正硅酸乙酯为碳源制备C@ZrSiO4色料的研究

采用正硅酸乙酯为碳源和硅源,四氯化锆为锆源,LiF为矿化剂,通过非水解溶胶-凝胶法(NHSG)制备了硅酸锆包裹炭黑(C@ZrSiO4)色料.通过XRD和SEM研究了前驱体和矿化剂浓度对硅酸锆合成及显微形貌的影响,同时采用CIE-L*a+b+色度仪考察了该色料的色度.实验结果表明,正硅酸乙酯中的乙氧基原位炭化成细小的碳粒作为发色基团,同时与氯化锆通过非水解溶胶-凝胶反应生成硅酸锆均匀包裹于炭黑颗粒表面.随着前驱体浓度的增大原位碳含量增加,C@ZrSiO4色料黑度提高;前驱体浓度高于3mol·L-1时样品颗粒团聚严重,同时过厚的包裹层不利于色料发色.经氮气气氛900℃热处理2h,空气气氛800℃热处理2h后制备出的C@ZrSiO4黑色包裹色料具有良好的色度值,L* =44.54,a*=0.82,b*=2.84,施于透明基础釉中经1200℃煅烧仍能保持优异的呈色能力.     

复合碳源对C@ZrSiO4色料合成及色度的影响

采用稻壳和酚醛树脂作为复合碳源,无水四氯化锆和正硅酸乙酯为原料,氟化锂为矿化剂,通过非水解溶胶-凝胶法制备了C@ZrSiO4黑色包裹色料。分别利用X射线衍射( XRD)和透射电子显微镜( TEM)分析了色料的晶体结构和显微形貌,同时采用CIE-L? a? b?色度仪表征了样品的色度值。实验结果表明,酚醛树脂可以同时作为碳源和稻壳的分散剂,并且酚醛树脂和稻壳作为复合碳源制备的包裹黑色色料的发色效果优于使用单一碳源(稻壳或者酚醛树脂)制备的色料。当复合碳源添加量为硅酸锆2.50wt;时(其中酚醛树脂添加量为稻壳的15wt;),经1000℃氮气气氛热处理1 h后,可以制备出呈色良好的C@ZrSiO4黑色色料,色度值L?=39.02,a?=1.14,b?=2.68。     

非水解-溶胶凝胶法制备锆铁红色料影响因素的研究

以工业纯无水四氯化锆、正硅酸乙酯为前驱体,铁的无机盐为着色剂,氟化物为矿化剂,采用非水解溶胶-凝胶法低温制备了锆铁红色料.应用DTA-TG、XRD、色度仪和TEM研究了凝胶化工艺、矿化剂和铁源对锆铁红色料的影响.结果表明:回流结合容弹热处理工艺可以促进ZrSiO4晶体发育充分,有利于ZrSiO4对色料的包裹;由于铁源转变为氧化铁的温度与矿化剂条件下ZrSiO4的合成温度须相适应,当以UF为矿化剂时,ZrSiO4的合成温度降至650℃,FeCl3为适宜的着色剂;而以MgF2为矿化剂时,ZrSiO4的合成温度提高至850℃,FeSO4为适宜的着色剂.     

溶液燃烧法合成ZnxCo1-xAl2O4尖晶石型超细陶瓷色料

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、Co(NO3)2·6H2O、Al(NO3)3·9H2O和C12H22O11为原料,采用溶液燃烧法合成ZnxCo1-xAl2O4(0≤x≤1)尖晶石型陶瓷色料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和色度分析仪等检测方法对Zn2+的掺杂量和热处理温度对合成粉体的物相组成、微观形貌和呈色性能的影响规律进行了表征.结果表明:在Zn2掺杂量x=0.2、前驱体溶液中(Zn2++Co2+)浓度为0.3 mol/L、点燃温度400℃、后续热处理温度1200℃和保温时间30 min条件下,合成色料的蓝度值(-b*)达47.03的最大值,其平均晶粒尺寸为120 nm.     

水解法制备SiO2包裹γ-Ce2S3色料及其耐酸性研究

本文以市售大红色料γ-Ce2S3为原料,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,采用水解法制备了SiO2包裹γ-Ce2S3色料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等技术对色料进行了表征.研究结果表明,在TEOS/H2O质量比为1∶20、Ce/Si摩尔比为3∶1、水解温度为45℃、水解用纯水滴加速率为0.3 mL/min的条件下,可获得均匀致密的无定型二氧化硅(SiO2·xH2O)包裹层,其厚度为100 nm左右,包裹色料仍保持鲜艳的红色,其色度L*、a*和b*值分别为26.82、35.53和29.60;该条件下所得包裹色料的耐酸性最佳,未包裹色料浸泡于1 mol/L的盐酸中半分钟之内已失去红色,而该色料浸泡2h其呈色仍没有明显变化.     

