非水解溶胶-凝胶法低温制备铁稳定钛酸铝粉体

本文以无水二氯化铝和四氯化钛为前驱体,以无水乙醇为氧供体,以铁粉、三氯化铁和乙醇铁为稳定剂,采用非水解溶胶-凝胶法制备铁稳定钛酸铝粉体.运用XRD、FT-IR和热膨胀仪等测试手段研究和探讨了铁稳定剂对低温合成钛酸铝的效果、稳定作用及其机理.结果表明:引入铁粉既不能提高钛酸铝低温合成效果也不能改善其热稳定性;三氯化铁能促进钛酸铝的低温合成,但其稳定钛酸铝的效果也不明显;乙醇铁虽不利于低温合成钛酸铝,但却能够大大提高钛酸铝的抗热分解能力.乙醇铁能与前驱体混合液中形成的铝、钛醇盐形成异质缩聚键合,致使铁能进入钛酸铝晶格形成同溶体,从而提高其热稳定性能.     

助纺剂对非水解溶胶-凝胶法制备钛酸铝纤维的影响

本文采用非水解溶胶-凝胶(NHSG)法制备钛酸铝纤维.利用DTA-TG、XRD、TEM、SEM、FE-SEM等测试手段研究了钛酸铝的物相转变过程,探讨了助纺剂种类及其用量对制备钛酸铝纤维的影响.结果表明:采用NHSG法在750 ℃便能形成钛酸铝晶相,溶剂DBE和助纺剂环氧树脂的引入没有影响钛酸铝的低温合成;环氧树脂作为助纺剂有利于在溶胶中形成线性胶粒,提高溶胶的可纺性;环氧树脂的添用量对钛酸铝纤维的制备影响较大,其用量为1∶1时,可制得表面光滑、结构致密,质量较好的钛酸铝纤维.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备钛酸铝薄膜及其抗熔盐腐蚀性能

以钛酸四丁酯和硝酸铝为原料,乙醇为溶剂,通过溶胶-凝胶法在碳化硅基片上制备钛酸铝薄膜.借助DSC-TG、XRD、FE-SEM和SEM研究了钛酸铝干凝胶在热处理过程中的热重效应与相变化、薄膜的晶相组成、显微结构及其抗硝酸钠熔体腐蚀性能.结果表明:制备的钛酸铝薄膜表面均匀、致密,晶粒尺寸在100 nm左右,具有良好的抗硝酸钠熔体腐蚀性能.     

工艺因素对非水解溶胶-凝胶法制备钛酸铝纳米粉体的影响

以无水三氯化铝和四氯化钛为前驱体,正丁醇为氧供体,选择聚乙二醇(PEG)为分散剂,采用非水解溶胶-凝胶法(NHSG),低温合成钛酸铝纳米粉体.借助XRD、FT-IR、TEM等测试技术研究了反应前驱体浓度、凝胶化工艺以及PEG的加入顺序对钛酸铝纳米粉体合成及分散效果的影响.结果表明:随着前驱体浓度的减小,氯化醇盐之间的异质聚合反应变弱,导致钛酸铝合成效果的变差,但粉体团聚程度有减小的趋势,优选的前驱体浓度为2.25mol/L;与直接干燥、回流、容弹三种凝胶化工艺相比,回流结合容弹的凝胶化工艺因有助于形成更多的Al-O-Ti异质键合,因此具有更好的合成效果;在回流后加入PEG1000,既可保证钛酸铝的低温合成,又可抑制粉体的团聚,有利于制备分散性好、合成率高的钛酸铝纳米粉体.     

喷雾干燥-固相煅烧法制备球形钛酸狸负极材料的研究

通过喷雾干燥-固相煅烧法制备了球形钛酸钾.不同于传统喷雾干燥工艺采用固态钛源进行制备,本文采用的前驱体是钾盐,分散剂和钛酸四丁酯制备出的硝酸氧钛的混合溶液.由于制备方法中前驱体为原子级均匀分布,化学计量比可精确控制,制备出的材料颗粒细小,粒径、成分分布均匀,电化学性能优异.同时研究了不同钾钛摩尔比以及煅烧温度对球形钛酸钾的形貌和成分的影响,并研究了其作为钾离子电池电极材料的电化学性能.结果表明,钾钛摩尔比为0.816,煅烧温度为 800 ℃时钛酸钾的电化学性能最好,首圈容量 185.1 mAh/g,30 圈后容量为173.9 mAh/g,循环100圈后还有169.7 mAh/g的容量.     

多晶莫来石纤维纺丝原液制备与可纺性研究

以铝粉、盐酸和硅溶胶、聚乙烯醇为原料,去离子水为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了水溶性的莫来石纤维纺丝原液及其前驱体纤维.探讨了纺丝助剂加入量对纺丝原液可纺性的影响,采用红外吸收光谱FTIR和旋转流变仪分别研究了纺丝原液的红外吸收特性和流变学行为,借助XRD表征了前驱体纤维热处理后的物相组成.结果表明,纺丝助剂PVA的加入量为2; ～ 4;时,纺丝原液为剪切变稀的非牛顿型流体,呈现无管虹吸现象;固含量在30;～ 40;,粘度在4～7 Pa·s时,溶胶可纺性指标25 ～ 26 cm/s,纺丝性能最佳;纺丝原液中存在着利于成纤的Al-O-Si的链状结构的线性高分子聚合物.经过1050℃热处理后纤维的主晶相为莫来石.     

