磨合表面形貌特征参数的提取及分析

在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上对船用柴油机活塞环-缸套材摩擦副进行磨合磨损试验,采用光学显微镜对不同磨损阶段的磨损表面形貌进行观察分析,应用小波分析和奇异值分解提取磨损表面统计特征的低频特征参数和高频特征参数.结果表明:低频特征参数和高频特征参数刻画了磨合表面的形貌特征,可以作为磨合表面的特征参数;低频特征参数反映了磨合表面的接触面积,其值愈大,接触面积愈大;高频特征参数反映了磨合表面的粗糙度,其值愈大,粗糙度愈小.     

固有频率法评估损伤的阈值研究

通过分析损伤可测性的影响因素,对固有频率法判断损伤阈值的估算方法进行了研究,并以 悬臂梁模型为例,应用该方法研究了悬臂梁的损伤阈值. 数值及理论计算的结果表明：在已 知频率测量精度及方法偏差时,该方法可以判别固有频率法损伤识别的阈值,在早期损伤阶 段,该方法判别的阈值与数值模拟结果吻合良好.     

单颗金刚石划擦Ta12W的试验研究

采用单颗钎焊单晶金刚石划擦Ta12W,跟踪观察了金刚石的磨损形貌,测量了划擦过程的力信号以及力比的变化,监测了磨损过程中的声发射信号变化,提取不同磨损阶段的声发射信号,进行频谱和功率谱分析.结果表明:划擦过程中金刚石的磨损可分为初期、稳定和剧烈磨损三个阶段,三个阶段的划擦力和力比明显不同.划擦声发射信号频谱主要分布在0~170 k Hz之间,功率谱峰值主频分布在7.8~27.3 k Hz之间,金刚石磨损的加剧使声发射信号峰值主频由高频向低频趋近,并且功率谱峰值随之增加.     

旋转加速度计式重力梯度仪输出解调与滤波

重力梯度仪是对地球表面微小重力梯度变化进行连续测量的仪器。由于核心敏感元件加速度计工艺与性能水平限制,以及多环节安装误差等因素导致系统实际输出信号中包含了大量噪声,且信噪比极低,为了能够在强噪声中有效提取真实的重力梯度信号,需在信号解调过程中降低谐波干扰引起的测量偏差。结合误差产生机理,分析比较了不同的解调方法对重力梯度信号解调的影响,明确了合理的信号解调手段。同时,在数据处理过程中增加带通滤波环节,进一步降低动态噪声对系统的影响。结合动态摇摆实验数据的仿真验证结果表明:上述措施对重力梯度仪原始观测数据的噪声抑制具有明显效果,测量偏差在一定程度上得到解决,解调后信号的噪声幅度下降至20%,提高了系统的空间分辨率,具有工程化应用意义。     

表面形貌变形对塑性成形滑动接触界面摩擦的影响

为了更好地理解塑性成形滑动接触界面的摩擦行为,构建了一种新型的摩擦试验装置,运用表面纹理化技术制备了两类表面形貌的1050铝材试件,在不同的接触压力和滑动速度条件下进行一系列拉伸摩擦试验.对试验前后试件三维表面形貌进行了测量;提取真实接触面积比、封闭空体面积比和开放空体面积比等三维表面参数,来描述试件表面形貌的变化.试验发现:摩擦系数随名义接触压力和滑动速度增加而逐渐减小;试件初始表面形貌对摩擦有明显的影响;试件表面形貌和参数随接触条件出现了规律性变化.基于机械流变模型的分析表明:随着试件表面形貌变形,不同的机理决定界面摩擦行为,摩擦系数对名义接触压力和滑动速度的依赖性可分别归因于微观塑性流体动压润滑效应和入口区流体动压牵引效应.     

基于单轴旋转INS/GPS组合姿态误差观测的垂线偏差测量方法

单轴旋转INS/GPS组合导航系统的姿态误差直接受垂线偏差的影响,因此利用对单轴旋转INS/GPS组合的姿态误差观测也可实现垂线偏差的估计。首先,利用INS中的三个激光陀螺构建了激光陀螺组合体(LGU)并进行自主姿态测量,以LGU作为姿态基准以获取INS/GPS组合的姿态误差。然后,建立垂线偏差测量的观测方程和状态方程。最终采用Kalman滤波/平滑算法同时实现垂线偏差和其他系统误差的最优估计。通过对状态变量精确、合理地建模,并利用全球重力模型补偿垂线偏差信号的低频分量,从而实现垂线偏差与系统误差的解耦。通过仿真验证了该方法的可行性,仿真所用的航迹由实测数据生成。仿真结果表明该方法能够有效地测量垂线偏差的高频扰动量。由于该方法的测量精度依赖于所采用的陀螺性能,采用角随机游走较小的陀螺可以获得较好的垂线偏差测量结果。船载实验结果表明,该方法测量得到的垂线偏差数据重复性精度优于0.5″。     

