Col], and hydroxyapatite [HA]) with the incorporation of encapsulated Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) extract for tissue engineering applications. First, the crude extract of CQ loaded nanoparticles were synthesized via double emulsion technique using polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as oil and aqueous phases, respectively. Both PCL (20, 40, and 80 mg/mL) and PVA (0.5%, 1%, and 3% w/v) concentrations were varied to determine the optimum concentrations for CQ‐loaded nanoparticle preparation. The CQ‐loaded PCL nanoparticles (CQ‐PCL NPs), prepared with 20 mg/mL PCL and 0.5% (w/v) PVA, exhibited the smallest size of 334.22 ± 43.21 nm with 95.54 ± 1.49% encapsulation efficiency. Then, the CQ‐PCL NPs were incorporated into the CS/Col/HA scaffolds. These scaffolds were also studied for their ultrastructure, pore sizes, chemical composition, compressive modulus, water swelling, weight loss, and biocompatibility. The results showed that the addition of CQ‐PCL NPs into the scaffolds did not dramatically alter the ultrastructure and properties of the scaffolds, compared to CS/Col/HA scaffolds alone. However, incorporation of CQ‐PCL NPs in the scaffolds improved the release profile of CQ by preventing the initial burst release and prolonging the release rate of CQ. In addition, the CQ‐PCL NPs‐loaded CS/Col/HA scaffolds supported the attachment and proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 osteoblast cells.     

In-Vitro Cytotoxicity Study: Cell Viability and Cell Morphology of Carbon Nanofibrous Scaffold/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites

Electrospun carbon nanofibers (CNFs), which were modified with hydroxyapatite, were fabricated to be used as a substrate for bone cell proliferation. The CNFs were derived from electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers after two steps of heat treatment: stabilization and carbonization. Carbon nanofibrous (CNF)/hydroxyapatite (HA) nanocomposites were prepared by two different methods; one of them being modification during electrospinning (CNF-8HA) and the second method being hydrothermal modification after carbonization (CNF-8HA; hydrothermally) to be used as a platform for bone tissue engineering. The biological investigations were performed using in-vitro cell counting, WST cell viability and cell morphology after three and seven days. L929 mouse fibroblasts were found to be more viable on the hydrothermally-modified CNF scaffolds than on the unmodified CNF scaffolds. The biological characterizations of the synthesized CNF/HA nanofibrous composites indicated higher capability of bone regeneration.     

Exploring the dark side of MTT viability assay of cells cultured onto electrospun PLGA-based composite nanofibrous scaffolding materials

One major method used to evaluate the biocompatibility of porous tissue engineering scaffolding materials is MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The MTT cell viability assay is based on the absorbance of the dissolved MTT formazan crystals formed in living cells, which is proportional to the number of viable cells. Due to the strong dye sorption capability of porous scaffolding materials, we propose that the cell viability determined from the MTT assay is likely to give a false negative result. In this study, we aim to explore the effect of the adsorption of MTT formazan on the accuracy of the viability assay of cells cultured onto porous electrospun poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers, HNTs (halloysite nanotubes)/PLGA, and CNTs (multiwalled carbon nanotubes)/PLGA composite nanofibrous mats. The morphology of electrospun nanofibers and L929 mouse fibroblasts cultured onto the nanofibrous scaffolds were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The viability of cells proliferated for 3 days was evaluated through the MTT assay. In the meantime, the adsorption of MTT formazan onto the same electrospun nanofibers was evaluated and the standard concentration-absorbance curve was obtained in order to quantify the contribution of the adsorbed MTT formazan during the MTT cell viability assay. We show that the PLGA, and the HNTs- or CNTs-doped PLGA nanofibers display appreciable MTT formazan dye sorption, corresponding to 35.6-50.2% deviation from the real cell viability assay data. The better dye sorption capability of the nanofibers leads to further deviation from the real cell viability. Our study gives a general insight into accurate MTT cytotoxicity assessment of various porous tissue engineering scaffolding materials, and may be applicable to other colorimetric assays for analyzing the biological properties of porous scaffolding materials.     