可控溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米ZrO2

以ZrOCl2 · 8H2O和六次甲基四胺(C6H12N4)为原料,三嵌段聚合物Pluronic P123为分散剂,采用可控溶胶-凝胶法制备了纳米ZrO2粉体.采用XRD、TEM和SEM表征所得粉体.结果表明:反应物配比和水浴温度决定了溶胶的凝胶化所需时间,凝胶化时间在5~1290 min内可调;热处理温度越高,纳米ZrO2粉体的粒径越大.热处理温度在450～800 ℃区间内,ZrO2粉体粒径变化范围为10~100 nm;分散剂P123能明显降低粉体的硬团聚程度.当c(ZrOCl2)=0.3 mol/L、n(ZrOCl2): n(C6H12N4)=1: 0.8、n(ZrOCl2): n(P123)=1: 0.714,水浴温度为40 ℃,热处理温度为550 ℃时,制得平均粒径为20 nm的纳米ZrO2粉体.所得纳米粉体具有良好的烧结活性.该方法在调整纳米ZrO2的凝胶化时间和粉体粒径方面具有可控性.     

非晶前驱体碳热还原法制备超细硼化锆粉体

利用ZrO2-B2O3-C反应体系碳热还原的基本原理,分别选用八水合氧氯化锆(ZrOCl2·8H2O)、硼酸(H3BO3)和蔗糖(C11H22OH)作为ZrO2、B2O3和C的来源,柠檬酸(C6H8O7)为络合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制得硼化锆的非晶前驱体,经过碳热还原反应热解制备出超细硼化锆粉体.分别研究了硼酸、蔗糖用量和热解温度对产物的物相组成的影响.采用红外光谱仪、热重-差热分析仪、X射线衍射仪、比表面积分析仪和扫描电镜对硼化锆前驱体及热解产物进行表征和分析.结果表明:初始原料中八水合氧氯化锆:硼酸:裂解碳(物质的量比)=1:4:10时,可在相对较低温度下(1300℃)热解得到硼化锆粉体,且随着热解温度的升高硼化锆粉体的纯度也越高.当热解温度为1600℃、热解时间为2h时碳热还原反应完成,产物中只有硼化锆;硼化锆颗粒呈球形或类球形,粒径分布在0.2～0.6 μm之间、比表面积为74 m2/g.     

超重力场与微波场集成制备纳米氧化锆

以氧氯化锆为原料,氨水做沉淀剂,在螺旋通道型旋转床中通过超重力场共沉淀反应制备纳米氧化锆前驱体,防团聚处理后的前驱体在微波场中程序升温至600℃煅烧2h得到最终产品.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)等方法考察了锆离子浓度、超重力水平、不同煅烧方式、微波煅烧温度对粉体粒径、分散性和晶型的影响.结果表明:采用超重力场与微波场集成工艺制备得到结晶度高,粒径均匀,团聚少且平均粒径为8.77 nm的四方相氧化锆(t-ZrO2)粉体.     

固体硅胶制备小粒径NaA分子筛

以固体硅胶为硅源、偏铝酸钠为铝源,通过水热合成法制备小粒径NaA分子筛.实验探究碱度、陈化温度、陈化时间、晶化温度和晶化时间对合成NaA分子筛的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)分析手段表征合成样品的物相、结晶度、形貌和粒径大小.实验确定以固体硅胶为硅源水热合成小粒径NaA分子筛的碱度为n(H2O)/n(Na2O)=30,20℃陈化20h,100℃晶化4h,合成的NaA分子筛晶型完整、粒度分布均匀、平均粒径约为600nm.     

LiAlO2衬底上ZnO薄膜的溶胶-凝胶法制备和表征

采用溶胶凝胶法在LiAlO2(302)衬底上制备了ZnO薄膜.用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对样品的结构和形貌进行了表征.XRD结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高(350℃、450℃、550℃、600℃、800℃),所得到的薄膜分别为单相ZnAl2O4(350℃),ZnAl2O4和ZnO的混合相(450℃)以及单相的ZnO(550℃、600℃、800℃),并且ZnO薄膜c轴择优取向的生长趋势随温度升高相应明显.SEM图像显示,随着热处理温度的升高,ZnO薄膜的粒径相应变大.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Mechanism of thermal expansion of structural modifications of zinc pyrovanadate

Crystal chemical characteristics of the α and β modifications of Zn₂V₂O₇ are calculated based on in situ high-temperature X-ray measurements. The expansion of the structure is found to be strongly anisotropic up to the negative volumetric thermal expansion of the α-Zn₂V₂O₇ unit cell in the temperature range of 300–600°С, α _V =–17.94 × 10^–6 1/K. The transformations of the “hard” and “soft” sublattices with an increase temperature and at the phase transition are considered in detail. It is shown that the negative volumetric thermal expansion of α-Zn₂V₂O₇ is due to the degeneracy of the zigzag-like shape of zinc–oxygen columns at constant distances between their vertices.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...