红外非线性光学晶体CdSe生长与性能表征

采用垂直无籽晶气相法(VUVG)生长出尺寸达26 mm×45 mm的CdSe单晶体,对CdSe晶体的稳态气相生长速率进行了深入讨论.采用气相升华法提纯后的CdSe多晶原料的X射线粉末衍射谱与PDF卡片值(65-3436)吻合,生长出的单晶体{100}和(110)面XRD衍射峰尖锐,无杂峰,且{100}面出现3级衍射峰.晶锭密度为5.74 g/cm3,与理论计算值接近.退火处理后的晶片在1000～7000 cm-1 红外波段范围内透过率达到70;.采用VUVG法生长的CdSe单晶体,结晶性能好、结构致密、尺寸大和红外透过率高,可用于制备红外非线性光学器件.     

硒化镉多晶原料的提纯

采用改进的垂直无籽晶气相法生长大尺寸高质量的CdSe单晶体要求原料的纯度高。本文根据差热(DIA)和热失重(TG)测试结果，设计出连续抽空区域升华提纯CdSe原料的新方法，用该方法提纯的原料生长出大尺寸、高质量的GtSe单晶体。等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析结果表明，新方法对CdSe的提纯是有效的，纯化后的原料可以生长出大尺寸高质量的CdSe单晶体。     

硒化镉单晶体的研究进展

总结了CdSe单晶体的多种生长方法,包括温度梯度熔体法,移动区熔法,助熔剂法和气相提拉法等,其中气相提拉法能有效提高CdSe单晶体的晶体纯度及光学质量.介绍了CdSe晶体用于红外非线性光学器件以及室温核辐射探测器件的研究进展,并对CdSe晶体制作中红外偏振测量用波片进行了展望.     

CdSe单晶体气相生长过程中的相平衡

化学配比对CdSe单晶体的性能有较大的影响.本文根据相平衡原理,利用热力学分析方法,分析了CdSe单晶体的气相生长过程,阐明了控制化学配比的原理,指出只有在固-液-气三相平衡或接近三相平衡的条件下,才能生长出符合化学配比的CdSe单晶体;同时还指出利用符合化学配比的CdSe多晶原料,在1120～1130℃可以生长出符合化学配比的CdSe单晶体.     

CdSe晶片的红外透过率研究

将经过多级提纯、垂直无籽晶气相输运法生长的CdSe晶锭切割,获得沿生长轴向分布的1.3mm厚晶片系列,采用日本SHIMAZU公司的IRpresting-21傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、ZC36型高阻仪及X射线能谱仪对该晶片组的红外透过率、电阻率、成份百分含量进行了测试,依据晶片对红外光的吸收机理,讨论了CdSe晶片在中红外区域透过率的理论值和影响其红外透过率的主要因素,研究了红外透过率与晶片性能的内在联系,为探测器级CdSe晶片的筛选提供了一种简便有效的方法.     

CdSe晶体及掺Cr2+激光器的研究进展

以CdSe晶体光参量振荡器为代表的中红外激光器在生物、医疗和军事等诸多领域有着广泛的应用前景.本文总结了生长CdSe单晶的工艺方法包括熔体法、熔剂法和气相法等,其中常用的为气相法,近年来高压垂直梯度冷凝(HPVGF)技术也逐渐被采用.国内外将本征CdSe晶体用于光参量振荡器件(OPO),适用于多种激光器泵浦源,且输出功率不断提高.而Cr2+的掺杂能有效提高泵浦效率,实现波长的连续可调.     

无约束二次物理气相法CdSe单晶体的生长研究

在物理气相法的基础上,通过无约束二次气相输运法生长出具有自然显露面的尺寸约为6mm×7mm×2mmCdSe晶体.对生长晶体的结构、成分和形貌进行表征,测试发现:XRD粉末衍射图谱强度高无杂峰,CdSe晶体的3个自然显露面分别是(100)、(002)和(110)面,回摆曲线半峰宽度较小;ICP-MS结果显示样品中杂质含量有效降低;红外透过率测试结果显示无约束二次气相法生长的CdSe晶体红外透过率高;SEM观测发现其解理面呈阶梯状且台阶方向一致.结果表明,采用无约束二次气相法生长的CdSe晶体结晶质量较好,纯度高,红外透过率高,并根据BFDH模型分析CdSe晶体自然显露面出现的原因.     

