CHARACTERISTIC OF DROPLET OSCILLATION ON THE SURFACE OF RECTANGULAR HYDROPHOBIC GROOVES

液滴振荡行为是液滴运动中的重要伴随现象,具有重要科研价值.由于液滴撞击疏水沟槽板时运动行为与光滑表面明显不同,可以推测疏水沟槽表面液滴振荡特性也将会呈现与众不同的行为特点.采用高速摄像技术,研究了矩形疏水沟槽表面上水滴高度和接触线振荡行为随沟槽尺寸和撞击速度的变化规律.结果发现,矩形疏水沟槽造成的各向润湿异性使得振荡过程中水滴在平行沟槽方向上的接触线长度大于垂直方向,但并不影响水滴高度方向上衰减振荡的周期,即水滴振荡周期与沟槽间距无关;同时由于疏水沟槽表面上存在能垒束缚效应,致使水滴振荡过程中接触线的铺展和回缩运动不服从典型阻尼振荡规律,而呈现振荡数次后直接趋稳的特点.如水滴以0.61 m/s撞击时,接触线经历2次振荡后即维持稳定,但此时水滴仍在持续振荡中.另外,还初步分析了水滴振荡周期与沟槽间距无关的原因.     

矩形疏水沟槽表面水滴振荡特性

液滴振荡行为是液滴运动中的重要伴随现象,具有重要科研价值.由于液滴撞击疏水沟槽板时运动行为与光滑表面明显不同,可以推测疏水沟槽表面液滴振荡特性也将会呈现与众不同的行为特点.采用高速摄像技术,研究了矩形疏水沟槽表面上水滴高度和接触线振荡行为随沟槽尺寸和撞击速度的变化规律.结果发现,矩形疏水沟槽造成的各向润湿异性使得振荡过程中水滴在平行沟槽方向上的接触线长度大于垂直方向,但并不影响水滴高度方向上衰减振荡的周期,即水滴振荡周期与沟槽间距无关;同时由于疏水沟槽表面上存在能垒束缚效应,致使水滴振荡过程中接触线的铺展和回缩运动不服从典型阻尼振荡规律,而呈现振荡数次后直接趋稳的特点.如水滴以0.61 m/s撞击时,接触线经历2次振荡后即维持稳定,但此时水滴仍在持续振荡中.另外,还初步分析了水滴振荡周期与沟槽间距无关的原因.     

受径向振荡激励的黏弹性液滴稳定性分析

当液滴受到外部周期性的径向激励时, 在其表面会形成驻波模式的不稳定, 这就是在球面上的Faraday不稳定问题. 不稳定的表面波的振荡频率根据流体物性参数和所施加激励条件的不同呈现为谐波或是亚谐波模式的振荡. 本文基于线性小扰动理论, 研究了受径向振荡体积力的黏弹性液滴表面波的不稳定性. 振荡的体积力导致动量方程为含有时间周期系数的Mathieu方程, 系统因此变成参数不稳定问题, 采用Floquet理论进行求解. 本模型中将黏弹性的特征处理为与流变模型参数相关的等效黏度, 从而简化了问题的求解. 基于对中性稳定曲线及增长率的分析, 研究了黏弹性参数对液滴稳定性的影响. 结果表明零剪切黏度和应变驰豫时间的增加具有抑制液滴表面波增长的作用, 提高了使液滴表面发生谐波不稳定的激励幅值. 随着振荡幅值的增加, 增长率不稳定的区域减少, 且随着振荡频率的增加, 液滴表面波增长率减小. 通过对增长率的分析可以得出, 应力松弛时间的增加使得增长率增加, 从而促进了液滴表面波的增长.      

电流变体粘弹性能的实验研究

电流变体是智能材料与结构中一种重要的致动器材料。本文对电流变体在电场作用下的粘弹性特性进行了实验研究。使用旋转式流变仪对表征流体粘性的蠕变特性进行了测试。同时,对电流变体进行了强制振荡试验,测试了流体在不同应力幅值、应力频率下的剪切模量主变化,得到了电流变体的复剪切模量以及剪切存储模量、损耗模量承承中电场变化的规律。     

搭载实践十号卫星的蒸发液滴空间实验研究

实践十号蒸发对流实验以微重力环境中的蒸发相变流体界面过程为主要研究内容,利用空间微重力条件下浮力对流消失和热毛细对流起主导作用的特殊环境,实验研究置于加热底板的蒸发液滴相变过程中表面蒸发与表面张力驱动对流的耦合机理.利用研制的空间蒸发对流装置完成了在轨工况的科学匹配实验,得到了不同工况(温度、液滴大小、加热底板材料)下蒸发液滴形貌和热流量、蒸发速率等变化规律.为后续空间实验结果的比对分析提供了前期结果.     

