定位锌结晶釉的析晶动力学分析

本文以ZnO作为定位结晶剂在1100℃下制备了ZnSiO3结晶釉,测试了其在不同析晶保温时间下釉面晶花大小,并根据结晶动力学理论,对结晶釉中ZnSiO3晶花的生长规律和结晶机理进行了分析探讨.结果表明:当析晶保温时间超过30 min,晶花的形成速率随时间增加而显著提高,并在45 min到60 min范围内达到最大值;当析晶保温时间超过90 min,晶花形成速率随时间增加而快速下降,并在析晶保温时间超过150 min后,晶花基本上不再生长,形成速率达到稳定值.采用ZnO作定位晶种的釉面结晶稳定性好,釉面晶花大小与析晶保温时间符合S型生长曲线关系,可用Logistic函数拟合,本研究为实现锌结晶釉的可控生长提供了参考.     

分形理论在硅酸锌系结晶釉研究中的应用

本实验对采用不同工艺条件(析晶温度、析晶保温时间、釉层厚度)制备出具有晶花形貌的硅酸锌系结晶釉,应用分形理论对其晶花形貌进行了研究.结果发现该结晶釉的晶花形貌具有良好的分形特征,并且分形与制备工艺存在一定关系:随着析晶温度的增加,分形维数值与析晶温度除了在1140 ℃时稍有波动,基本上是成反比例关系,结晶形貌的变化趋势由针状或棒状转化为叶片状或圆盘状;随着析晶保温时间的增加,分形维数值逐渐增大,结晶形貌由针微晶逐渐转化成放射状晶体,尺寸也有明显增大的趋势;随着釉层厚度的增加,结晶产物的分形维数明显减小.     

Co2+掺杂Zn2SiO4结晶釉生长机理的研究

以高岭土、石英、钠长石、石灰石、氧化锌等矿物为原料,ZnO为晶核剂,并掺杂Co2+控温烧结Zn2 SiO4结晶釉.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析样品物相,白度色差计测量釉料色度(L*、a*、b*),EDS能谱仪分析样品组成含量.采用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA)方程对釉的结晶动力学进行分析,探讨釉中晶体的生长机理.结果表明:高温时Co2+置换了Zn2SiO4结晶釉中的Zn2+.随着保温时间的延长,掺杂了Co2+的Zn2SiO4晶体颗粒不断长大,在1140℃下保温170 min晶花达到最大,其晶花面积均值为410.91 mm2.模拟动力学分析,釉中晶体的Avrami指数n1100℃ =0.82,n1140℃=1.23,n1180℃=1.12,表明晶体的形成由扩散机制向成核机制转变.拟合Arrhenius方程,晶体的活化能Ea=148.2 kJ/mol.     

钙镁硅酸盐系列结晶釉的研究——钙、镁氧化物对结晶釉析晶的影响

针对钙镁硅酸盐系列结晶釉,研究配方中钙、镁氧化物含量及CaO/MgO比值发生变化时,对釉烧温度及析晶体矿物种属、析晶集合体形态的影响;分析探讨钙、镁氧化物影响析晶的作用机理.研究表明,CaO/MgO比值近于1时,釉烧温度相对较低;CaO/MgO比值向大于1或小于1方向变化时,釉的烧成温度趋于升高.CaO/MgO比值在影响釉析晶体矿物种属的同时,影响析晶集合体的形态特征,认为这是由矿物的析晶习性决定的.     

水热合成硅酸锌纳米粉体及其形成机理的研究

以醋酸锌为锌源、正硅酸乙酯为硅源水热合成硅酸锌(Zn2 SiO4)晶体.研究了反应时间、温度、pH以及不同的反应溶剂对Zn2 SiO4晶体生长的影响.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析样品物相,扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)对样品晶粒聚集成球的过程在结构和形貌上进行表征.利用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA)方程对Zn2 SiO4晶体进行生长动力学分析.结果表明:随着温度升高与反应时间的延长,球状Zn2SiO4不断长大,结晶性能逐渐增强.水热合成的Zn2 SiO4晶体Avrami指数n145℃=0.55、n165℃=0.60、n205℃=0.71、n185℃=0.85,表明晶体的形成有从扩散机制向成核机制转变的趋势.     

