多晶硅的反应离子刻蚀(R IE)制绒绒面研究

实验基于反应离子刻蚀(Reaction Ion Eatching RIE)技术进行的多晶硅片纳米绒面制备,这种结构的绒面可明显降低晶体硅电池反射率,提高电池短路电流.实验具体指将多晶硅片在同一条件混酸溶液中腐蚀去除表面损伤,然后利用RIE制绒技术进行不同尺寸纳米绒面制备,根据绒面变化分别调整工艺进行清洗及电池制备,发现绒面小到一定程度时RIE制绒过程造成的损伤不易清洗去除且抗反射SiNx膜沉积困难.所以多晶硅片RIE制绒不可单纯的追求小绒面和低反射率,实验证明纳米绒面凹坑尺寸最小应控制在240~360 nm才能更稳定地匹配清洗、沉积抗反射膜等工艺从而制备出高光电转换效率的多晶硅电池.     

硬质合金球上纳米金刚石膜的形貌与力学性能

采用微波等离子体化学气相沉积法在直径1～5mm硬质合金球体上沉积了5～20 μm厚的纳米金刚石膜.通过扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和拉曼光谱对样品的表面形貌、膜厚均匀性和成份进行了表征.沉积膜表面呈现纳米金刚石典型“菜花”结构,晶粒度为10～20 nm,膜厚均匀,表面粗糙度随沉积膜厚度增加而增大.采用纳米压痕仪测试沉积膜硬度和弹性模量,沉积膜硬度接近40 GPa,弹性模量约为500 GPa.     

多晶硅绕镀层的去除工艺研究

本文旨在针对TOPCon(Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact背面隧穿氧化钝化接触)晶硅电池制备过程中,背面钝化多晶硅层沉积引起的硅片正面边缘沉积多晶硅绕镀层的去除进行工艺研究,进一步解决了电池外观不良和该多晶硅层对电池正面光的吸收影响.文中分别尝试采用HF-HNO3混酸溶液和KOH碱溶液两种方式进行腐蚀处理,然后通过对处理后硅片正面的工艺控制点监控和电池EL检测等手段评估去除效果.其中HF 1wt;、HNO350wt;混合溶液时腐蚀4 min以上可去除该绕镀层,但是大于6 min后硅片正面的方块电阻提升、硼掺杂浓度等变化幅度很大.KOH质量分数0.1wt;、添加剂体积分数5vol;混合溶液60℃时,腐蚀2.5 min以上可去除该绕镀层且方块电阻等测试相对变化幅度较小.故前者对电池后期电极的制备工艺要求更高否则容易引起欧姆接触不良,后者则对电池电极的制备工艺控制窗口更大.所以认为在多晶硅绕镀层的去除方面KOH腐蚀更适合工业批量化生产工艺选择.     

预处理对超纳米金刚石薄膜表面质量的影响

本文研究了金刚石粉手工研磨及超声波震荡两种预处理方法对硅片衬底及超纳米金刚石膜表面粗糙度和形貌的影响,利用表面轮廓仪、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、激光拉曼、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)对衬底及超纳米金刚石膜进行表征.结果表明,由于衬底轮廓的遗传特性,手工研磨的硅片上沉积的超纳米金刚石膜表面粗糙度远高于超声震荡的硅片上沉积的超纳米金刚石膜.     

Direct-PECVD a-SiOx:H/a-SiNx:H 叠层系统对多晶硅电池的钝化研究

本文中应用全部PECVD工艺沉积a-SiOx:H、a-SiNx:H,和a-SiOx:H/a-SiNx:H叠层系统,比较了不同钝化膜对多晶硅太阳能电池发射极和背面钝化效果,应用FGA、RTP等热处理方法对钝化膜进行处理,重点讨论了FGA(Forming gas annealing)温度和时间的长短对钝化的影响.结果表明:低温FGA对只有单面钝化膜的硅片钝化效果不明显,而在800 ℃下FGA有明显作用,而且钝化效果随着时间的增加呈现出先增大后减小然后再增大的现象;退火后降温环境中是否有H和降温时间对钝化效果有很大的影响,但是对于双面膜无论FGA温度高低对钝化都有帮助,文中对上述现象做了合理的解释.最后利用双面叠层钝化膜经过FGA处理后得到的多晶硅片的少子寿命达到14.2 μs,比镀膜之前的3.0 μs提高了11.2 μs,使多晶硅太阳能电池暗电压 Voc达到630 mV.     

