电场作用下气泡上升行为特性的数值计算研究

利用电场控制气泡形态及运动,强化气液相间传热传质是电流体动力学的重要研究内容之一. 然而目前多数研究集中在非电场下的气泡动力学上,对于电场下的气泡行为特性及电场的作用机制仍需开展深入研究. 本研究对电场作用下单个气泡在流体中上升过程的动力学行为进行了数值模拟研究. 在建立二维模型的基础上求解电场方程与Navier-Stokes方程,并采用水平集方法捕捉了上升气泡的位置及形状. 模拟结果的准确性与有效性通过与前人实验和数值结果进行对比得到了验证. 通过改变雷诺数、邦德数和电邦德数等不同参数研究了电场下液体黏度、表面张力和电场力对气泡运动变形的影响. 计算结果表明,电场对气泡的动态特性有显著影响. 非电场情况下液体黏度和表面张力较大时气泡基本维持球状,反之气泡发生变形并逐步达到稳定状态. 此外,电场作用使气泡在初始上升阶段发生剧烈形变,随着不断上升,气泡形变程度不断减小,且气泡的上升速度和长径比均出现振荡. 垂直电场使气泡的上升速度有较大的提高,且随着电邦德数的增大,难以达到相对稳定的状态.      

电场作用下气泡上升行为特性的数值计算研究

利用电场控制气泡形态及运动,强化气液相间传热传质是电流体动力学的重要研究内容之一.然而目前多数研究集中在非电场下的气泡动力学上,对于电场下的气泡行为特性及电场的作用机制仍需开展深入研究.本研究对电场作用下单个气泡在流体中上升过程的动力学行为进行了数值模拟研究.在建立二维模型的基础上求解电场方程与Navier-Stokes方程,并采用水平集方法捕捉了上升气泡的位置及形状.模拟结果的准确性与有效性通过与前人实验和数值结果进行对比得到了验证.通过改变雷诺数、邦德数和电邦德数等不同参数研究了电场下液体黏度、表面张力和电场力对气泡运动变形的影响.计算结果表明,电场对气泡的动态特性有显著影响.非电场情况下液体黏度和表面张力较大时气泡基本维持球状,反之气泡发生变形并逐步达到稳定状态.此外,电场作用使气泡在初始上升阶段发生剧烈形变,随着不断上升,气泡形变程度不断减小,且气泡的上升速度和长径比均出现振荡.垂直电场使气泡的上升速度有较大的提高,且随着电邦德数的增大,难以达到相对稳定的状态.     

乳状液液滴在高压直流电场中的变形与破裂分析

新型电脱水技术利用高压电场对乳状液中液滴的变形、聚合具有一定的影响,其中电场参数的选择对液滴变形和聚合效率具有显著影响.适度的液滴变形将促进液滴聚合,过度的变形则可能使液滴破裂成更多的小液滴而增加乳状液分离的难度.本文引入光滑粒子流体动力学方法,对电场强度的变化对液滴变形和破裂过程的影响进行了数值模拟分析.结果表明:电场强度一定程度的增大能提高液滴变形速度并加速其聚合,如果场强过高则液滴破裂;在同一电场强度作用下,粒径较小的液滴比粒径较大的液滴变形困难.     

单个上升气泡与异质液膜相互作用的数值模拟

为了探讨在流体区域内气泡上升然后与异质液膜接触的过程中,气泡速度、形状随时间的变化,以及区域内液膜的运动特性。本文采用FTM方法模拟研究了在2D×D的空间范围内单个气泡从静止开始上升到与异质液膜接触过程中的运动特性。研究结果表明:气泡上升到与液膜一定距离后,会使液膜中间凸起变薄,并将液膜挤向两侧,气泡的竖直速度先增大后减小;液膜厚度不同时,气泡上升初期相同时刻的纵横比?基本相同;气泡上升后期相同时刻的纵横比随着液膜厚度的增厚而增大;不同表面张力下,相同时刻气泡纵横比随着表面张力的减小而减小;表面张力越小,气泡顶部和底端的压力差会越小,上升速度越小。     

