乳状液液滴在高压直流电场中的变形与破裂分析

新型电脱水技术利用高压电场对乳状液中液滴的变形、聚合具有一定的影响,其中电场参数的选择对液滴变形和聚合效率具有显著影响.适度的液滴变形将促进液滴聚合,过度的变形则可能使液滴破裂成更多的小液滴而增加乳状液分离的难度.本文引入光滑粒子流体动力学方法,对电场强度的变化对液滴变形和破裂过程的影响进行了数值模拟分析.结果表明:电场强度一定程度的增大能提高液滴变形速度并加速其聚合,如果场强过高则液滴破裂;在同一电场强度作用下,粒径较小的液滴比粒径较大的液滴变形困难.     

N2双流体细水雾抑制管道瓦斯爆炸实验研究

为了在较低压力下获得较小粒径的细水雾,降低喷雾抑爆系统的运行成本,提高系统的适用性和抑爆效率,自行搭建了尺寸为120 mm×120 mm×840 mm的透明有机玻璃瓦斯爆炸管道实验平台。采用双流体喷嘴将N₂和细水雾送入试验管道,通过调节喷雾压力和喷雾时间开展了双流体细水雾抑制瓦斯爆炸实验研究,从火焰速度、瓦斯爆炸超压2个方面探讨双流体细水雾的抑爆有效性。实验结果表明:N₂双流体细水雾抑爆效果明显,可以减小瓦斯爆炸强度;随着喷雾时间的延长,爆炸火焰的速度峰值逐渐下降,爆炸超压峰值逐渐下降,平均升压速率逐渐降低;当N₂压力为0.4 MPa、喷雾时间为3 s时,速度峰值比不喷雾时下降60.39%,爆炸超压峰值下降37.76%。     

低雷诺数下团聚体细颗粒阻力修正系数的实验研究

对团聚体状细颗粒的阻力修正系数进行落球法实验研究,得到颗粒粒径比、团聚体颗粒与流场夹角、规则团聚体颗粒自身夹角和不规则团聚体的分形维数等参数对阻力修正系数的影响。结果表明,团聚体所含颗粒的粒径之比越大,其阻力修正系数越大;团聚体颗粒阻力修正系数随团聚体与流场夹角的增大而增大;团聚体颗粒自身夹角越大,阻力修正系数越大,团聚体颗粒自身夹角越接近0°,其阻力修正系数越接近于1。对于不规则团聚体颗粒,阻力修正系数随分形维数的增大而减小。     

面接触多体摩擦过程界面特性试验研究

基于前期自制的精密摩擦测试系统,以界面间噪声、摩擦系数等界面特性为研究对象,对Si C金相砂纸和不锈钢试件组成的摩擦副由二体摩擦状态向三体摩擦状态演变的过程进行了实时监测,考察了磨粒粒径、载荷、转速等工况条件对界面特性的影响,并探究了试验后试件表面粗糙度情况。试验结果表明:二体摩擦状态向三体摩擦状态演变过程中,界面间噪声逐渐下降后保持稳定;粒径在15μm~30μm范围内,粒径越小,稳定噪声越大,载荷、转速对稳定噪声的影响不明显,摩擦系数先迅速减小又逐渐增大后趋于稳定;粒径在15μm~30μm范围内,增大磨粒粒径、转速、载荷均会使摩擦系数的稳定状态提前、稳定摩擦系数增大;试验后的试件表面粗糙度与界面间的摩擦系数具有很强的相关性,但基于不同工况条件,这种相关性并不一致;对于变磨粒粒径试验,摩擦系数越大,试件表面粗糙度值越大;对于变载荷试验和变转速试验,摩擦系数越大,试件表面粗糙度值越小。     

用格子Boltzmann方法模拟液滴撞击固壁动力学行为

首次用格子Boltzmann方法中的伪势模型对液滴撞击固壁的动力学行为进行了数值模拟.详细研究了液滴在壁面上的流动状态以及各种因素对撞击过程的影响.通过数值模拟得到:壁面的可润湿性越小,液滴越容易发生反弹,液滴的回缩速度越快;液滴的撞击速度越大,所得到的相对直径越大,回缩速度越快;液滴的粘性越小,所得到的相对直径越大;液滴的表面张力越大,液滴越容易发生反弹现象.另外,液滴的最大相对直径与We数满足一定的线性关系,这些结果与前人的理论预测和实验结果完全吻合.     

