光绘:自由开源的数字散斑图像生成和评价软件

生成数字散斑图像以及对应的变形图像是数字图像相关研究的基础,然而至今仍然缺乏功能齐全、操作简单、界面友好的专业散斑生成和分析软件;研究者需要自行实现相关算法,不仅费时耗力,也增加了出错的可能性。本文发布了一款自由开源的数字散斑图像生成和评价软件:《光绘》。该软件具有散斑图生成、变形图生成、散斑质量评价和散斑图案推荐等功能:可以生成椭圆、多边形和高斯散斑;可以渲染平移、拉伸/压缩、旋转、正弦、高斯和剪切带等变形模式的变形图;可以计算散斑占空比、散斑尺寸、系统误差和随机误差等关键散斑质量评价参数;可以根据工况生成矢量格式的推荐散斑图案。本文提出向后映射初值快速估计算法和散斑图预渲染技术实现了变形图的实时渲染显示,并使用积分图像技术大幅提升了灰度梯度平方和的计算效率。该软件不仅可用于数字图像相关的学术研究和工程应用,也可服务于实验力学的教学工作,具有广阔的应用前景。     

数字图像相关方法中散斑图的质量评价研究

在利用数字图像相关方法测量物体表面变形时,被测物体表面必需覆盖有灰度随机分布的散斑场,该散斑场作为试件表面变形信息的载体随试件一起变形。在实际情况下,不同的散斑场会显示出完全不同的灰度分布特征,并对数字图像相关方法的测量结果有着重要影响。因此如何定量评价散斑图的优劣是数字图像相关方法中一个重要的基本问题,也是该方法的使用者非常关心的问题。基于最近数字图像相关方法基本理论研究的进展,本文提出平均灰度梯度这一新参数用于散斑图质量的评价。为证实该参数的有效性,本文对五幅明显不同的散斑图进行了精确平移,并将数字图像相关方法测量的位移与预加的平移量进行比较,分析了位移测量结果的均值误差和标准差。结果显示位移测量结果的均值误差和标准差均与散斑图的平均灰度梯度有关,一个好的散斑图应该具有较大的平均灰度梯度。     

散斑图像相关数字技术在薄壁钢管混凝土长柱变形测量中的应用

薄壁钢管混凝土构件作为新发展的组合构件,对其研究具有非常重要的意义。文中首先介绍了散斑图像相关数字技术的基本原理,然后给出了变形计算公式。为弥补传统测量方法的不足,在薄壁钢管混凝土长柱偏压破坏实验中,引入了散斑图像相关数字技术,对长柱跨中截面的全过程变形(位移)进行了测量,并对测量结果进行了分析与讨论,同时还与传统测量方法所得结果进行了对比分析。实验结果与分析表明:该方法具有较高的精度和工程可用性,可克服传统测量方法中的一些弊端,且对实验设备和测量环境要求不高,很适合现场非接触测量。     

A q-Factor-Based Digital Image Correlation Algorithm (qDIC) for Resolving Finite Deformations with Degenerate Speckle Patterns

Digital image correlation (DIC) has become a widely utilized non-contact, full-field displacement measurement technique for obtaining accurate material kinematics. Despite the significant advances made to date, high resolution reconstruction of finite deformations for images with intrinsically low quality speckle patterns or poor signal-to-noise content has not been fully addressed. In particular, large image distortions imposed by materials undergoing finite deformations create significant challenges for most classical DIC approaches. To address this issue, this paper describes a new open source DIC algorithm (qDIC) that incorporates cross-correlation quality factors (q-factors), which are specifically designed to assess the quality of the reconstructed displacement estimate during the motion reconstruction process. A q-factor provides a robust assessment of the uniqueness and sharpness of the cross-correlation peak, and thus a quantitative estimate of the subset-based displacement measure per given image subset and level of applied deformation. We show that the incorporation of energy- and entropy-based q-factor metrics leads to substantially improved displacement predictions, lower noise floor, and reduced decorrelation even at significant levels of image distortion or poor speckle quality. Furthermore, we show that q-factors can be utilized as a quantitative metric for constructing a hybrid incremental-cumulative displacement correlation scheme for accurately resolving very large homogeneous and inhomogeneous deformations, even in the presence of significant image data loss.     