静止水中单个近壁大气泡运动特性的实验研究

气泡运动不稳定性直接关系到气液两相传递作用。本文利用高速摄影技术结合阴影法对静止水中大雷诺数(～O(10~3))气泡在竖直壁面附近的上升运动进行实验研究,通过改变气泡与壁面初始间距,考察气泡轨迹、变形、旋转、速度及加速度等运动特征的变化规律。结果发现气泡呈二维"之"字形周期性振荡上升;与运动轨迹相对应,气泡形变、旋转角度、速度及加速度均呈周期性变化。气泡与壁面初始间距小于1.03倍气泡等效直径时,气泡与壁面发生碰撞,气泡迎面碰壁后形状发生突变,加速度达到峰值,气泡旋转背向弹开;当气泡-壁面初始间距大于1.03倍气泡等效直径时,气泡与壁面不碰撞,壁面作用减弱,气泡形状变化缓慢且不发生滚动换向,呈摆动上升,气泡逐渐远离壁面。随着气泡-壁面初始间距的增大,气泡横向摆动幅度逐渐减小,纵向跨度增大,气泡形状变化幅度逐渐减小,气泡速度和加速度变化幅度略有降低。壁面作用导致高雷诺数气泡大变形,动能与变形能周期性转化,对强化气液传热传质具有重要作用。     

含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形与破裂

油--气润滑过程中润滑油液滴受高速气流扰动易形成含气泡油滴,微气泡将对油滴撞击壁面时的运动过程以及壁面油膜 层的形成质量产生重要影响. 基于耦合的水平集--体积分数 方法,对含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面行为进行数值模拟研究, 考察含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形运动过程,探讨气泡破裂的动力学机制,分析气泡大小、碰撞速度和液体黏度等因素对含气 泡油滴撞壁过程中气泡变形特征参数的影响规律. 研究表明:含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面后气泡会发生变形,并破裂形成膜液滴;气泡随同 液滴运动过程中,气泡内外压力和速度梯度变化是使气泡发生破裂的主要诱因. 气泡大小对气泡破裂方式影响较大,气泡较小时发生单 点破裂,而气泡较大时更容易发生多处破裂. 不同大小气泡受力差异较大,气泡大小与破裂发生时刻没有明显相关性. 碰撞速度和液体 黏度对气泡的变形、破裂和破裂发生时刻都具有一定的影响. 碰撞速度越大,油滴动能越大,更容易产生气泡变形和破裂现象. 液体黏 度增大,在油滴撞壁运动前期促进气泡变形,而在运动后期可以阻延气泡破裂行为发生.      

含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形与破裂

油-气润滑过程中润滑油液滴受高速气流扰动易形成含气泡油滴,微气泡将对油滴撞击壁面时的运动过程以及壁面油膜层的形成质量产生重要影响.基于耦合的水平集-体积分数方法,对含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面行为进行数值模拟研究,考察含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形运动过程,探讨气泡破裂的动力学机制,分析气泡大小、碰撞速度和液体黏度等因素对含气泡油滴撞壁过程中气泡变形特征参数的影响规律.研究表明:含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面后气泡会发生变形,并破裂形成膜液滴;气泡随同液滴运动过程中,气泡内外压力和速度梯度变化是使气泡发生破裂的主要诱因.气泡大小对气泡破裂方式影响较大,气泡较小时发生单点破裂,而气泡较大时更容易发生多处破裂.不同大小气泡受力差异较大,气泡大小与破裂发生时刻没有明显相关性.碰撞速度和液体黏度对气泡的变形、破裂和破裂发生时刻都具有一定的影响.碰撞速度越大,油滴动能越大,更容易产生气泡变形和破裂现象.液体黏度增大,在油滴撞壁运动前期促进气泡变形,而在运动后期可以阻延气泡破裂行为发生.     

浮力气泡对水平壁面的回弹动力学特性

黏性液体中的气泡浮升运动有趣而又复杂,而气泡与固壁边界的相互作用更是广泛存在于实际工程中.基于轴对称数值计算,模拟了浮力驱动下气泡在黏性液体中上升并与顶部水平固壁面碰撞、回弹的过程.采用考虑表面张力的不可压、变密度Navier-Stokes方程来描述气液两相流流动,并通过基于分级八叉树的有限体积法进行数值求解.为准确捕捉气泡在回弹过程中局部而迅速的拓扑变化,采用了动态自适应网格技术耦合流体体积法(volume of fluid, VOF)来重构气泡的形状.从气泡对壁面的碰撞和回弹的基本现象入手,研究了伽利略数Ga和接触速度U_a对气泡回弹动力学特性的影响,分析了气泡碰撞过程中涡结构的变化.用回弹高度H、回弹周期T、长宽比A_r、浮升速度U、轴向位置z和回复系数Cr等参数来表征不同条件时气泡的运动和形状特性.研究结果表明,气泡的回弹运动特性对Ga十分敏感. Ga的增大可加剧气泡形变,促进气泡的回弹运动,增多回弹次数,增大回弹参数(T和H),提升回复系数.然而,接触速度并非决定气泡回弹动力学的控制参数, Ua的改变并不会改变回复系数.     