含水合物的油包水体系流动数值模拟

在充分考虑油包水体系水合物生成特点的基础上，基于传热学、多相流、水合物动力学相关理论，建立了描述含水合物油包水体系流动规律的理论模型，并给出了模型的定解条件和求解方法。数值计算表明：产液量、含水率、液滴粒径均会影响水合物的生成，进而影响体系流动；当水合物的生成速率受体系提供的游离气量控制时，其值基本不变；进入水合物生成域，液滴转化为水合物颗粒并发生聚并，其量纲为一的聚并粒径在整个生成域保持恒定，且产液量越少、含水率越低、液滴粒径越小，量纲为一的聚并粒径越大；进入水合物分解区，水合物颗粒簇解体后又重新聚并，量纲为一的聚并粒径较生成域的小；水合物生成会导致体系的黏度增加，黏度增幅随水合物颗粒体积分数和量纲为一的聚并粒径的增大而增大。     

泡沫镍/聚氨酯双连续复合材料的液滴冲蚀行为研究

利用液滴冲蚀试验装置,开展了泡沫镍/聚氨酯双连续复合材料和纯聚氨酯的液滴冲蚀试验研究,并采用PIV系统,测量了液滴冲蚀中液滴速度和直径. 结果表明:随着冲击能量的增加,复合材料表现出比纯聚氨酯更好的抗液滴冲蚀性能;泡沫镍结构参数对复合材料的液滴冲蚀行为有重要影响,泡沫镍孔径越小、体密度越大,复合材料的抗冲蚀能力越强;密集的金属骨架能有效阻挡高速液滴的破坏作用,并为树脂基体提供较强的阴影保护效应和地毯保护效应,显著提高复合材料的抗冲蚀性能.      

均匀电场中气泡上升特性的实验研究

电场中的气泡对于强化传热有显著的作用, 对于电场中气泡动力学特性的研究对增强换热器效率, 提高能源利用率有重要意义. 为了获得外加电场作用下气泡的动力学特性, 设计与搭建了可视化实验平台. 采用50 kV高压直流电源构建均匀电场, 高清摄像机拍摄实验图像. 引入电场强度、气泡体积与溶液介电常数作为变量, 探究其对于气泡动力学特性的影响. 观测了竖直与水平均匀电场中气泡的上升过程, 分析了不同变量下气泡变形状况与上升速度的变化. 引入气泡长宽比L/D用于表示气泡拉伸变形程度, 截取单个气泡上升过程分时段图像展示形态变化过程. 研究结果表明, 气泡沿电场方向伸长, 且电场强度越大, 变形越明显; 竖直电场中气泡伸长导致上升速度增大, 而水平电场中气泡上升速度减小. 气泡尺寸增大, 浮升力作用增强, 气泡上升速度增大. 溶液介电常数增加, 电场力作用明显增加, 气泡变形更加明显.      

一种升浮一体环形浮空器气动特性研究

选取填充轻质气体的环形浮空器为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法开展高空风力发电机用浮空器气动特性研究．采用有限体积法求解不可压N-S方程和S-A湍流模型来数值模拟风力机气流场,分别对翼型,安装角,长细比,雷诺数及风力机等因素对引入浮力后浮空器气动特性影响进行研究,对比分析引入浮力后布局外形气动力特性随各外形特征参数的变化规律．数值结果表明,截面翼型弯度越大,最大升阻比越小,出现位置有一定前移;截面厚度越大,三维效应越强,最大升阻比出现有一定的滞后性;增大安装角,相当于增大攻角,使得升力系数和阻力系数随攻角变化曲线均有一定前移;引入浮力后,最大合升阻比增大,并且存在一个明显前移;长细比越小,浮空器升阻比越大,随着长细比增大,浮空器最大升阻比出现越滞后;一定范围内,雷诺数增大,浮空器动升阻比增大,引入浮力后,基于来流风速变化时,浮空器合升阻比随雷诺数增大先迅速减小然后趋于平缓,但基于浮空器尺寸变化时,合升阻比则随雷诺数增大而增大;风轮转速增大,浮空器阻力增大,升力有一定下降．     