CdSiP2多晶提纯与单晶生长

采用重结晶技术,对CdSiP2多晶进行快速下降提纯,以提纯后的晶锭为原料,利用改进的垂直布里奇曼法生长出CdSiP2单晶体,尺寸达φ18 mm×51 mm.经能量色散仪(EDS),X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)以及电感耦合等离子体光谱仪(ICP)测试表明,重结晶提纯能有效降低CdSiP2多晶中Fe、Mn等影响晶体性能的微量元素含量,获得高纯四方黄铜矿结构的CdSiP2多晶材料.采用X射线衍射仪和红外傅立叶变换分光光度计分别对生长的CdSiP2单晶体自然解理面与厚度2 mm的CdSiP2晶片进行测试,获得了{101}晶面族六级衍射峰,晶片在2～7μm波段范围的红外透过率高于53;,对应的吸收系数低于0.09 cm-1.上述研究结果表明,采用提纯后原料生长的CdSiP2单晶体结晶性好,光学性能优良,可进一步用于制作CdSiP2激光频率转换器件.     

ZnSe单晶生长及性能研究

采用物理气相输运法对ZnSe(4N)多晶原料在850℃±10℃进行提纯,再用高压坩埚下降法在1530℃、氩气保护气氛下生长出高质量ZnSe单晶体.研究了提纯过程温度的选择以及氧含量和压力对于晶体生长的影响.对生长出的单晶体进行均匀性测试表明ZnSe单晶完整性和均匀性良好.对ZnSe单晶进行光学性能测试分析表明ZnSe单晶的折射率高,吸收系数低,红外透过率大于70;.     

CdSe波片6～12μm波段增透膜研究

采用垂直无籽晶气相升华法生长出直径37 mm的优质硒化镉(CdSe)单晶体,并沿光轴方向切割出20 mm×20 mm×3 mm的CdSe波片初胚.经研磨和抛光,在2～20μm波段CdSe波片的红外透过率约为70;.为进一步提高波片的透过率,采用Essential-Macleod软件辅助设计方案,选用YF3和ZnS为双层增透膜材料,并获得最佳的膜系厚度.镀膜后的CdSe波片在6～12μm波段透过率达到90;,在10.5μm处的透过率最高,峰值高达99;.     

Growth and characterization of CdSe single crystals by modified vertical vapor phase method

Good quality, large single crystals of CdSe were grown by the modified growth method (i.e., vertical unseeded vapor phase growth with multi-step purification of the starting material in the same quartz ampoule without any manual transfer between the steps). Lower temperature gradients (8–9°C/cm) at the growth interface were used for the crystal growth. As-grown CdSe crystals was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analyzer of X-rays, high-resistance instrument measurement, and etch-pit observation. It is found that there are two cleavage faces of (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) orientations on the crystal, the resistivity is about 10⁸ Ω cm, and the density of etch pits is about 10^3–4/cm². The crystal was cut into wafers and was fabricated into detectors. The detectors were tested using an ²⁴¹Am radiation source. γ-ray spectra at 59.5 keV were obtained. The results demonstrated that the quality of the as-grown crystals was good. The crystals were useful for fabrication of room-temperature-operating nuclear radiation detectors. Therefore, the modified growth technique is a promising, convenient, new method for the growth of high-quality CdSe single crystals.     

高纯硒化镉(CdSe)多晶原料的合成研究

硒化镉(CdSe)是一种重要的Ⅱ-Ⅵ族半导体材料,在核辐射探测、非线性频率转换等方面都有着重要的应用.高纯原料是生长优质CdSe单晶,实现上述应用的基础,但目前合成方法存在效率低、纯度不高等缺点.为此实验室对传统高温元素合成法进行优化,利用理论计算的反应温度点为指导,辅以外部加压,控制内外压差,有效实现原料的批量、安全合成,单次可合成200 g,经粉末衍射(XRD)、综合热分析(TG/DTA)、等离子发射光谱仪(ICP)等测试,合成的原料质量较好,能生长出较大尺寸单晶.文中对合成过程可能的纯度影响因素及控制措施也进行了相应讨论.     