浮力气泡对水平壁面的回弹动力学特性

黏性液体中的气泡浮升运动有趣而又复杂,而气泡与固壁边界的相互作用更是广泛存在于实际工程中.基于轴对称数值计算,模拟了浮力驱动下气泡在黏性液体中上升并与顶部水平固壁面碰撞、回弹的过程.采用考虑表面张力的不可压、变密度Navier-Stokes方程来描述气液两相流流动,并通过基于分级八叉树的有限体积法进行数值求解.为准确捕捉气泡在回弹过程中局部而迅速的拓扑变化,采用了动态自适应网格技术耦合流体体积法(volume of fluid,VOF)来重构气泡的形状. 从气泡对壁面的碰撞和回弹的基本现象入手,研究了伽利略数 Ga和接触速度$U_{a}$对气泡回弹动力学特性的影响, 分析了气泡碰撞过程中涡结构的变化.用回弹高度$H$、回弹周期$T$、长宽比{$A_{r}$}、浮升速度$U$、轴向位置$z$和回复系数$C_{r}$等参数来表征不同条件时气泡的运动和形状特性. 研究结果表明,气泡的回弹运动特性对 Ga十分敏感. Ga的增大可加剧气泡形变, 促进气泡的回弹运动, 增多回弹次数,增大回弹参数($T$和$H)$, 提升回复系数. 然而,接触速度并非决定气泡回弹动力学的控制参数, $U_{a}$的改变并不会改变回复系数.      

垂直壁面附近上升单气泡的弹跳动力学研究

采用高速摄影技术结合阴影法,对静止水中垂直壁面附近上升单气泡运动进行实验研究,对比气泡尺度及气泡喷嘴与壁面之间的初始无量纲距离(S~*)对气泡上升运动特性的影响,分析气泡与壁面碰撞前后,壁面效应与气泡动力学机制及能量变化规律.结果表明,对于雷诺数Re≈580～1100,无量纲距离S~*2～3时,气泡与壁面碰撞且气泡轨迹由无约束条件下的三维螺旋转变成二维之字形周期运动;当S~* 2～3时,壁面效应减弱,有壁面约束的气泡运动与无约束气泡运动特性趋于一致.气泡与壁面碰撞前后,壁面效应导致横向速度峰值下降为原峰值的70%,垂直速度下降50%;气泡与壁面碰撞前,通过气泡中心与壁面距离(x/R)和修正的斯托克斯数相关式可预测垂直速度的变化规律.上升气泡与壁面碰撞过程中,气泡表面变形能量单向传输给气泡横向动能,使得可变形气泡能够保持相对恒定的弹跳运动.提出了气泡在与壁面反复弹跳时的平均阻力系数的预测模型,能够很好地描述实验数据反映出的对雷诺数Re、韦伯数We和奥特沃斯数Eo等各无量纲参数的标度规律.     

Electric field effects during nucleate boiling from an artificial nucleation site

An experimental study of saturated pool boiling from a single artificial nucleation site on a polished copper surface has been performed. Isolated bubbles grow and depart from the artificial cavity and the bubble dynamics are recorded with a high speed camera. Experimental results are obtained for bubble growth, departure and vertical rise both with and without the application of an electric field between an upper electrode and the boiling surface. As detailed in a previous paper from the same research group the high spatial and temporal resolution of the video sequences facilitated the development of a baseline experimental bubble growth law which predicts the bubble volumetric growth characteristics for a range of surface superheats at atmospheric pressure. The presence of an electric field has been found to positively augment the convective heat transfer over that of buoyant natural convection. Further to this, for high electric field strengths, the bubble shape, volumetric growth characteristics and bubble rise are different from that of the baseline cases. These results provide compelling evidence that electric fields can be implemented to alter the bubble dynamics and subsequent heat transfer rates during boiling of dielectric liquids.     