单相氟磷灰石微晶玻璃晶相特征和生物相容性研究

采用熔融-淬火-烧结法制备氟磷灰石微晶玻璃,研究其析晶机制和体外生物相容性.采用X射线衍射(XRD)和场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)分析了不同烧结温度下样品的晶相组成和微观结构,利用能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)分析了化学成分.结果表明,氟磷灰石是烧结微晶玻璃中的唯一晶相,其晶体可以在较宽的温度范围内析出.显微组织结构致密,显微硬度为644～709 Hv0.1.氟磷灰石晶体在FE-SEM中有针状和多边形两种形态,多边形是短棒状晶体的横断面.低温下,以固相烧结为主,氟磷灰石析晶以表面析晶为主,晶体生长为针形;高温下玻璃液较多,在保温和冷却凝固过程中析出短棒状晶.在37℃温度下将样品在模拟体液中浸泡14 d,SEM/EDS和FT-IR检测结果表明,样品表面包含磷酸根和羟基的吸收带,形成了羟基磷灰石层,可作为骨或牙齿修复材料.     

ZnO晶体的极性生长习性与双晶的形成机理

本文根据晶体负离子配位多面体的生长基元的观点，结合氧人锌晶体生长基元稳定能的计算，研究和分析了水热条件下氧化锌晶体的极性生长习性和双日 的形成机理。氧化锌晶本的生长习性明显地受生长时的物理化学条件（溶液的碱度，反应和矿化剂）的影响，晶粒形态表现为长柱状、单锥状和颗粒状；而且在不同的生长条件下可以形成不贩双晶晶粒。在以ＫＢｒ为矿化剂的溶液中形成哑铃形双晶，双晶面为（０００１）；在中性或弱碱性溶液２中     

光学材料结晶化研究

本文通过分析光学材料中光谱与温度之间的关系证实了晶体生长过程中的相变团簇模型,认为晶体内部热辐射流是引起固-液界边界层温度场发生传导的可能原因.引入了前结晶的概念,并结合实际中的不同晶体生长方法讨论了包裹体及气泡的抑止机理,通过计算得到了生长理想晶体的最大生长速率并且解释了由于界面层的摆动使得晶体生长过程中产生的微气泡没有被移动的界面层所捕获.     

高热膨胀Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2微晶玻璃的制备及性能研究

采用传统熔体冷却法制备了Na2O-MgO-Al2 O3-SiO2玻璃并采用整体析晶工艺制备了微晶玻璃.利用DSC、XRD、SEM等测试手段研究了微晶玻璃的析晶行为和显微结构,探讨了热处理制度对该体系微晶玻璃热膨胀系数、密度、抗弯强度、显微硬度等性能的影响.研究结果表明,当晶化温度为800℃时该体系微晶玻璃主晶相为颗粒状霞石晶体(NaAlSiO4);当晶化温度达到900℃时玻璃中开始析出镁橄榄石(Mg2SiO4)晶体;延长保温时间可显著促进析晶但对晶体种类没有影响.析晶后微晶玻璃的密度、热膨胀系数、抗弯强度和显微硬度值显著增加,其最高热膨胀系数可达14.1×10-6℃-1.所制备的微晶玻璃具有很好的机械性能,当热处理温度为1000℃时,其抗弯强度和显微硬度分别达160 MPa和7.8 GPa.     

传统法KH2PO4(KDP)晶体生长温场和速度场的数值模拟研究

在不同转速下用传统法生长了KDP晶体,并根据生长槽的实际情况,建立了三维数学模型.利用有限容积法,对晶体生长槽内的速度场和温度场进行了数值模拟,分析了不同晶体转速和晶体生长对速度场和温度场的影响规律.结果表明,随着晶体转速的增大,溶液流速越来越大,晶体生长更快,杂晶减少;较高转速(55 r/min和77r/min)较于较低转速(9.0～40 r/min)更有利于晶体生长.     

钨基陶瓷结晶釉的快速结晶制备及其光催化性能探索

本文通过对钨基陶瓷结晶釉材料进行了快速结晶制备,所得釉层晶相为WOP2O7结构.通过扫描电镜分析发现其表面具有显著地结晶化特征形貌,进一步结合EDS能谱分析发现其表面形貌有钨基结晶釉相和底釉相两种结构构成.在光催化性能探索中发现该釉层材料在紫外可见光照射下展现出一定的催化降解罗丹明B溶液的能力,为陶瓷结晶釉材料的功能化价值提升提供了参考.     