刚玉块石粒径对刚玉块石砼抗侵彻性能影响的试验研究

对刚玉块石粒径对刚玉块石砼抗侵彻性能的影响进行了试验研究,结果表明,刚玉块石粒径越大,布置越紧密,刚玉块石砼的抗侵彻性能越强;在提高材料遮弹性能上,设法使弹体破坏比使其偏转效果更佳。     

Flow and atomization characteristics of a twin-fluid nozzle with internal swirling and self-priming effects

A twin-fluid nozzle was proposed for low-pressure atomization. The nozzle is featured by swirling air flows in the mixing chamber. Liquid medium is thereby inhaled due to the pressure difference. An experimental work was performed to investigate the atomization performance of the nozzle and the hydrogen peroxide solution served as the liquid medium. Droplet size and droplet velocity were measured. Effects of the diameter of the air-injection orifice and the air-injection pressure were investigated. The results show that small droplet size is achieved with the proposed nozzle. As the spray develops, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the droplets decreases first and then increases, irrespective of the variation of the air-injection orifice diameter and the air-injection pressure. Overall SMD varies inversely with the air-injection orifice diameter and air-injection pressure. Near the nozzle, cross-sectional velocity distribution exhibits a peak-valley pattern, which is replaced with uniformized velocity distributions away from the nozzle. Similarity of cross-sectional radial velocity distribution at different air pressures is evidenced. Furthermore, the correlation between droplet size and droplet velocity is established.     

Maximum spreading of electrically charged droplets impacting on dielectric substrates

In this work, the electric charging effect on the spreading of droplet impacting on dielectric substrates has been investigated. The charged water droplets were directed on the paraffin wax and the Teflon-coated plates. The impinging behavior was visualized and recorded using a CCD camera to identify the maximum extent of the flattened droplets. Droplet diameter and velocity approaching the wall were measured as well. The diameter of the electrically charged droplet at the maximum spread turned out to be larger compared to that of neutral droplet (at the maximum spread), and the difference becomes larger with increasing of the electric charge ratio (defined as the ratio of the actual electric charge to the Rayleigh limit). This phenomenon is considered to be due to reduction of effective interfacial tensions between the liquid and the gas and between the liquid and the solid by electric charging. Finally, an improved model was proposed to predict the maximum spreading ratio for electrically charged droplets by introducing correlations on the liquid–gas and the liquid–solid interfacial tensions.     

Atomization of glycerin with a twin-fluid swirl nozzle

Atomization of liquids with high viscosity is always a challenge, especially when small diameter droplets and high liquid flow rates are simultaneously required. In the present research, the performance of a Venturi–vortex twin-fluid swirl nozzle is examined, attending to its capabilities to generate droplets with diameters below 20 µm when atomizing pure glycerin at room temperature. In this nozzle, air is injected tangentially in a central convergent section, and discharges suctioning the liquid fed to a coaxial chamber, here using a gear pump. The resulting spray is visualized and analyzed. Droplet size distributions are measured with a laser diffractometer. As expected, droplet diameter increases with liquid flow rate, and quickly diminishes when air flow rate is increased. Sauter mean diameters (SMD) below 15 µm can be obtained even when atomizing pure glycerin. However, these values are obtained for relatively low glycerin flow rates (∼5 l/h), and with rather wide distributions. For 10 l/h and an air-to-liquid mass flow rate ratio (ALR) of 13.7 more than 26% of the glycerin volume is atomized in droplets smaller than 20 µm. Liquid ligaments are observed near the nozzle exit, but they tend to break up while moving downstream.     

