TiO2对Nb2O5低膨胀陶瓷的烧结性、力学强度和抗热震性能的影响

以TiO2和Nb2O5微粉为主要原料,通过高温固相反应烧结制备了TiO2掺杂改性的Nb2O5陶瓷,研究了TiO2含量对Nb2O5陶瓷的晶相组成、烧结性能、热膨胀性能、抗弯强度和抗热震性能的影响.研究表明,2; ～ 8; TiO2掺杂未改变Nb2O5陶瓷的单斜晶系结构,而TiO2含量为12;时,除Nb2O5主晶相外,还生成了少量Ti2Nb10O29晶相.通过加入适量TiO2改性,可明显抑制Nb2O5陶瓷烧成过程晶粒异常生长,改善烧结性能,避免开裂现象,获得较为均匀致密的显微结构,有效提高样品的抗弯强度.Nb2O5陶瓷的热膨胀系数和抗弯强度都随着TiO2含量增加而表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,其中TiO2含量为4;时,样品具有最高的抗弯强度(75.6 MPa)和低的热膨胀系数(1.42×10-6/℃).添加4; ～12;的TiO2都可明显改善Nb2O5陶瓷的抗热震性能.     

钛粉掺量对陶瓷结合剂金刚石磨具性能的影响

研究了不同钛(Ti)粉添加量对陶瓷结合剂金刚石磨具性能的影响.实验结果表明:当添加量为6wt; Ti粉时,结合剂的流动性达到最大值(160;),磨具试样的体积密度达最大值(2.24g/cm3),开口孔隙率降至最低12.6;,硬度达到最大值(76 HRB);随着Ti粉添加量的增加,磨具的抗折强度也随之显著增加,当添加量为8wt; Ti粉时抗折强度为61.8 MPa;磨具试样断口SEM图表明,Ti粉的掺入能够使气孔大小接近,分布更加均匀,XRD分析表明结合剂试样在660℃下烧结,Ti粉被氧化为TixO,磨具试样在760℃下烧结,Ti粉则被氧化为更稳定的TiO2.     

凝胶注模成型Al2O3陶瓷的显微结构及力学性能研究

以Al2O3粉为原料,TiO2+MgO为烧结助剂,琼脂糖为单体,聚丙烯酸铵为分散剂,利用凝胶注模及无压烧结工艺制备了Al2O3陶瓷.研究了琼脂糖固化机制、烧结助剂作用机理以及琼脂糖含量对Al2O3陶瓷坯体及烧结体的显微结构及力学性能的影响规律.试验结果表明,琼脂糖利用内部氢键的结合,形成三维网络状结构,将Al2O3粉原位凝固成型.TiO2+MgO烧结助剂使材料实现了液相烧结机制,有利于降低材料的烧结温度及促进致密化进程.随着琼脂糖含量增加,坯体的致密度、坯体及烧结体的抗弯强度均呈先增大后减小趋势.当琼脂糖含量为0.5wt;时,Al2O3陶瓷的抗弯强度达到最大值.     

TiO2烧结助剂对纳米η-Al2 O3制备氧化铝陶瓷的影响

为降低氧化铝陶瓷制备成本,改善其性能,以价格低廉的纳米η-Al2 O3为原料,TiO2为烧结助剂,制备氧化铝陶瓷.研究了TiO2加入量对纳米η-Al2 O3氧化铝陶瓷的体积密度、显气孔率、物相组成和微观结构的影响.结果表明:TiO2通过增加氧化铝中铝离子点缺陷数量而提高其扩散系数,促进氧化铝陶瓷的致密化及晶粒的生长.η-Al2 O3到α-Al2 O3的相变首先在氧化铝颗粒表面进行,然后迅速扩散至内部完成.通过计算晶胞参数大小,定量证明刚玉晶体发育良好,引入适量TiO2对氧化铝陶瓷高温性能和化学稳定性影响较小.当TiO2加入量为2wt;,烧结温度为1600℃时,氧化铝陶瓷的性能优良,体积密度为3.70 g/cm3、显气孔率为1.2;,存在一定数量的晶间气孔和晶内气孔,晶体间结合紧密,晶粒尺寸10～30μm.     