Evidence of nucleation and growth of metal Cu and Ag nanoparticles in lustre: AFM surface characterization

Lustre is one of the most interesting ancient ceramic decorations. Recent studies demonstrated that lustre correspond to a nanostructured thin layer formed by metallic copper and metallic silver nanocrystals embedded in a glass matrix. The aim of this paper is to improve the comprehension of lustre nature and the mechanisms of its formation focusing special attention on glaze surface nanotopography and the crystalline particles size and distribution. Lustre reproductions were studied during the lustre formation process and compared to medieval lustre layers. Lustre reproductions and ancient lustre surfaces were observed by means of White Light Interferometry, Atom Forces Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction and Electron Microprobe. These observations shown that lustre layer does not appear as a superimposed layer on the top of the glaze but as a surface roughness resulting by the nanocrystals growth inside the glassy matrix. Chemical Microprobe Analysis of lustre reproductions indicates that Cu and (later) Ag are introduced into the glaze by ion-exchange with alkalis (Na and K) from the glaze. White Light Interferometry and Atomic Forces Microscopy showed that surface roughness increase during the lustre formation process as a result of metal nanoparticles growth. Silver particles appear heterogeneously distributed and have a smaller size and higher roughness than copper particles on ancient lustre. This paper confirmed that lustre formation process involves two steps process: ion exchange and crystallization (nucleation and crystal growth) of Cu and Ag metal nanoparticles inside the glassy matrix.     

钇掺杂多孔结构氧化锌纳米棒的制备与性能研究

采用两步法在二氧化锡掺氟(SnO2:F,FTO)导电玻璃基板上制备出钇(Y)掺杂多孔结构氧化锌(ZnO)纳米棒,首先利用浸渍-提拉法在FTO导电玻璃基板上制备ZnO晶种层,然后利用水热法在ZnO晶种层上生长Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒.研究了不同浓度Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒的晶相结构、微观形貌、化学组成及光学性能.实验结果表明:所制备的Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒为沿c轴择优取向生长的六方纤锌矿结构,随着Y掺杂浓度的增加,ZnO纳米棒(002)衍射峰强度先增大后减小,纳米棒的平均长度由1.3μm增加到2.6μm.ZnO纳米棒的形貌由锥状结构向柱状结构演化,纳米棒侧面的孔洞分布密度增加.所制备的Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒具有一个较弱的紫外发光峰和一个较强的宽可见发光峰.所制备样品的光学带隙随着Y掺杂浓度的增加而减小,其光学带隙在3.29～3.21 eV之间变化.利用Y掺杂ZnO纳米棒作为量子点敏化太阳能电池的光阳极可极大提高太阳电池的光电转换效率.     

Solvothermal growth of highly oriented wurtzite‐structured ZnO nanotube arrays on zinc foil

ZnO nanotube arrays were synthesized on zinc foil by a simple solvothermal approach. In this approach, zinc foil was used not only as a substrate but also as a zinc‐ion source for the direct growth of ZnO nanotube arrays. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, indicated that the structure of the ZnO nanotube arrays on the zinc foil substrate was single‐crystalline with a wurtzite structure. The optical properties of the ZnO nanorod arrays were characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopies and Raman. Photoluminescence exhibited strong UV emission and a broad deep‐level (visible) emission emission at with 325 nm excitation. A possible mechanism is also proposed to account for the growth of the ZnO nanotube arrays. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Structure and magnetism of ZnO/Co multilayers prepared by pulsed laser deposition

ZnO/Co multilayers were fabricated on silicate (100) substrate by a pulsed laser deposition method at room temperature. The x‐ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that the as‐deposited multilayer film is composed of amorphous phase, which leads to high saturation magnetization and low coercivity. Higher coercivity is observed in the ZnO/Co films annealed at 390 °C due to the formation of crystalline metallic Co and semiconducting ZnO. But much higher annealing temperature leads to the oxidation of metallic Co and the reaction between Co and ZnO, which decreases the saturation magnetization and coercivity obviously.     