Novel mechanism for spinning continuous twisted composite nanofiber yarns

Highly aligned and twisted composite Nylon 6 nanofibers incorporating multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully electrospun, using a novel mechanism. It has been found that; ultrasound combined with high speed shearing is the simplest and most convenient method to improve the dispersion of MWCNTs into a polymer matrix with a certain loading. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were conducted to characterize the morphology of nanofibers, the dispersion of MWCNTs and their alignment inside the fiber body. By manipulating the electrical forces during electrospinning and applying mechanical stretching to the electrospun nanofibers, high polymer chain orientation and better alignment of the MWCNTs particles along the fiber axis was achieved. Twist was applied to the nanofibers for providing the required inter fiber lateral cohesion interaction and friction thus, spinning a continuous twisted composite yarn. SEM images show twisted yarns with diameters ranging between 5 and 10 μm. The twist effect of the parallel bundle was investigated by controlling the twist per unit length using a motor speed controller at values of 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 rpm. The paper also provides a comprehensive review of various yarn spinning mechanisms of electrospun nanofibers.     

Polycaprolactone-polymethyl methacrylate electrospun blends for biomedical applications

Electrospinning is one of most versatile process to fabricate porous scaffolds in biomedical field. Synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) provide excellent properties for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and tunable mechanical properties. PCL-PMMA electrospun blends combine compressive/tensile properties of individual polymers as well as biocompatibility/biodegradability. Together with porosity of scaffold, drug/nutrient supply is required in tissue regeneration and healing. High pressure CO₂ has been investigated to plasticize many biopolymers and impregnate drugs in scaffolds. This study explores several compositions of PCL-PMMA electrospun scaffolds for morphological and mechanical properties. These scaffolds are impregnated with hydrophilic (Rhodamine B) and hydrophobic (Fluorescein) dyes using high pressure CO₂ and air plasma treatment. Furthermore, release profiles of dyes have been studied from thin films and porous scaffolds to understand several controlling factors for controlled release applications. Results show dye-polymer interactions, CO₂ impregnation and stress relaxation of electrospun fibers are key factors in release profile from electrospun fibers. This study is a step forward in developing PCL-PMMA based electrospun scaffolds for drug delivery and tissue engineering.     

Fabrication and characterization of polyurethane patch loaded with palmarosa and cobalt nitrate for cardiac tissue engineering

Cardiac patches are attractive option in overcoming the morbidities associated with cardiac disorders. Nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated using polyurethane (PU) added with palmarosa (PR) and cobalt nitrate (CoNO₃) using an electrospinning technique. Several characterizations were employed namely field emission scanning electron microscopy, wettability measurement, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, surface roughness measurements, and tensile testing. Further, biological response of the electrospun nanofibers were tested through coagulation study and MTS assay. As-spun composite mats showed smaller fibers than pure PU as depicted in morphology analysis. The interaction of PU with PR and CoNO₃ was confirmed in infrared spectrum and thermal analysis. The incorporation of the PR decreased the wettability and while CoNO₃ addition resulted in the hydrophilic nature as depicted in the contact angle measurements. Mechanical properties testing showed that elongation at break for the pristine PU was increased with the addition of PR and CoNO_3. The surface measurements depicted that the incorporation of PR resulted in the improvement of the surface roughness while the addition of CoNO₃ reduced the surface roughness of the pristine PU. The electrospun nanocomposites showed delayed blood clotting time compared to the pristine PU as shown in coagulation study. Both composites supported the better proliferation of fibroblast cells than pure PU. Therefore, novel composites with smaller fiber diameter, hydrophilicity, better mechanical properties, improved blood compatibility parameters, and good cell viability rates would be a promising candidate for cardiac tissue engineering.     