Recent Progress in Digital Image Correlation

In this paper, we report the following important progress recently made in the basic theory and practical implementation of digital image correlation (DIC) for deformation measurement. First, we answer a basic but confusing question to the users of DIC: what is a good speckle pattern for DIC? We present a simple, easy-to-compute yet effective global parameter, called mean intensity gradient, for quality assessment of the entire speckle pattern. Second, we provide an overview of various correlation criteria used in DIC for evaluating the similarity of the reference and deformed subsets, and demonstrate the equivalence of three robust and most widely used correlation criteria, i.e., a zero-mean normalized cross-correlation (ZNCC) criterion, a zero-mean normalized sum of squared difference (ZNSSD) criterion and a parametric zero-mean normalized sum of squared difference (PSSD_ab) criterion with two additional unknown parameters, which elegantly unifies these correlation criteria for subset-based pattern matching. Third, we describe an iterative least squares (ILS) algorithm for accurate subpixel motion detection, which is proved to be equivalent to the existing Newton–Raphson algorithm, but the principle and implementation of ILS algorithm is more straightforward and easier. Finally, to overcome the two limitations of existing subset-based DIC technique, we introduce a robust and generally applicable reliability-guided DIC technique, in which the calculation path is guided by the ZNCC coefficients of computed points, to determine the genuine full-field deformation of an object with complex shape.     

Ceramic-Based Speckles and Enhanced Feature-Detecting Algorithm for Deformation Measurement at High Temperature

The mechanical properties of Ni-base alloys have drawn considerable attention owing to their wide application in the hot components of aircrafts and gas turbines. To accurately measure the deformation of Ni-based alloys at high temperatures, a new type of high-temperature speckles is fabricated on the surface of specimens subjected to long heating durations at temperatures up to 1400 °C. Meanwhile, a novel measurement method based on the scale-invariant feature transform algorithm is developed to measure the deformation and obtain a more accurate result. Both of the above proposed methods are used in a creep test of Inconel 713C at 860 °C. The experimental results indicate that the speckles exhibit excellent performance under heating conditions and adhere well to the substrate at high temperatures. Also, the proposed deformation measurement method exhibits superior image processing even when the speckle quality is imperfect with respect to speckle size.     

基于单像素成像的微小位移测量方法

激光散斑位移测量法是一种重要的现代光学位移测量方法,由于受到图像传感器元件感光性能限制,难以在强干扰光条件下获得有效散斑场信息,进而无法获取位移场数据,因此,基于单像素成像技术,本文提出一种新的激光散斑位移测量方法:对散斑信息进行图案编码调制,并使用单像素探测器采集调制后的光强信息;利用Walsh-Hadamard Transformation(WHT)成像算法对散斑场图像进行重建;最后结合自相关算法确定物体的位移场信息。分别利用商业相机和单像素成像技术对散射介质的单轴微小位移进行测量,结果表明基于单像素成像技术的激光散斑位移测量技术可以获得较好的测量结果。相比于传统测量方法,基于单像素成像技术的激光散斑位移测量方法在复杂环境中具有一定的优势,可实现强光干扰下的位移场测量。     

Micro- and Nanoscale Deformation Measurement of Surface and Internal Planes via Digital Image Correlation

The digital image correlation (DIC) technique is successfully applied across multiple length scales through the generation of a suitable speckle pattern at each size scale. For microscale measurements, a random speckle pattern of paint is created with a fine point airbrush. Nanoscale displacement resolution is achieved with a speckle pattern formed by solution deposition of fluorescent silica nanoparticles. When excited, the particles fluoresce and form a speckle pattern that can be imaged with an optical microscope. Displacements are measured on the surface and on an interior plane of transparent polymer samples with the different speckle patterns. Rigid body translation calibrations and uniaxial tension experiments establish a surface displacement resolution of 1 μm over a 5×6 mm scale field of view for the airbrushed samples and 17 nm over a 100×100 μm scale field of view for samples with the fluorescent nanoparticle speckle. To demonstrate the capabilities of the method, we characterize the internal deformation fields generated around silica microspheres embedded in an elastomer under tensile loading. The DIC technique enables measurement of complex deformation fields with nanoscale precision over relatively large areas, making it of particular relevance to materials that possess multiple length scales.     

橡胶材料弹性模量数字图像相关测定法

利用数字图像相关方法测量了小应变下柔性橡胶的弹性模量.用CCD相机记录单轴压缩实验中圆柱体橡胶试样表面人工散斑图像,作为数字图像相关测量技术中的变形信息载体.分析了镜头畸变对位移测量的影响,运用数字图像相关法得出小应变范围内像胶的应力应变曲线,计算出橡胶的弹性模量.并与采用千分表所得到的结果进行了比较,两者符合较好.实...     