表面形貌对滑动接触界面摩擦行为的影响

为了研究表面形貌对拉延形成的滑动接触界面摩擦行为的影响,设计了一种新型的摩擦试验装置.在油润滑条件下,针对具有单向沟槽、规则圆形凹坑和随机表面的铝合金试样,以不同滑动速度与接触压力进行一系列摩擦试验.利用非接触式三维轮廓仪测量出试验前后试样的三维表面形貌参数,并选取表面高度算术平均偏差Sa,表面支承指数Sbi,中心区空体体积Vvc和谷区空体体积Vvv来分析滑动接触界面表面形貌的变化规律.结果表明:规则圆形凹坑表面比单向沟槽表面和随机表面具有较低的摩擦系数;在相对低的接触压力下,3种表面的摩擦系数随着接触压力的增大而减小,但在高的接触压力下,3种表面的摩擦系数随着接触压力的增大而增大;在接触压力一定的情况下,3种表面的摩擦系数对滑动速度有显著依赖性;表面形貌、滑动速度和接触压力是影响滑动接触界面摩擦行为的重要因素.     

时滞对非线性饱和控制减振频带漂移的影响

主要研究非线性饱和控制减振系统中由于内共振频率偏差引起的有效减振频带的漂移问题. 在该减振系统中分别考虑控制信号、反馈信号以及自反馈信号的时滞对振动系统有效减振频带漂移以及有效减振频带宽度的影响, 从而通过调节控制信号、反馈信号以及自反馈信号的时滞量, 来控制系统有效减振频带的漂移. 研究结果表明: (1) 在原始的无时滞减振系统中, 由于内共振频率偏差的存在, 使得系统的有效减振频带向主共振点的上、下两个方向漂移, 并且内共振频率偏差的绝对值越大, 有效减振频带漂移的程度也越大, 使得系统有效减振频带的分布不合理, 导致振动控制效果降低; 但是, 根据内共振频率偏差的变化, 可以通过适当调节控制信号和反馈信号的时滞, 或者也可以调节自反馈信号的时滞, 在消除有效减振频带漂移的同时又增大有效减振频带的宽度. (2) 内共振频率偏差的绝对值越大, 控制信号和反馈信号的时滞、或者自反馈信号的时滞对消除有效减振频带漂移以及增大有效减振频带宽度的作用越显著.      

关于轻敲式原子力显微镜动力学系统中能量耗散的研究

原子力显微镜是一种典型的微纳谐振器,其核心部件是一个对微弱力极敏感的微悬臂梁探针,当它在不同的环境工作时,存在着各种不同形式、不同性质的能量耗散,这些能量耗散与系统的相位图像有着密切的联系.在众多的耗散机制中,只有针尖与样品的黏附接触耗散才能真正反映样品的性质,其他耗散会降低黏附接触耗散在系统总耗散中的占比,使得图像中的有效信息被削弱.因而,明确其他耗散对系统品质因数的量级贡献是十分重要的,这有助于提高图像的品质.为了研究这些耗散,本文根据耗散机理产生的原因对不同的能量耗散进行了细致的分类,系统总结了各种能量耗散的类型.之后,通过理论、实验和仿真的方法探究了在不同环境下、不同位置处微悬臂梁探针的能量耗散,明确了不同耗散对系统品质因数的量级贡献.然后,对于不同流体环境下的能量耗散,对比了它们的作用机理及量级大小.最后,对于在大气环境下工作的原子力显微镜探针,研究了它在振动过程中从高于样品表面到下降并接触样品这一连续过程中不同阶段存在的能量耗散,分析表明,在这些能量耗散中对系统品质因数影响最大的是由空气引起的耗散,包括空气黏性阻尼,压膜阻尼及液桥耗散.     