Ag/TiO2的制备及光催化性能研究

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Ag掺杂纳米TiO2,结合XRD、TEM、Uv-vis等测试手段,对样品的结构和性能进行了表征.以甲基橙溶液为目标降解物,探讨了Ag掺杂纳米TiO2的光催化活性,分析了Ag掺杂纳米TiO2提高光催化性能的机理.结果表明,Ag掺杂使TiO2晶粒减小,拓展了TiO2的光谱响应范围,降低了光生电子和空穴的复合几率;Ag掺杂后,TiO2光催化剂的吸收光谱向可见光区发生红移.Ag掺杂量为n(Ag)∶n(TiO2)=0.08;,紫外光下240 min,Ag掺杂纳米TiO2前后材料对甲基橙溶液去除率由60.3;提高到83.1;.     

喷雾干燥-固相煅烧法制备球形钛酸锂负极材料的研究

通过喷雾干燥-固相煅烧法制备了球形钛酸锂。不同于传统喷雾干燥工艺采用固态钛源进行制备,本文采用的前驱体是锂盐,分散剂和钛酸四丁酯制备出的硝酸氧钛的混合溶液。由于制备方法中前驱体为原子级均匀分布,化学计量比可精确控制,制备出的材料颗粒细小,粒径、成分分布均匀,电化学性能优异。同时研究了不同锂钛摩尔比以及煅烧温度对球形钛酸锂的形貌和成分的影响,并研究了其作为锂离子电池电极材料的电化学性能。结果表明,锂钛摩尔比为0. 816,煅烧温度为800℃时钛酸锂的电化学性能最好,首圈容量185. 1 mAh/g,30圈后容量为173. 9 mAh/g,循环100圈后还有169. 7 mAh/g的容量。     

钛源对CaTiO3枝晶结构的光催化性能影响

通过改变不同钛源,在无模板或表面活性剂条件下采用溶剂热法制备了CaTiO3枝晶结构.样品用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和比表面积分析仪进行了表征,并用紫外-可见吸收光度计测试样品的光吸收.研究不同钛源种类对CaTiO3样品的微观结构和光降解率的影响.结果表明:钛源为钛酸丁酯所制备的CaTiO3样品呈现发育良好的枝晶结构,其降解罗丹明B溶液的降解率最高.这主要是由于样品的结晶度高、枝晶结构使其具有低的反射率,因此样品呈现出较高的光降解率.     

TiO2/L沸石复合光催化剂的制备及其性能研究

以钛酸丁酯为钛源,L沸石为载体,采用溶胶凝胶法制备了TiO2/L沸石复合光催化剂,通过XRD、SEM、BET对样品进行了分析表征.以氙灯为光源,罗丹明B为目标降解物,讨论了影响光催化剂催化性能的重要因素.结果表明,煅烧温度为300℃,负载量为15 mmol/g,催化剂用量为2 g/L,光照时间为120 min时,降解率可达99.86;;将光催化剂重复使用4次,降解率仍可达96.00;,充分体现了样品优良的稳定性;通过对罗丹明B溶液降解过程的动力学讨论得出,光催化降解过程符合一级动力学方程.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

电子显微分析在表征纳米晶体化学组分中的应用

纳米材料的化学组分及含量影响其光、电、声、热、磁等物理性能,电子显微分析是表征纳米晶体化学组分的重要方法之一.本文综述了X-射线能谱(EDS)、X-射线波谱(WDS)、电子能量损失谱(EELS)和选区电子衍射(SAED)等现代电子显微分析技术在表征纳米晶体化学组分、形貌、尺寸和结构等方面的应用及其研究进展,并比较了这些分析方法存在的差异,提出了其应用中存在的不足及今后的研发方向.     

Mesomorphism Dependence on the Position of Substitution of a Pair of Esters

A novel homologous series of ethylene derivatives of thermotropic liquid crystals has been synthesized. The methoxy to octyloxy derivatives are nematogenic, the decyloxy to tetradecyloxy derivatives are smectogenic, in addition to nematogenic, and the hexadecyloxy homologue is smectogenic only. All the members of the series are enantiotropically mesogenic. Thermotropic behavior was determined by an optical polarizing microscope equipped with a heating stage and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) study. Analytical and spectral data confirm the molecular structures of homologues (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra, X-ray, and DSC data). Textures of the nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren and that of smectic phase are focal conic fan-shaped of smectic A or C. Transition curves of the phase diagram behave in a normal manner except one or two deviations from the normal trend. The mesophase range (Sm+N) varies from 3°C to 44°C. The average thermal stability for smectic is 93°C and that for nematic 117.4°C. The LC behavior of the novel series is compared with a structurally similar known series.     

