镍磷对陶瓷-金属结合剂性能与结构的影响

采用化学镀镍包覆陶瓷结合剂粉体的方法制备陶瓷-金属结合剂.结合强度测试仪、XRD、SEM等检测手段,研究了镍磷含量对陶瓷-金属结合剂性能与结构的影响.结果 表明:在镍磷含量20wt;的陶瓷-金属结合剂中,陶瓷熔融贯通一起成骨架,金属相与陶瓷相交错镶嵌紧密结合,陶瓷-金属结合剂具有较佳的力学性能,抗折强度和抗冲击强度分别为155.22 MPa和3.11 kJ/m2,相比陶瓷结合剂分别提高98.7;和87.3;;镍磷含量适当的陶瓷-金属结合剂磨具,既保留了陶瓷结合剂磨具的体系结构,又具有金属与陶瓷融合一体的结合剂性能,其各项性能得到改善.     

铁基结合剂金刚石节块性能的优化

以性能较好的铁基结合剂为基体,加入表面未镀、镀Ni和纳米Al2O3/Ni复合镀层的金刚石,用热压烧结的方法得到铁基结合剂金刚石节块,测量了金刚石铁基结合剂节块的抗弯强度和耐磨性,采用SEM和EDS对复合镀层和金刚石表面的形貌和组分进行了表征.结果表明:在金刚石表面镀覆纳米Al2O3/Ni层后,复合镀层均匀致密,晶粒细小;在热压烧结中,复合镀层能阻止金刚石的石墨化,使金刚石和基体之间有强的化学结合,所以金刚石和铁基结合剂之间的界面结合紧密,结合剂对金刚石的把持力提高,节块的抗弯强度从468.9 MPa增加到563.8 MPa,磨耗比从349升高到700.     

钛粉掺量对陶瓷结合剂金刚石磨具性能的影响

研究了不同钛(Ti)粉添加量对陶瓷结合剂金刚石磨具性能的影响.实验结果表明:当添加量为6wt; Ti粉时,结合剂的流动性达到最大值(160;),磨具试样的体积密度达最大值(2.24g/cm3),开口孔隙率降至最低12.6;,硬度达到最大值(76 HRB);随着Ti粉添加量的增加,磨具的抗折强度也随之显著增加,当添加量为8wt; Ti粉时抗折强度为61.8 MPa;磨具试样断口SEM图表明,Ti粉的掺入能够使气孔大小接近,分布更加均匀,XRD分析表明结合剂试样在660℃下烧结,Ti粉被氧化为TixO,磨具试样在760℃下烧结,Ti粉则被氧化为更稳定的TiO2.     

Ag-Cu-Ti/TiC复合钎料钎焊细粒度金刚石的研究

在Ag-Cu-Ti合金中加入一定量的TiC颗粒制成复合钎料,进行细粒度金刚石磨粒与45钢基体的真空钎焊实验.运用三维视频显微镜、扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析TiC颗粒、Ag-Cu-Ti合金和金刚石磨粒之间的结合界面.结果表明:TiC颗粒能有效降低试验工艺下Ag-Cu-Ti合金在基体表面的流动性和结晶时产生的隆起,复合钎料在基体表面分布更趋平整,有利于细粒度金刚石钎焊等高性的控制;适量TiC颗粒在结合剂层中的均匀分布,能显著细化结合剂层的显微组织;复合钎料中添加TiC颗粒在实现细粒度金刚石磨粒与钢基体钎焊连接的同时,有效抑制了钎料合金对细粒度金刚石磨粒过度浸润所造成切削刃的包裹,保证了细粒度金刚石磨粒良好的出露.     

晶核剂P2O5对CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃析晶的影响

采用熔融法以自然冷却黄磷炉渣为主要原料,P2O5为晶核剂,制备了黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差热分析(DTA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等分析技术手段,探究了晶核剂P2O5(以KH2PO4的形式引入)对黄磷炉渣微晶玻璃晶化行为及物化性能的影响规律.结果表明:黄磷炉渣基础玻璃的析晶峰温度Tp及析晶活化能E随着P2O5晶核剂的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势;当晶核剂P2O5加入量达到4wt;时,黄磷炉渣基础玻璃的析晶峰温度Tp及析晶活化能E最小,析晶效果最优,物化性能最优;主晶相硅灰石(CaSiO3)并不随着晶核剂P2O5加入量的增大而发生改变,同时能够促进晶相氟磷灰石(Ca5(PQ)3F)生成.     