使用单彩色相机的单相机三维数字图像相关方法

介绍了一种基于单个彩色相机的新型全靶面、单相机三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)方法。借助于设计巧妙的颜色分光光路,被测物体表面图像可以通过两条不同的光路达到相机靶面,采集的标定靶和实验件表面的彩色图像可以分离得到蓝色和红色子图像。通过使用3D-DIC分析标定靶和实验件表面分离后的蓝色和红色子图像,可以获得物体表面的三维形貌和变形。形貌测量、面内和离面平移、以及静动态三维变形实验验证了该单彩色相机3D-DIC方法的有效性和测量精准度。由于可避免双相机同步,且能实现无分辨率损失的全靶面三维形貌和变形测量,本文方法在需要实现瞬态位移和变形测量的爆炸、冲击、振动等领域中具有广阔重要的应用前景。     

大视场双目投影条纹方法中的相机参数标定与优化研究

投影条纹法具有高精度、高分辨的特点,且实验设备简单,对实验环境要求低,适宜于不同尺度的三维形貌测量。双目投影条纹法通常采用有标准参照物的相机标定方法获取相机参数,以实现物体表面三维形貌重建。然而,在大型结构的三维形貌测量中参照物的相对尺度较小,传统的基于重投影的相机标定方法在特征检测中引入的误差会被放大,从而影响三维表面形貌测量的稳定性和准确性。本文结合双目投影条纹成像原理,提出了一种适用于大面积形貌测量的投影条纹系统标定方法。该方法利用投影条纹控制点以及对极几何约束对张氏标定法结果进行优化,从而可以在大视场标定中保持较高的精度。实验表明,在标定板与测量物大小相当时,本文提出的标定方法与传统标定方法的测量结果基本一致;当标定板远小于待测物时,本文方法的测量精度和稳定性明显优于传统方法。     

Optimization of multiplane μPIV for wall shear stress and wall topography characterization

Multiplane μPIV can be utilized to determine the wall shear stress and wall topology from the measured flow over a structured surface. A theoretical model was developed to predict the measurement error for the surface topography and shear stress, based on a theoretical analysis of the precision in PIV measurements. The main parameters that affect the accuracy of the measurement are identified. The effect of different parameter settings is studied by means of Monte Carlo simulations, and the results are compared with an experimental test case. The results are used to determine the recommended parameter settings for this measurement approach.     

Influence of topography on ground deformation at Mt. Vesuvius (Italy) by finite element modelling

Ground deformations are observed in connection with volcanic activity, and therefore, geodetic monitoring can provide significant indication of changes of equilibrium conditions. The aim of this paper is to study the deformation of Mount Vesuvius (Italy) caused by overpressure sources at various depths, using a commercial (Ansys) 3D finite element code, in the framework of linear elastic isotropic material behavior. Both homogenous and heterogeneous media with carbonate basement were analyzed to understand the influence of topography on the ground deformations. The topography of the Somma-Vesuvius was taken into account, using a digital terrain model, and the carbonate basement was schematically modelled by assuming two horizontal layers with different Young moduli. The presence of a strong deviation from axially symmetric pattern of the displacement field, and of small subsidence areas, was found. These characteristics are completely unknown from the simple Mogi model and by simplified topography model, as verified by ad hoc simulations. These preliminary results, showing areas of the volcanic edifice experiencing high deformation, can improve the determination of the sources of deformations, i.e. the most relevant problem in the volcano monitoring. Moreover, the knowledge of the deformation pattern, including the topography effects, can provide significant indications to optimize the location of sensors and the characteristics needed to design an efficient and reliable geodetic monitoring network able to detect shallow intrusion events.     

PVC发泡板受力前后微观表面形貌变化规律的AFM实验研究

本文从微观角度对软质材料之一的PVC发泡板表面形貌与承受压载之间的关系进行实验研究.应用Veeco原子力显微镜(AFM),选取全新的1cm×1cm大小的PVC实验样品,轻轻地放置于AFM样品台上.先测试和记录一定范围内的没有压载作用时试件的微观表面形貌,然后依次测试和记录承受过一定数目压载情形下的表面形貌.其中,压载通过标准计量的砝码实现,重复多次实验,将实验数据进行统计分析.结果显示,经压载作用后,PVC的微观表面特性变化明显.随着压载荷的增加,样品微观表面的高度变化量、平均高度、粗糙度等明显增加,截面起伏度也越加明显.本实验结果对于PVC材料宏观承载应用及其微观结构变化机理等方面的研究将具有一定的参考意义.     

Contactless optical extensometer for textile materials

In this paper we present a contactless extensometer. For some flexible materials, with great displacements and deformations, contact during measurement is not acceptable. In fact, contact measurement can modify the tensile behavior, as is the case for fibrous materials. Contactless extensometers usually have to print or glue some marks on the sample, which may cause problems during measurement. These extensometers typically use digital image processingto obtain deformation data. The principle used in this study uses the natural periodicity or surface patterns inherent in most textile materials without any image processing. During deformation the distance between two periods or pattern elements changes, allowing this method to measure the real-time modification of this in-plane distance. The extensometer consists of two parts: an optical device and a signal processing unit performing a Fourier analysis. Some results obtained during a tensile test on woven fabrics and non-wovens are presented here.     