磁控溅射PbSe薄膜厚度对其结构及光学特性的影响

本文利用射频磁控溅射法在200℃的玻璃衬底上沉积了纳米晶PbSe薄膜,薄膜厚度分别为200 nm、250 nm、500 nm及600 nm.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)及紫外-可见分光光度计,分别研究了不同厚度PbSe薄膜的晶体结构、表面形貌和光学特性.结果表明:随膜厚增大,PbSe (200)晶面的择优取向显著增强,薄膜的结晶质量逐渐提高.此外,随薄膜厚度增加吸收边发生红移.膜厚为200nm、250 nm时,薄膜的禁带宽度为1.89 eV和1.60 eV;膜厚较大(500 nm及600 nm)时,带隙宽度减小至1.41 eV和1.34 eV,与太阳的光谱辐射更加匹配.因此,我们认为厚度较大的PbSe薄膜更适于用做太阳能电池的吸收层.     

MPCVD法纳米金刚石膜的制备及分析

利用MPCVD方法在玻璃基片上成功的制备了非常光滑、致密均匀的纳米金刚石膜.沉积工艺分为两步:成核,CH4/H2=3;;生长,O2/CH4/H2=0.3:3:100;沉积过程中保持工作压力为4.0kPa,衬底温度500℃.拉曼、透射电镜、红外光谱、表面轮廓仪等的测试表明:膜层由纳米级金刚石晶粒组成,最大晶粒尺寸小于100nm,成核密度大于1011/cm2.成核面晶粒的点阵常数较大,表明存在较多缺陷,表面粗糙度小于2nm,在可见光区完全透明,红外光学性能接近金刚石单晶理论值.     

气体流量及配比对CVD SiC膜层的影响

本文以甲基三氯硅烷(MTS)为先驱体原料,H2为载气,采用化学气相沉积工艺在反应烧结碳化硅表面制备SiC致密膜层。研究了不同反应气体流量及配比对CVD碳化硅膜层的影响。结果表明:反应气体的流量对膜层的表面形貌影响较大,较大的气流量容易使膜层剥落;减小反应气体流量有利于改善膜层的均匀性。H2/MTS比例影响沉积SiC膜层的相组成。当沉积温度为1200℃,H2/MTS比例为6∶1时,得到的膜层由SiC和C两相组成;当H2/MTS比例为12∶1时,膜层由SiC和Si两相组成;当H2/MTS比例为10∶1时,得到单一相的SiC膜层。在优化的工艺参数下,制备出致密的CVD膜层,经过光学加工后膜层的表面粗糙度为0.72 nm,平面度RMS为0.015λ(λ=0.6328μm)。     

雾化施液同质硬脆晶体互抛CMP工艺研究

探究了雾化施液同质硬脆晶体互抛CMP工艺抛光单晶硅片的可行性,分析其材料去除机理.试验采用传统的化学机械抛光CMP和雾化施液同质硬脆晶体互抛CMP,使用三种含有不同成分的抛光液对硅片进行抛光,对抛光前后的硅片进行称重比较两种工艺方法的材料去除率;通过扫面探针显微镜观察硅片的表面形貌,对其表面粗糙度进行分析.使用雾化施液同质硬脆晶体互抛CMP工艺对硅片进行抛光时,硅片表面材料去除率随着抛光压力的增大而增大,抛光压力为9 psi时达到最大为711 nm/min,高于传统化学机械抛光的630 nm/min;对两种工艺抛光后的硅片进行扫描分析得出雾化施液化学机械抛光工艺抛光后的硅片表面粗糙度为3.8 nm,低于传统化学机械抛光工艺的6.8 nm.雾化施液同质硬脆晶体互抛CMP工艺抛光硅片是可行的,优于传统化学机械抛光工艺,具有材料去除率高、抛光效果好、节约成本以及绿色环保的优点.     

石英钟罩对MPCVD金刚石膜沉积的影响

为了提高高品质金刚石膜的沉积速率,利用CST三维电磁场仿真软件,模拟了Diamo Tek700微波等离子体化学气相沉积设备中,在忽略等离子体存在的前提条件下,石英钟罩的厚度和形状对沉积金刚石膜的基片表面电场分布的影响.同时采用壁厚3 mm,3.5 mm和4mm的平顶和壁厚4 mm的圆顶钟罩分别进行了金刚石膜的沉积实验.模拟结果显示,对于同一类型的石英钟罩,壁厚的变化(3 ～4 mm)对基片表面平均电场影响不大;而壁厚相同的圆顶钟罩情况下基片表面平均电场则比平顶的高出10;.壁厚4 mm的圆顶石英钟罩得到了相对较高且均匀的电场分布.结果表明,沉积速率与模拟的基片表面电场强度存在对应关系;采用壁厚4 mm圆顶钟罩与原厂设计的壁厚3 mm平顶钟罩相比,在相同的工艺条件下,沉积速率提高一倍,达到1.4 μm/h.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...