自扩散式高温氮化制备Mg-α/β-sialon复相陶瓷

利用烧结镁砂中固有杂质,加入金属A1粉、单质Si粉和α-Al2O3微粉,以Y2O3为助烧结剂,经氮化烧结炉1550℃氮化烧结1h制备出Mg-α/β-sialon复相陶瓷,实现镁质材料的性能改进和优化.研究了不同Y2O3加入量对Mg-α/β-sialon复相陶瓷的矿物组成及微观形貌的影响,借助于XRD分析试样中的晶相组成和晶胞参数,采用SEM及EDS对试样断口的微观形貌进行分析与观察.结果表明:Mg-α/β-sialon复相陶瓷以β-sialon为主晶相,Mg-α-sialon为次品相.随着Y2O3加入量的增加,Mg-α-sialon相的生成量呈减小趋势,β-sialon相的生成量呈增加趋势,Mg-t-sialon的形貌由短柱状向长棱柱状转变,当Y2O3加入5wt;时为片状结构.Y3+的引入使Mg-αβ-sialon相晶格变形,增加了缺陷浓度,提高了阴阳离子的自扩散能力,促进氮化烧结反应的进行.     

金刚石磨粒/Cu-Sn-Ti合金/金属胎体复合节块界面微结构

采用铜锡钛(Cu-Sn-Ti)合金钎料分别利用两种常规钎焊方法进行金刚石磨粒预钎焊处理试验并制备复合节块.通过静压强度试验测试了预钎焊磨粒的静压强度,通过三点抗弯试验测试了复合节块的强度,并使用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X型射线衍射仪分析预钎焊金刚石磨粒和复合节块断口的微结构.结果表明:真空炉中预钎焊后金刚石磨粒表面形貌较好,Cu-Sn-Ti合金钎料与金刚石在预钎焊过程中发生了界面元素扩散,形成化学结合界面,Cu-Sn-Ti合金钎料对金刚石的热损伤较小;预钎焊金刚石磨粒的体积浓度为10; ～40;时复合节块抗弯强度达到791MPa以上,高于常规金刚石节块强度;预钎焊金刚石磨粒与金属胎体在烧结过程中发生了界面元素扩散,形成冶金结合,复合节块界面结合强度高.     

烧结温度对陶瓷/青铜结合剂性能与显微结构的影响

通过粉末冶金法制备出陶瓷/青铜结合剂,青铜结合剂(mCu∶mSn=85∶15)与陶瓷结合剂质量比3∶1.结合电子万能试验机、洛氏硬度仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪等,研究了烧结温度对陶瓷/青铜结合剂性能及结构的影响.结果表明:随烧结温度的升高,陶瓷/青铜结合剂密度、抗折强度和抗冲击强度呈先上升后下降的趋势;且烧结温度为620 ℃时,陶瓷/青铜结合剂综合性能较优,其密度为5.43 g/cm3、抗折强度为170 MPa、抗冲击强度为9.76 kJ/m2、硬度(HRB)为126;温度升高促进铜锡元素合金化及陶瓷与青铜结合剂界面之间元素的相互渗透;且经620 ℃烧结后,铜锡之间全部以α+δ共析相存在,金属和陶瓷界面结合性好,提高了陶瓷/青铜结合剂的综合性能.     

铜锡钛合金钎焊金刚石及立方氮化硼磨粒界面特征分析

采用一种铜基合金(Cu-Sn-Ti)作为活性钎料,在高真空炉中钎焊连接金刚石、立方氮化硼与45#钢基体,将其牢固钎焊在基体表面.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪进一步研究活性元素Ti在Cu基合金与金刚石及立方氮化硼结合界面的扩散现象.结果表明:活性元素Ti向金刚石、立方氮化硼表面发生偏聚,生成TiC、TiN、TiB和TiB2;活性元素Ti在向金刚石和立方氮化硼磨粒的扩散存在一定的差异性;铜基合金和钢基体的结合界面发生元素扩散生成铁钛金属间化合物.     

纳米TiO2对微波法制备cBN陶瓷磨具的结构和性能影响

本实验选用SiO2-Na2 O-Al2 O3-B2 O3系统作为基础陶瓷结合剂的烧结体系,向该体系中分别加入0.2;、0.4;、0.6;、0.8;、1.0;质量分数的纳米TiO2制得纳米陶瓷结合剂.采用微波炉烧结方式,结合XRD分析、差热分析、抗弯强度和流动性检测分析,重点研究纳米TiO2对陶瓷结合剂及cBN陶瓷磨具的影响.结果表明:添加纳米TiO2后,陶瓷结合剂的流动性和抗弯强度得到明显改善.其中,加入0.6;质量分数纳米TiO2后,陶瓷模具的性能最佳,抗弯强度增大到28.95 MPa,结合剂流动性增大到150.6;.添加纳米TiO2后,cBN陶瓷磨具的气孔率明显降低,抗弯强度显著提高.而且,纳米TiO2的添加可实现结合剂对cBN磨粒的均匀包覆,改善其微观结构.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.