改进水平籽晶气相法生长CdSe单晶

采用改进的双温区水平籽晶气相升华法,生长出尺寸为?15 mm ×35 mm的完整CdSe单晶体。经X射线衍射仪、能谱分析仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪的检测,CdSe单晶粉末衍射谱与标准衍射峰吻合较好,单晶摇摆曲线半高宽0.5°;Cd、Se化学计量比等于1∶0.977,接近理想比;晶体在2.5~20.0μm红外波段范围内的透过率T >65;,吸收系数α<0.1 cm-1。这些结果表明,采用本方法生长的晶体结晶性较好、成分均匀、透过率较高,品质良好,这对生长类似高蒸气压、高熔点的III-V、II-VI族晶体,会有所帮助。     

Floating zone growth and characterization of ruby single crystals

Large, high optical quality single crystals of ruby have been grown successfully by the floating zone method under air atmosphere. The size of the grown crystal is typically 60‐70 mm in length and 7‐8 mm in diameter. The obtained crystals were red and did not have any macroscopic defects such as cracks and inclusions. Grown crystals were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) methods, polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured at room temperature and the dielectric constant measurements of ruby crystals were also presented. Defects occurring in single crystals of ruby during crystal growth by floating zone method are described, and their correlation with the growth parameters is discussed. The origin and control of these defects in grown crystals were studied and the optimum method was proposed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

CdSe晶体倍频光学参数及元件加工研究

对红外非线性光学晶体CdSe的倍频光学参数及其元件加工进行了研究.根据非线性光学原理和折射率色散关系,从理论上计算出CdSe晶体的有效非线性系数和倍频元件相位匹配角与基频光波长(5.5～10.0 μm)的调谐特性曲线,从实验上探索到一种通过解理试验和XRD定向测试,快速确定其光轴方向的晶体定向新方法.结果表明,CdSe晶体在Ⅱ类相位匹配条件下的有效非线性系数d_(eff)为d_(15)sinθ,倍频转换效率与方位角无关;在Ⅰ类相位匹配条件下其有效非线性系数d_(eff)恒等于0,无倍频输出.根据理论计算结果,运用定向新方法,针对VUVG法生长出的外观无方向特征的CdSe晶体,经定向切割、研磨和抛光,初步加工出基频波长为9.6 μm的CdSe晶体Ⅱ类相位匹配倍频元件, 尺寸达9.5 mm×9.5 mm×18 mm.     

用不同粒度的籽晶生长优质宝石级金刚石单晶

利用温度梯度法生长宝石级金刚石单晶过程中,由于籽晶接收碳源能力有限,单一晶种将很难完全吸收扩散下来的碳源,因而导致籽晶的粒度对晶体生长速度和品质都会产生很大影响.随着籽晶粒度的增大,晶体的生长速度增幅非常明显,但不是粒度越大越好,存在临界粒度,超过临界粒度,优质单晶就很难生长.以NiMnCo触媒为例,籽晶粒度由0.5mm增加到2.0mm后,晶体的生长速度可由1.0mg/h提高到3.0mg/h,但籽晶粒度超过2mm后,晶体内部包裹体大幅度增加.     

Growth behaviour of bulk GaN single crystals grown with various flux ratios using solvent‐thermal method

Bulk GaN single crystals were grown using a solvent‐thermal method. They were grown for 200 h at 600 °C and 800 °C using 8 MPa of N₂ gas and 1–3 mm sized pyramid GaN single crystals. Pure Na, NaN₃ and Ca were used as the flux. The mole fraction of the [flux]/([flux] + [Ga]) was 0.30–0.67. The growth behavior differed according to the flux ratio. The quality of the bulk GaN single crystals was improved by increasing the flux ratio. The bulk GaN single crystals formed by spontaneous nucleation were deposited on the BN crucible wall and bottom during the first step of synthesis. The wurtzite structure of the GaN grown single crystal was confirmed by x‐ray diffration. The chemical composition was analyzed by electron probe microanalysis. The quality and optical properties of the GaN single crystal were examined by Raman spectroscopy and photoluminesence analysis. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Single crystal growth of copper phthalocyanine using exaltation–evaporation growth method

A new method of growing single crystal for β-form copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) is presented in this paper. Melted anthracene was used as solvent of CuPc. The method, vaporizing the solvent using an automatic exaltation machine, was employed to grow CuPc single crystals. The needle-like single crystals of CuPc up to 11.6 mm in length were obtained by applying this method. The influences of different temperatures, exaltation speeds and concentrations on the single crystals growth were also discussed. The method was called exaltation–evaporation growth method.