超声速气流磁流体加速初步实验研究

利用激波风洞, 采用氦气驱动氩气, 在平衡接触面运行方式下得到高温气体,通过在低压段注入电离种子K₂CO₃粉末, 实现高温条件下导电流体的产生, 设计了超声速喷管及磁流体加速实验段, 采用大电容提供电能, 开展了超声速气流磁流体加速初步实验研究. 典型实验条件下, 当喷管入口总压为0.7049MPa、理论平衡温度为8372.8K, 喷管出口马赫数为1.5, 电容充电电压为400V, 磁感应强度为0.5T时, 对电压电流特性、电导率、负载系数、电效率、加速效果等进行了测量或计算, 主要结论有: 磁场作用下的超声速气流的电导率的值大约在150S/m; 磁流体加速通道负载系数约为4, 电效率约为28%, 平均输入功率约198kW; 采用电参数测试方法对磁流体加速效果进行评估, 速度增加约15.7%;超声速气流的电导率对加速通道的电效率及加速效果等有很重要的影响.      

Producing droplets smaller than the nozzle diameter by using a pneumatic drop-on-demand droplet generator

A pneumatic droplet generator to produce water/glycerin droplets smaller than the nozzle diameter is described. The generator consists of a T-junction with a nozzle fit into one opening, the second opening connected to a gas cylinder through a solenoid valve and the third connected to a length of steel tubing. The droplet generator is filled with liquid. Opening the valve for a preset time creates a pulse of alternating negative and positive pressure in the gas above the surface of the liquid, ejecting a single droplet through the nozzle. Droplet formation was photographed and the pressure variation in the droplet generator recorded. The effect of various experimental parameters, such as nozzle size, pressure pulse width and liquid properties on droplet formation was investigated. Small droplets could not be generated when liquid viscosity was too low or too high. For pure water, droplet diameters were several times that of the nozzle. Using more viscous glycerin mixtures, droplets with diameters as small as 65% of the nozzle diameter could be produced.     

交变电场作用下单液滴蒸发的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学方法研究了正弦形式的交变电场对三维悬浮水滴在超临界氮气环境下蒸发特性的影响, 主要考虑了电场幅值和频率对液滴蒸发寿命和液滴瞬时蒸发速率的影响. 其中水滴由8000个水分子组成, 环境气体由27000个氮气分子组成. 首先利用分子动力学方法模拟计算了不同状态下水的物性参数以及亚临界条件下匀强电场对液滴蒸发特性的影响, 从而验证了分子模型和蒸发模型的正确性. 接着模拟了在不同幅值和频率的交变电场作用下水滴在氮气环境下的蒸发过程, 结果表明, 相比于无电场或匀强电场, 交变电场能够更显著地促进水滴的蒸发. 在频率一定时, 随着电场幅值的增大, 液滴的蒸发速率不断升高, 蒸发寿命不断下降, 且液滴的瞬时蒸发速率、液滴温度、水分子的排列结构等参数都会产生频率为所加电场二倍的振荡特性, 且电场幅值越大, 振荡幅值也越大. 而在电场幅值一定时, 随着频率的增大, 液滴蒸发寿命和速率并不是单调变化的, 而是在频率$f=5$GHz时, 分别达到一个极大值和极小值, 文中从液滴能量和分子排列结构两个方面解释了产生了这一现象的原因.      