基于数字图像的分离式霍普金森压杆实验中试件应变及两端应力的同步测量法

本文提出一种基于高速摄像和数字图像相关方法(DIC)的分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)测量技术,从而实现试件应变和两端应力的同步测量。即在与试件接触的输入输出杆两端制作散斑,通过高速摄像获取SHPB实验过程中的散斑变形图像,由DIC测得各时刻试件的应变、输入输出杆端的应变(可直接换算为试件两端的应力)。由于试件和杆端的应变都是从同一张高速摄影的图像上分析得到的,因此它们是同步的。应用该方法对钢纤维混凝土试件的SHPB试验进行了测量,测量结果与传统应变片测量结果吻合,验证了该方法的可行性。该技术不仅实现了SHPB实验中试件应变和应力的同步测量,还将有助于直接检验各材料在SHPB实验中试件两端的力在实验过程中是否平衡。     

Digital speckle correlation for strain measurement by image analysis

This paper is concerned with small strain measurement utilizing the numerical processing of digital images. The proposed method has its theoretical basis in digital signal analysis and, from a methodological point of view, it can be considered as an extension to digital images of the wellknown white light speckle photography technique. That conventional method is based on the analysis of photographic plates that are exposed twice (before and after the specimen deformation) with the image of a random speckle pattern that has been previously printed on the test piece surface. The digital speckle correlation advantages consist of requiring a very simple specimen preparation and, mainly, of allowing the strain field computation just by numerical elaboration of the acquired images. In this paper, the theoretical basis of the technique and some valuable improvements to the known analogous methodologies are presented. Finally, test results for an application of digital speckle correlation are shown and advantages and disadvantages of the technique are elaborated. In addition, further developments in this area are discussed.     

超声散斑多谱值相关法测量技术

超声散斑相关法能对物体的变形进行非接触式测量,但在相关运算时,由于相关系数是一个多峰函数,在搜索相关系数最大值时经常会将次峰误判为主峰,从而造成很大的测量误差。本文提出的超声散斑多谱值相关法,对位移前和位移后的散斑场中各散斑信号进行离散谱分析时,取多个振幅谱值分别组成数据矩阵并各自进行相关运算,比较运算得到的各个位移值来确定真实位移,它能避免因相关系数主峰误判所引起的误差。本文应用超声散斑多谱值相关法对水下物体的位移进行了实测,实验结果表明该方法不仅能有效地避免相关系数主峰的误判,而且提高了位移测量精度。     

数字图像相关方法若干关键问题研究进展

本文报道了作者及其所在课题组近期在数字图像相关(DIC)测量方法上取得的重要研究进展。主要包括:(1)通过对DIC方法中反向组合高斯-牛顿算法的理论误差分析,提出了新的理论误差公式,进一步证明了反向组合高斯-牛顿算法在提高计算速度和测量精度方面的综合优势;(2)采用提出的理论误差公式,发展了数字散斑场的优化及制作方法,保证了测量结果的一致性和正确性;(3)基于相机阵列和图像拼接技术,发展了超分辨率数字图像相关方法,大大提高了DIC测量方法的应变测量分辨率;(4)提出了大视场条件下的三维系统标定方法,实现了三维测量系统的外参实时标定和多相机测量系统中相机位姿的自动矫正;(5)研制了便携式原位三维测量仪和多尺度DIC测量系统,实现了三维实时数字图像相关测量,进一步满足了DIC方法在工业在线检测和医学领域中的应用需求。     

DIGITAL SPECKLE CORRELATION METHOD IMPROVED BY GENETIC ALGORITHM

The digital speckle correlation method is an important optical metrology for surface displacement and strain measurement. With this technique, the whole field deformation information can be obtained by tracking the geometric points on the speckle images based on a correlation-matching search technique. However, general search techniques suffer from great computational complexity in the processing of speckle images with large deformation and the large random errors in the processing of images of bad quality. In this paper, an advanced approach based on genetic algorithms (GA) for correlation-matching search is developed. Benefiting from the abilities of global optimum and parallelism searching of GA, this new approach can complete the correlation-matching search with less computational consumption and at high accuracy. Two experimental results from the simulated speckle images have proved the efficiency of the new approach.     

DIC-Based Surface Motion Correction for ESPI Measurements

Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) provides a sensitive technique for measuring surface deformations. The technique involves comparison of the speckle phase angles within surface images measured before and after material deformation. This phase angle comparison requires that the speckle positions be consistent in all images. A lateral shift between image sets of just one pixel substantially degrades ESPI measurements, while a shift of two or more pixels typically causes complete decorrelation and compromises the measurement entirely. To prevent such rigid body motions, the specimen and the optical system must be rigidly fixed. This requirement typically impedes use of the ESPI method in applications outside laboratories or where it is necessary to remove the specimen from the optical setup between ESPI measurements. Here, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is used to track speckle motion caused by specimen displacement between ESPI phase stepped image sets. The measured image set can then be mathematically shifted to restore the original speckle locations, thereby recorrelating the ESPI measurement. Examples are presented where ESPI measurements are successfully made with specimen shifts over 60 pixels.     