原位氮化法制备TiN纳米粉体

用溶胶凝胶法合成的纳米TiO2粉体作为原料,将该粉体在氨气中进行原位氮化制备了TiN纳米粉体.用XRD,TEM,化学分析等手段对合成的TiN纳米粉体的物相组成、形貌、成分进行了分析.实验分析表明:在1000℃和1100℃下分别氮化5h,可以制备粒径大约为40nm和80nm的TiN粉体,其TiN的含量分别为95.40;和98.37;;而在1000℃条件下氮化时间减少到2h时,TiN的含量仅为58.36;.氮化温度和氮化时间是合成纳米TiN的重要因素,提高合成温度和延长氮化时间均可形成纯度较高的TiN纳米粉体,但延长氮化时间更有利于获得粒径小的氮化钛粉体.     

On the influence of structural features of DNA on the possibility of metabolic transfer of electrons

Abstract

A fragment of a DNA molecule is considered as one of the channels of metabolic electron transfer. The heterogeneity of the complementary chains is effectively taken into account. This made it possible to find the speed of the electron injected into the DNA conduction band and the current density that it creates. Estimates of electron mobility in nucleic acid chains are made. They were an order of magnitude smaller than that of typical semiconductors. For the specific conductivity of nucleic acid chains, estimates provide a conductivity of one to two orders of magnitude lower than in graphite.     

前驱物合成条件对锰锌铁氧体结构和性能的影响

采用共沉淀-热处理工艺合成了尖晶石型锰锌铁氧体粉末,利用正交试验优化了制备工艺。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对粉体的显微结构和静磁性能进行了研究。结果表明:热处理温度为1350℃、保温时间为3.5 h、进料比为1.5时,若前驱物的pH值为6,制备的样品的主晶相为锰锌铁氧体;若前驱物的pH值为7 9,则形成单相尖晶石型锰锌铁氧体,样品的饱和磁化强度先增大后减小,矫顽力逐渐增大。pH值为7时,配方为Fe∶Mn∶Zn=68.4816∶17.1368∶14.381,进料比为1.5,滴加时间为40 min,反应温度为50℃,不加表面活性剂时得到的样品具有较高的饱和磁化强度。     

PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉的性能影响

为制备适用于干压成型的氧化铝造粒粉,研究了PEG聚合度对氧化铝造粒粉微观形貌、流动性和松装密度的影响.结果表明PEG的聚合度对氧化铝浆料粘度影响显著,PEG2000-6000是较为理想的粘结剂选择,造粒粉的流动性与环境温度及湿度相关.采用正交实验设计,以造粒粉的流动性和松装密度为评价指标,对PEG聚合度、粘结剂添加量和固含量进行了优选,其影响顺序为PEG聚合度＞固含量＞粘结剂添加量.以优选参数PEG6000、添加量为4wt;、固含量为80wt;,制备了性能优良的氧化铝喷雾造粒粉.     

近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体组分测定与缺陷观察

采用助熔剂提拉法生长得到近化学计量比LiNbO3晶体.用多种方法测定了晶体组分,结果表明生长得到的晶体中[Li2O]含量为49.80;摩尔分数;对晶体缺陷的研究表明晶体质量有待提高,并分析了晶体中出现包裹物的原因.     

Mechanisms of chemical vapor deposition of silicon

The distribution in the silicon epitaxial growth from SiCl₄ and hydrogen are observed in situ by IR absorption spectroscopy. Two methods are used complementarily, one is IR spectroscopy of reactants extracted from the reactor by a fine quartz tube which is not disturbing the reactions, and gives knowledge about the local distribution, the other is direct IR spectroscopy of hot reactants in the reactor which is useful to ascertain the results at the real high temperature situation. The intermediate species are SiHCl₃, SiH₂Cl₂ which is estimated from the induced emission bands at 500 and 570 cm^-1. HCl is a dominant waste product and contributes to reverse reactions. To investigate the reaction, HCl is intentionally injected into the reacting gas. This kind of injection method may also be very effective to analyze the reactions using other reactants such as SiCl₄, SiHCl₃ and SiH₂Cl₂.     

Statistical characterization of the pore space of random systems of hard spheres

An improved statistical characterization of disordered structures such as metallic glasses, random porous media, or granular matter is presented. Suitable structure models follow the idea of dense random packed spheres, where the spheres represent atoms and particles in the case of metallic glasses and porous or granular matter, respectively. The geometry of the empty space between the atoms or particles is described by means of the already otherwise successful concept of so-called contact distributions. Their exact mathematical forms are unknown for hard sphere systems. Knowledge on these is obtained by means of Monte Carlo simulations of the structure models. The numerical results are approximated by simple and general mathematical expressions, with parameters that can be easily determined. These may serve as additional tools for the structural characterization of disordered matter, including systems of partly penetrable spheres.