Effects of bubble size on heat transfer enhancement by sub-millimeter bubbles for laminar natural convection along a vertical plate

Injection of sub-millimeter bubbles is considered a promising technique for enhancing natural convection heat transfer for liquids. So far, we have experimentally investigated heat transfer characteristics of laminar natural convection flows with sub-millimeter bubbles. However, the effects of the bubble size on the heat transfer have not yet been understood. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of the bubble size on the heat transfer enhancement for the laminar natural convection of water along a vertical heated plate with uniform heat flux. Temperature and velocity measurements, in which thermocouples and a particle tracking velocimetry technique are, respectively used, are conducted to investigate heat transfer and flow characteristics for different bubble sizes. Moreover, two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to comprehensively understand the effects of bubble injection on the flow near the heated plate. The result shows that the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient with sub-millimeter-bubble injection to that without injection ranges from 1.3 to 2.2. The result also shows that for a constant bubble flow rate, the heat transfer coefficient ratio increases with a decrease in the mean bubble diameter. It is expected from our estimation based on both experimental data and simulation results that this increase results from an increase in the advection effect due to bubbles.     

Numerical simulation of dielectric bubbles coalescence under the effects of uniform magnetic field

In this research, the co-axial coalescence of a pair of gas bubbles rising in a viscous liquid column under the effects of an external uniform magnetic field is simulated numerically. Considered fluids are dielectric, and applied magnetic field is uniform. Effects of different strengths of magnetic field on the interaction of in-line rising bubbles and coalescence between them were investigated. For numerical modeling of the problem, a computer code was developed to solve the governing equations which are continuity, Navier–Stokes equation, magnetic field equation and level set and reinitialization of level set equations. The finite volume method is used for the discretization of the continuity and momentum equations using SIMPLE scheme where the finite difference method is used to discretization of the magnetic field equations. Also a level set method is used to capture the interface of two phases. The results are compared with available numerical and experimental results in the case of no-magnetic field effect which show a good agreement. It is found that uniform magnetic field accelerates the coalescence of the bubbles in dielectric fluids and enhances the rise velocity of the coalesced bubble.     

Maximum size of bubbles during nucleate boiling in an electric field

By taking account of the electric field effects on the shape of bubbles. Fritz's analysis on maximum bubble volume during boiling was extended to the boiling process in the presence of a uniform electric field. It was found that the maximum bubble volume decreases with increase in electric field strength and the dielectric constant of the boiling liquid. The decrease of bubble departure size with increase in electric field strength was confirmed by experimental observations.     

Rising behavior of single bubble in infinite stagnant non-Newtonian liquids

This work is an experimental study of the rising behavior of single air bubbles in infinite stagnant non-Newtonian liquids. Aqueous solutions of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are selected to study the effect of rheological properties. The high speed photography is employed to record the bubble motion in CMC solutions. The bubble size, rising trajectory, bubble shape and velocities are determined by digital image processing technique. As expected, the rheological properties have great influence on the rising behavior of single bubble. In the less concentrated CMC solutions, the bubble rising process can be divided into three stages according to spatial evolution of bubble shape. The deformation changes the trajectories of rising bubbles and bubble hydrodynamics. As the solution concentration increases, the transitional stage gradually disappears. In the most concentrated CMC solution, the first continuous shape flattening stage is directly followed by a rising process with bubble shape basically constant, the rectilinear path and constant rising velocity. Dimensional analysis is performed to formulate a general dimensionless correlation for the deformation and motion of bubbles in infinite liquids by considering the rheological properties.     