以NH4Cl为矿化剂水热合成ZnO自组装微纳米结构

采用NH4Cl为矿化剂,以金属锌片为锌源,水热合成出多种不同形貌的ZnO微纳米结构.其中ZnO纳米棒及铅笔都沿[001]方向生长,结晶性很好.在水热条件下, ZnO纳米棒通常倾向于自组装成花状的结构.本文从鲍林电负性的角度揭示了形成这些微纳米结构的化学反应机理,分析了Cl 和NH+4在这些微纳米结构形成过程中所起的作用.研究结果表明:温度和填充度对ZnO纳米结构的结晶性和形貌也有重要的影响.当温度从150 ℃升至180 ℃时,ZnO纳米晶的结晶性明显更好.当填充度从60;增加到80;时,除了形成ZnO纳米棒花状自组装结构以外,在金属锌片表面还趋于生成大量的ZnO微球.     

MOCVD法制备一维定向ZnO晶须阵列及掺杂研究

采用大气开放式MOCVD技术,以Zn(C5H7O2)2为前驱物,在玻璃和单晶硅基片上生长了沿c轴高度定向、规则排布的氧化锌晶须阵列.在此基础上,采用多气路输送不同金属有机源的方法,进行了ZnO晶须的掺杂,制备了掺铝元素的一维定向晶须阵列.XRD结果表明未掺杂ZnO晶须为六方纤锌矿结构,沿c轴高度取向;掺铝ZnO晶须晶体结构仍为六方纤锌矿结构,沿c轴择优取向.SEM结果显示,未掺杂的ZnO晶须阵列排布规则,长径比达到20;掺杂ZnO晶须随着铝掺杂浓度的增加,晶须的形貌及排布规则性变差.     

One‐step synthesis of ZnO/MgO core‐sheath structures

A kind of ZnO/MgO core‐sheath structure has been prepared directly by the pyrolysis of a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol, magnesium acetate, and zinc chloride coating on glass fiber mats at 450 °C for 60 min. The growing process and effect of the anions on the morphology of ZnO/MgO structures have been preliminarily discussed. The results indicate that ZnCl₂ will transform to ZnO crystal through an intermediate of zinc hydroxide chloride. ZnO crystal act as the core of the micorod, and MgO lamellas act as the sheath. The concurrence of chloride and acetate anions in the precursor is necessary for the growth of ZnO/MgO core‐sheath structures. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Crystallization of zinc lactate in presence of malic acid

The influence of malic acid, which acts as an impurity on the cooling crystallization of zinc lactate is investigated in this paper by monitoring the relative supersaturation and the number of crystals during crystallization. The presence of malic acid increases the solution solubility and makes the metastable zone wider; it also changes the habit of the crystal. The purity of the final products is shown to be influenced by the amount and size of seed crystals, cooling rate, seeding temperature and final temperature, but appears to depend mainly on the particle size and level of supersaturation. Residual supersaturation thresholds are observed that depend on the final temperature. A model is proposed to predict the steady-state supersaturation value from the final temperature at a given impurity concentration. This model is based on Kubota and Gibbs equations.     

High-temperature X-ray analysis of phase evolution in Sr-doped zinc-silicate glasses

Bone grafts are required in many clinical situations. Autografts are the traditional gold standard for treating conditions requiring bone grafts. However autografts have inherent drawbacks such as donor site morbidity, pain and increased operative time. An alternative for autografts are synthetic grafts. A series of strontium doped zinc silicate glasses were developed which were investigated using high temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) in order to establish phase transformations, which occur up to the first crystallization temperature, (T_p1), thus identifying the composition-structure relationships which arise during this thermal processing. In analysing BT110 it was observed that all glass material crystallised into 4 phases including strontium zinc silicate, sodium calcium silicate, calcium silicate and strontium silicate, leaving no residual glass phase. BT111 and BT112 were shown to contain a residual glassy phase alongside for BT111, sodium zinc silicate, larnite and silicon oxide and for BT112 strontium silicate, calcium silicate, sodium silicate and silicon oxide. In the case of BT111 the residual glass phase appears to be rich in strontium. The residual glass phase being Sr enriched with respect to the glass-ceramic may offer increased release of Sr²⁺ from the material; important for the regulation of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. BT113 crystallized to form strontium silicate, sodium silicate, and strontium zinc silicate. BT114 crystallized to form strontium silicate and sodium silicate. The biocompatibility of phases formed in BT113 and BT114 is as yet unknown. Further knowledge will be generated by later work examining the biocompatibility of these phases identified in this research. However, on the basis of these results, the materials (BT110-BT112) exhibit potential as a bone graft substitutes, whilst BT113-BT114 give rise to phases with unknown biocompatibility and so warrant further investigation.