非均匀积污下高压绝缘子电位及电场分布特性

高压绝缘子在输变电工程中承担着绝缘的重要角色. 由于工业化的飞速发展, 雾霾和沙尘等天气的频繁出现, 污秽颗粒在大气流场的作用下在绝缘子表面沉积, 容易发生污闪事故, 严重影响着电网的安全运行. 将高压绝缘子污闪发生的主要过程-绝缘子的动态积污和表面电场畸变过程进行耦合分析, 探究污闪发生的机理. 建立绝缘子周围的欧拉-欧拉气固两相流模型, 对绝缘子动态积污过程进行数值模拟, 获得绝缘子表面的非均匀积污层分布; 创建其表面导电层单元, 结合有限元方法建立积污绝缘子电场模型, 对非均匀积污层分布的绝缘子串进行电位及电场分析. 研究结果表明: 在积污层非均匀分布情况下, 绝缘子表面积污层周向位置对其电位分布的趋势影响较小, 但对绝缘子表面电场畸变的发生位置影响较大. 随着周向位置的变化, 电场畸变位置的偏移也不同, 且侧风面电场畸变的偏移最大. 随着积污层电导率的增大, 电场强度大于清洁绝缘子表面的场强, 且背风侧的场强畸变最大.      

Nonlinearity analysis of piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers based on couple stress theory

This paper studies the static deformation behavior of a piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) actuated by a strong external electric field. The transducer membrane consists of a piezoelectric layer, a passive layer and two electrode layers. The nonlinearities of the piezoelectric layer caused by electrostriction under a strong electric field are analyzed. Because the thickness of the transducer membrane is on the microscale, the size dependence of the deformation behavior is evaluated using the couple stress theory. The results show that the optimal ratio of the top electrode diameter and the membrane diameter is around 0.674. It is also found that this optimal value does not depend on any other parameters if the thicknesses of the two electrodes are negligible compared with those of the piezoelectric and passive layers. In addition, the nonlinearities of the piezoelectric layer will become stronger along with the increase of the electric field, which means that softening of the membrane stiffness occurs when a strong external electric field is applied. Meanwhile, the optimal thickness ratio for the passive layer and the piezoelectric layer is not equal to 1.0 which is usually adopted by previous researchers. Because there exists size dependence of membrane deformation, the optimal value of this thickness ratio needs to be greater than 1.0 on the microscale.     

Periodical streaming potential and electro-viscous effects in microchannel flow

This paper presents an analytical solution to periodical streaming potential, flow-induced electric field and velocity of periodical pressure-driven flows in twodimensional uniform microchannel based on the Poisson-Boltzmann equations for electric double layer and Navier-Stokes equation for liquid flow. Dimensional analysis indicates that electric-viscous force depends on three factors： （1） Electric-viscous number representing a ratio between maximum of electric-viscous force and pressure gradient in a steady state, （2） profile function describing the distribution profile of electro-viscous force in channel section, and （3） coupling coefficient reflecting behavior of arnplitude damping and phase offset of electro-viscous force. Analytical results indicate that flow-induced electric field and flow velocity depend on frequency Reynolds number （Re = wh^2/v）. Flow-induced electric field varies very slowly with Re when Re 〈 1, and rapidly decreases when Re 〉 1. Electro-viscous effect on flow-induced electric field and flow velocity are very significant when the rate of the channel width to the thickness of electric double layer is small.     

Periodical streaming potential and electro-viscous effects in microchannel flow

This paper presents an analytical solution to periodical streaming potential,flow-induced electric field and velocity of periodical pressure-driven flows in twodimensional uniform microchannel based on the Poisson.Boltzmann equations for electric double layer and Navier-Stokes equation for liquid flow.Dimensional analysis indicates that electric-Viscous force depends on three factors:(1)Electric-viscous number representing a ratio between maximum of electric-viscous force and pressure gradient in a steady state,(2)profile function describing the distribution profile of electro-viscous forcein channel section,and(3)coupling coefficient reflecting behavior of amplitude damping and phase Offset of electro-viscous force.Analytical results indicate that flow-induced electric field and flow velocity depend on frequency Reynolds number(Re=wh2/v).Flow-induced electric field varies very slowly with Re when Re＜1.and rapidly decreases when Re＞1.Electro-viscous effect on flow-induced electric field and flow velocity are very significant when the rate of the channel width to the thickness of electric double layer is small.