垂直壁面附近上升单气泡的弹跳动力学研究

采用高速摄影技术结合阴影法,对静止水中垂直壁面附近上升单气泡运动进行实验研究,对比气泡尺度及气泡喷嘴与壁面之间的初始无量纲距离 ($S^{\ast}$)对气泡上升运动特性的影响,分析气泡与壁面碰撞前后,壁面效应与气泡动力学机制及能量变化规律.结果表明,对于雷诺数$Re \approx 580 \sim 1100$,无量纲距离$S^{\ast } <2 \sim3$时,气泡与壁面碰撞且气泡轨迹由无约束条件下的三维螺旋转变成二维之字形周期运动;当$S^{\ast } >2 \sim3$时,壁面效应减弱,有壁面约束的气泡运动与无约束气泡运动特性趋于一致.气泡与壁面碰撞前后,壁面效应导致横向速度峰值下降为原峰值的70%,垂直速度下降50%;气泡与壁面碰撞前,通过气泡中心与壁面距离($x/R$)和修正的斯托克斯数相关式可预测垂直速度的变化规律.上升气泡与壁面碰撞过程中,气泡表面变形能量单向传输给气泡横向动能,使得可变形气泡能够保持相对恒定的弹跳运动.提出了气泡在与壁面反复弹跳时的平均阻力系数的预测模型,能够很好地描述实验数据反映出的对雷诺数${Re}$、韦伯数${We}$和奥特沃斯数${Eo}$等各无量纲参数的标度规律.      

NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF A BUBBLE ATTACHED TO A TIP IN A NONUNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD

In order to investigate the effects of a nonuniform electric field on the behavior of a bubble, a numerical study on the shape of a bubble attached to a conducting tip on a supporting wall is performed. The equilibrium bubble shape is determined by solving the free boundary problem that consists of the governing equation for electric field and the normal stress condition at the bubble surface. A numerically generated composite orthogonal coordinate system is employed to solve the free boundary problem. A bubble on a tip is found to be extended in the direction parallel to the applied electric field. The elongation increases steeply with an increase of the electric field strength and the height of the tip. It is also observed that a highly elongated bubble has a shape with slender waist. The bubble shape obtained from numerical studies are qualitatively similar to the shapes observed in experiments. If the contact radius is maintained during bubble deformation, the contact angle and the aspect ratio increase with the increase of the electric field strength and the tip height. On the other hand, if the contact angle is fixed during bubble deformation, the contact radius decreases as the electric field strength increases. In order to estimate the effect of electric field on the bubble departure volume, the surface tension force and the downward electric force exerted on a bubble are also computed for a bubble of fixed volume under the fixed contact angle condition. The sum of the two forces is found to decrease with increasing strength of nonuniform electric field. This fact suggests that the bubble departure volume decreases in a nonuniform electric field.     

Numerical study of single bubble motion in liquid metal exposed to a longitudinal magnetic field

The paper presents numerical simulations modeling the ascent of an argon bubble in liquid metal with and without an external magnetic field. The governing equations for the fluid and the electric potential are discretized on a uniform Cartesian grid and the bubble is represented with a highly efficient immersed boundary method. The simulations performed were conducted matching experiments under the same conditions so that sound validation is possible. The three-dimensional trajectory of the bubble is analyzed quantitatively and related to the flow structures in the wake. Indeed, the substantial impact of the magnetic field in the bubble trajectory results from its influence on the wake. Quantitative data describing the selective damping of vortex structures are provided and discussed. As a result of applying a longitudinal field, the time-averaged bubble rise velocity increases for large bubbles, it reaches a maximum and then decreases when further increasing the magnetic interaction parameter. For small bubbles, the time-averaged bubble rise velocity decreases when increasing the magnetic field. The bubble Strouhal number as a dimensionless frequency is reduced with the application of a magnetic field for all bubbles considered and the zig–zag trajectory of the bubble becomes more rectilinear.     

Heat transfer enhancement for laminar natural convection along a vertical plate due to sub-millimeter-bubble injection

Sub-millimeter-bubble injection is one of the most promising techniques for enhancing heat transfer for the laminar natural convection of liquids. However, flow and heat transfer characteristics for laminar natural convection of water with sub-millimeter bubbles have not yet been fully understood. The purpose of this study is to experimentally clarify the effects of sub-millimeter-bubble injection on the laminar natural convection of water along a heated vertical plate. The use of thermocouples and a particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique are applied to temperature and velocity measurements, respectively. The temperature measurement shows that the ratio of the heat transfer coefficient with sub-millimeter-bubble injection to that without injection increases with an increase in the bubble flow rate or a decrease in the wall heat flux and that the ratio ranges from 1.35 to 1.85. Moreover, it is concluded from simultaneous measurement of temperature and velocity that the heat transfer enhancement is directly affected by flow modification due to bubbles rising near the heated vertical plate.