Full-field speckle pattern image correlation with B-Spline deformation function

A full-field speckle pattern image correlation method is presented that will determine directly the complete, two-dimensional deformation field during the image correlation process on digital images obtained using computer vision systems. In this work, a B-Spline function is used to represent the object deformation field throughout the entire image area. This is an improvement over subset-based image correlation methods by implicitly maintaining position and derivative continuity constraints among subsets up to a specified order. The control point variables within the B-Spline deformation function are optimized iteratively with the Levenberg-Marquardt method to achieve minimum disparity between the predicted and actual deformed images. Results have shown that the proposed method is computationally efficient, accurate and robust. The general framework of this method can be applied ton-dimensional image correlation systems that solve for multi-dimension vector fields.     

变形测量中的数字散斑相关搜索方法

本文用仿射变换阐述了数字散斑相关方法的基本原理,通过分析散斑位移及其导数对物体变形前后散斑图的相关性的影响,对相关算法作了简化,提出了相关搜索方法.典型的实验证实了该方法的可行性,同时就散斑颗粒尺寸、子区大小对相关识别的影响等问题进行了讨论,初步给出了相关计算的有关最佳参数.     

离焦对散斑测量灵敏度的影响

本文分析了象差函数对光学传递函数的性态影响,指出在用白光主观散斑法测量曲面变形时,由于成象系统不能对曲面上各点同时对焦,各物点有不同程度的离焦,而造成光学传递函数对频率响应的下降,有效截止频率的降低,从而影响其测量灵敏度的提高。     

Coupling Self-Adaptive Meshing-Based Regularization and Global Image Correlation for Spatially Heterogeneous Deformation Characterization

Background

Image-based global correlation involves a class of ill-posed inverse problems associated with speckle quality and deformation gradients on specimen surfaces. However, the method used to simultaneously integrate the prior information related to images and deformations and effectively regularize these inverse problems still faces severe challenges, especially when complex heterogeneous deformation gradients exist over sample surfaces with locally degraded speckle patterns.

Objective

We propose a novel self-adaptive meshing-based regularization for global image correlation to determine spatially complex heterogeneous deformations.

Methods

A virtual truss system with a linearly elastic constitutive relationship is employed to self-adaptively implement surface meshing by numerically balancing the exerted virtual forces under the constraints of the local speckle image quality and deformation gradients. The 2-norm-based condition number of the local stiffness matrix is introduced to ensure numerical stability during meshing.

Results

The algorithms can behave as a smart regularization procedure integrating all the prior information during numerical calculations, consequently achieving an accurate, precise and robust characterization of heterogeneous deformations, as demonstrated by virtual simulations and actual experiments.

Conclusions

The regularization strategy coupled to image-based correlation is also promising for automatic quantification of complex heterogeneous deformations, particularly from images with locally degraded speckle patterns.

     

Adaptive Rotated Gaussian Weighted Digital Image Correlation (RGW-DIC) for Heterogeneous Deformation Measurement

Background

Digital image correlation (DIC) has advanced to become a flexible, reliable and fast optical method for the measurement of non-contact and full-field surface deformation. However, the accuracy of existing methods in measuring heterogeneous deformation fields—especially for the high gradient strain field – can be improved.

Objective

In state-of-art local DIC applications, several methods have been put forward to adapt a subset to unknown deformation. Although improvements in performance using these methods are obtained, results are still ungratified for severely heterogeneous deformation such as the Star 2 and Star 5 images from DIC Challenge 2.0.

Methods

In this paper, a rotated Gaussian weighted zero-mean normalized sum of squared difference (RGW-ZNSSD) criterion function is proposed as the basis for RGW-DIC subset size adaptation. RGW-DIC can automatically determine the optimum weight distribution, hence self-adaptivity in subset size and orientation are achieved simultaneously.

Results

The effectiveness of the proposed RGW-DIC is verified using DIC-challenge 2.0 images and simulated sinusoidal deformation images. Results reveal that the adaptively determined subset weight distribution can significantly improve the accuracy of heterogeneous deformation measurement compared with traditional DIC and DIC with isotropic Gaussian weight functions.

Conclusions

The proposed RGW-DIC can be applied to unknown severely heterogeneous deformation measurement.