Experimental study of simultaneous measurement of velocity and surface topography: in the wake of a circular cylinder at low Reynolds number

A technique to provide simultaneous measurement on both free surface topography and the velocity vector field of free surface flows is further developed and validated. Testing was performed on the topography measurement by imaging static plastic wave samples over a wide range of amplitudes. Analysis on the accuracy of the topography reconstruction, the sensitivity to noise and the dependence on spatial resolution are presented. The displacement of the free surface is insensitive to noisy input and the sensitivity shows a linear dependence with the sample spacing. Simultaneous measurements of the free surface and associated velocity field in the wake of a circular cylinder are presented for Reynolds numbers between 55 and 100.     

Assessment of Digital Image Correlation as a method of obtaining deformations of a structure under fluid load

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is employed for the measurement of full-field deformation during fluid–structure interaction experiments in a wind tunnel. The methodology developed for the wind tunnel environment is quantitatively assessed. The static deformation error of the system is shown to be less than 0.8% when applied to a curved aerofoil specimen moved through known displacements using a micrometre. Enclosed camera fairings were shown to be required to minimise error due to wind induced camera vibration under aerodynamic loading. The methodology was demonstrated using a high performance curved foil, from a NACRA F20 sailing catamaran, tested within the University of Southampton RJ Mitchell, 3.5 mx2.4 m, wind tunnel. The aerodynamic forces induced in the wind tunnel are relatively small, compared with typical hydrodynamic loading, resulting in small deformations. The coupled deflection and blade twist is evaluated over the tip region (80–100% Span, measured from the root) for a range of wind speeds and angles of attack. Steady deformations at low angles of attack were shown to be well captured however unsteady deformations at higher angles of attack were observed as an increase in variability due to hardware limitations in the current DIC system. It is concluded that higher DIC sample rates are required to assess unsteady deformations in the future. The full field deformation data reveals limited blade twist for low angles of attack, below the stall angle. For larger angles, however, there is a tendency to reduce the effective angle of attack at the tip of the structure, combined with an unsteady structural response. This capability highlights the benefits of the presented methodology over fixed-point measurements as the three dimensional foil deflections can be assessed over a large tip region. In addition, the methodology demonstrates that very small deformations and twist angles can be resolved.     

时间同步误差对船体角形变测量的影响

针对激光陀螺船体角形变测量,分析评估了两组激光陀螺组合体时间同步误差的影响,并提出了一种时间同步误差的在线估计算法.严格推导了考虑了时间同步误差的惯性姿态匹配方程,从方程可见,船体在波浪摇摆条件下时间同步误差将导致额外的Kalman滤波观测量波动误差,直接影响船体角形变测量精度.另一方面,基于新推导的惯性姿态匹配方程,在滤波状态中增加时间延迟变量,通过Kalman滤波能够在线估计时间延迟大小.基于实测远望船体姿态和角变形数据进行了仿真,仿真测试表明大的时间延迟将导致大的船体角形变测量误差,同时验证了时间延迟在线估计方法的有效性.     

Electron Moiré method

It is very important to measure local deformations for an in-depth understanding of mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of structural and functional materials. In this paper, different types of model grid fabrication methods and many types of electron Moiré methods using an electron beam drawing system, a scanning electron microscope or a focus ion beam are reported, together with their applications in the measurement of deformations occurring in various engineerings and materials science research.     

数字图像相关法测量局域变形场中形函数和模板尺寸的影响

数字图像相关法测量均匀变形场已被普遍接受, 其测量结果可与应变片测量结果比较. 然而, 在工程测量中, 针对局域变形场(应变高度集中, 如波特文-勒夏特利埃带、试件缺口附近和裂纹尖端等), 应变片受限于其尺寸, 其测量结果是接触面内的平均应变值. 此时, 采用数字图像相关法能够测量这些局域变形场. 但形函数和模板尺寸等计算参数对计算结果影响很大, 这也导致使用者很难判断计算结果的可靠性. 论文通过对合金拉伸实验获得的不同应变梯度的波特文-勒夏特利埃带和模拟生成的带的计算分析, 发掘了形函数和模板尺寸作用于计算结果的深层机制, 证明了二阶形函数比一阶形函数更适用于高度非均匀的局域变形场. 提出了在局域应变场测量中, 当一阶和二阶形函数计算结果的相对误差小于10% 时, 二阶形函数的结果是可靠的判据.