Improved antibacterial properties of an Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy coated with chitosan nanofibers incorporating silver sulfadiazine multiwall carbon nanotubes for bone implants

Bacteria‐caused infection remains an issue in the treatment of bone defects by means of Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy implants. This study aimed to improve the antibacterial properties of an Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy by coating with chitosan‐based nanofibers with incorporated silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). AgSD and MWCNTs were prepared at a weight ratio of 1:1 and then added to chitosan at varying concentrations (ie, 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.5 wt.%) to form composites. The obtained composites were ejected in nanofiber form using an electrospinning technique and coated on the surface of an Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy to improve its antibacterial properties. A microstructural examination by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the diameter of chitosan nanofiber ejected increased with the concentration of AgSD‐MWCNTs. The incorporation of AgSD‐MWCNTs into the chitosan nanofibers was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Examination of the antibacterial activity shows that chitosan nanofibers with AgSD‐MWCNTs can significantly inhibit the growth and infiltration of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Biocompatibility assay and cell morphology observations demonstrate that AgSD‐MWCNTs incorporated into nanofibers are cytocompatible. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate the potential application of electrospun chitosan with AgSD‐MWCNTs as an antibacterial coating on Mg‐Zn‐Ca alloy implants for bone treatment.     

Mammalian cell viability in electrospun composite nanofiber structures

Incorporation of mammalian cells into nanofibers (cell electrospinning) and multilayered cell-nanofiber structures (cell layering) via electrospinning are promising techniques for tissue engineering applications. We investigate the viability of 3T3-L1 mouse fibroblasts after incorporation into poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers and multilayering with poly(caprolactone) nanofibers and analyze the possible factors that affect cell viability. We observe that cells do not survive cell electrospinning but survive cell layering. Assessing the factors involved in cell electrospinning, we find that dehydration and fiber stretching are the main causes of cell death. In cell layering, the choice of solvent is critical, as residual solvent in the electrospun fibers could be detrimental to the cells.     

Solvent Influences the Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Poly(L-lactic acid) Scaffold for Tissue Engineering Applications

Electrospun micro- and nanofiber scaffolds have gained interest in biomedical applications, especially in tissue engineering, because they can be used to reproduce the structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of natural tissue. The selection of the solvent is an important factor which affects the diameter, the surface morphology and the crystallinity of the electrospun fibers, and, accordingly, their mechanical properties as well as their degradation kinetics. Furthermore, the surface morphology of the electrospun fibres can be controlled by solvent vapour pressure to produce porous structures which might be helpful for cell adhesion and proliferation. In the present work, poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) has been electrospun using solvents with different vapour pressures to investigate the influences of the solvent vapour pressure on morphology, diameter, crystallinity and mechanical properties of the electrospun fiber scaffolds. The results show that the vapour pressure of the solvents (or solvent mixtures) play an important role in the fiber diameter and crystallinity. Furthermore, the crystallinity of the fibers is increased by lowering the vapour pressure of the used solvent. In addition, the mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength and Young's modulus) are strongly dependent on morphological features such average fibers diameter. The smaller the average diameter, the higher the tensile strength and Young's modulus.     

Controllable synthesis and characterization of porous polyvinyl alcohol/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffolds via an in situ colloidal technique

During the last decades, there have been several attempts to combine bioactive materials with biocompatible and biodegradable polymers to create nanocomposite scaffolds with excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity, biodegradability and mechanical properties. In this research, the nanocomposite scaffolds with compositions based on PVA and HAp nanoparticles were successfully prepared using colloidal HAp nanoparticles combined with freeze-drying technique for tissue engineering applications. In addition, the effect of the pH value of the reactive solution and different percentages of PVA and HAp on the synthesis of PVA/HAp nanocomposites were investigated. The SEM observations revealed that the prepared scaffolds were porous with three dimensional microstructures, and in vitro experiments with osteoblast cells indicated an appropriate penetration of the cells into the scaffold's pores, and also the continuous increase in cell aggregation on the scaffolds with increase in the incubation time demonstrated the ability of the scaffolds to support cell growth. According to the obtained results, the nanocomposite scaffolds could be considered as highly bioactive and potential bone tissue engineering implants.