Zn0.99Cu0.01Al2O4-TiO2基微波介质陶瓷的研究

以分析纯ZnO、CuO、Al2O3以及TiO2为原料,采用传统固相法制备了(1-x)Zn0.99Cu0.01Al2O4-xTiO2(ZCAT,x=0-0.25)微波介质陶瓷.研究了不同TiO2的添加量对ZCAT陶瓷烧结性能、晶相组成、显微结构以及微波介电性能的影响.研究结果表明:Zn0.99Cu0.01Al2O4与TiO2以两相的形式共存,不会形成固溶体;烧结温度随着TiO2添加量的增大显著降低;ZCAT陶瓷的体积密度、品质因数随着TiO2含量的增多而减小,介电常数则随着TiO2含量的增多而增大,添加适量TiO2将ZCAT陶瓷的频率温度系数调节至近零.当x=0.23时,陶瓷可在1380℃烧结3h后获得最佳的微波介电性能:介电常数εr=11.4,品质因数Q ×f=38155 GHz以及谐振频率温度系数Υf=-2.4×106/℃.     

多孔氮化硅陶瓷的微观结构、力学性能和气体透气性的研究

本研究中,以石油焦为造孔剂、Y2O3-Al2O3为烧结助剂,通过注浆成型制备出多孔氮化硅陶瓷.研究石油焦的加入量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷微观结构、力学性能及气体透气性的影响.结果表明:多孔氮化硅陶瓷的微孔是由长棒状的β-Si3N4晶粒互相搭接而成,大孔是由石油焦燃烧而成.随着石油焦加入量的增加,气孔率及达西渗透系数(μ)增大,但试样的抗弯强度降低.在起始α-Si3N4粉末中添加10wt;～50wt;石油焦、5wt; Y2O3-3wt;Al2O3 1800℃下保温2h制备出气孔率为37.08;～59.40;、抗弯强度为52.00～154.27 MPa、μ值为(3.04 ～6.87)×10-13m2的多孔氮化硅陶瓷.     

ZrO2对热压AlN陶瓷的显微结构与力学性能的影响

通过添加纳米ZrO2粉体,并结合Y2O3烧结助剂,采用热压烧结制备了AlN陶瓷.结果表明,加入ZrO2后,热压AlN陶瓷的物相包含AlN主相、Al5Y3O12晶界相以及ZrN新相.随着ZrO2的加入,热压AlN陶瓷的维氏硬度基本没有变化,然而其断裂韧性逐渐提高.这主要是由于添加的ZrO2与AlN发生高温反应生成了ZrN,导致AlN陶瓷从单一的沿晶断裂模式转变为包含沿晶和穿晶的混合断裂模式,强化了晶界,进而改善了断裂韧性.     

烧结助剂及β-Si3N4添加量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷性能的影响

通过添加不同烧结助剂(Lu2O3、Y2O3和Al2O3)及β-Si3N4粉末含量,采用常压烧结工艺制备出性能优异的多孔氮化硅陶瓷.研究了烧结助剂种类及β-Si3N4添加量对多孔氮化硅陶瓷物相、微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:当Lu2O3添加量为5 wt;、β-Si3N4为3 wt;时,制备了由长柱状β-Si3N4晶粒组成、平均长径比为6.87、直径为0.6μm长度为4.4～10.4 μm的多孔氮化硅陶瓷,其抗弯强度可达330.7 MPa.β-Si3N4添加量至5 wt;时,柱状晶粒发育良好,长径比增加至7以上,气孔率高达48;,但抗弯强度下降.     

CeO2对β-Sialon-cBN复合材料显微结构和力学性能的影响

以CeO2作为烧结助剂,采用高温(1700℃)、高压(5 GPa)烧结,制备出β-Sialon-cBN陶瓷基复合材料,观察了样品的断面微观形貌,并测试了样品的气孔率、密度,抗弯强度和硬度.研究了不同百分含量的CeO2对β-Sialon-cBN复合材料的显微结构和相关力学性能的影响.结果表明:随着烧结助剂CeO2的加入,促进了β-Sialon与cBN之间的界面结合,β-Sialon长径比提高.结果增强了β-Sialon-cBN复合材料的致密性,使复合材料的抗弯强度和硬度增大.     

铁基结合剂金刚石节块性能的优化

以性能较好的铁基结合剂为基体,加入表面未镀、镀Ni和纳米Al2O3/Ni复合镀层的金刚石,用热压烧结的方法得到铁基结合剂金刚石节块,测量了金刚石铁基结合剂节块的抗弯强度和耐磨性,采用SEM和EDS对复合镀层和金刚石表面的形貌和组分进行了表征.结果表明:在金刚石表面镀覆纳米Al2O3/Ni层后,复合镀层均匀致密,晶粒细小;在热压烧结中,复合镀层能阻止金刚石的石墨化,使金刚石和基体之间有强的化学结合,所以金刚石和铁基结合剂之间的界面结合紧密,结合剂对金刚石的把持力提高,节块的抗弯强度从468.9 MPa增加到563.8 MPa,磨耗比从349升高到700.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.