基于PIV的油中水滴速度的特征分析

分析水击谐波场作用下乳化油液分散相液滴的微观运动特征,探讨分散相液滴聚集、分散的临界条件,以控制实现油水的有效分离,为深入研究水击谐波的油水分离方法提供技术支撑。通过施加不同的激振力获取了相应的水击谐波场,利用PIV图像采集系统对油水混合液在水击谐波场作用下水滴的微观运动特征进行了研究。结果表明:在施加6N~12N激振力作用下,在水击谐波流场中分散相液滴在波节18.2mm附近产生的聚集涡流以及在波腹68.2mm附近发散产生的涡流比较明显;分散相液滴随着施加激振力的减小,轴向速度幅值增加,在实验管道的自由平面其径向速度幅值相对较大,而在实验管道底部幅值较小;分散相液滴的平均运动速度随着激振力的减小而减小,但其径向速度幅值总体增加,所以较小激振力的水击谐波场有利于提高油水分离效率。     

黏性对内空泡诱导柱状液滴界面不稳定性的影响

Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性存在于爆炸、液滴形成和液体喷雾等工程应用过程中,是流体力学关注的经典问题之一.内空泡振荡诱导液滴界面演化问题是其研究中基本模型之一,空泡振荡作用下液滴界面发生扰动并发展,其特征形态主要表现为破碎、通气和稳定.液体黏性是影响界面不稳定性发展的重要因素,文章通过建立高精度的数值模拟方法,开展液体黏性对内空泡诱导柱状液滴界面不稳定性的影响研究.在数值模拟中,基于开源OpenFOAM框架的多相可压缩求解器直接求解Navier-Stokes方程,采用isoAdvector的几何流体体积法捕捉界面演化特征.结果表明,液体黏性的增加会减缓空泡的收缩,进而减缓液滴界面扰动的发展,该影响下通气工况液滴通气发生时间增加,而稳定工况最大扰动幅值减小.最大扰动幅值的减小直接影响了液滴的特征形态,基于一系列数值模拟结果归纳得到液滴不稳定性相图.在文章讨论的参数范围内,随着黏性增加,小液滴(R_d0 <2 mm)的形态从破碎转变为通气进而变成稳定;中液滴(2 mm d0 <3 mm)的形态从通气转变为稳定,不出现...     

面接触条件下海藻酸钠的水基润滑

以海藻酸钠作为水基润滑添加剂,研究面接触条件下石英玻璃片摩擦副的摩擦学特性.采用红外光谱仪分析海藻酸钠的分子结构,采用3D表面轮廓仪测量试样的表面形貌,在微摩擦磨损试验机上测试不同摩擦副的摩擦系数.结果表明:面接触条件下,下试样表面粗糙度Ra值为0.555 nm时,上试样表面粗糙度大于下试样表面粗糙度时方可相对滑动,上试样表面粗糙度越大,摩擦系数越大.上下试样表面粗糙度合理搭配可保证海藻酸钠溶液能形成稳定的润滑膜,获得极低的摩擦系数.加入饱和氯化物破坏海藻酸钠水合分子层,摩擦系数急剧增大.海藻酸钠水基润滑层包括水分子层和海藻酸钠水合分子层,其中海藻酸钠水合分子层起主要作用.     

数值模拟过冷水滴撞击翼型表面的收集特性

为了研究过冷水滴撞击翼型表面的收集特性,本文采用欧拉两相流法建立了气流控制方程和水滴运动控制方程,并采用有限体积法对方程进行了求解。为了使水滴体积分数在数值迭代过程中保持为正值,本文在水滴控制方程中引入了一个变量A,使得迭代过程更加平稳。求解水滴控制方程,并得到了翼型表面的水滴收集特性。对过冷水滴撞击翼型表面的收集特性进行了研究,在平均水滴直径不同的情况下,将单尺寸分布与多尺寸分布情况下的局部收集系数进行了对比;发现:局部收集系数在驻点附近比较一致,随着离驻点的距离越来越大,局部收集系数产生偏差;多尺寸分布的水滴撞击极限远大于单尺寸下的计算值。同时本文还讨论了过冷水滴的大小对局部水收集系数和撞击极限的影响,发现平均水滴直径越大,局部水滴收集系数和撞击区域越大。     

双频1:2激励下修正蔡氏振子两尺度耦合行为

不同尺度耦合系统存在的复杂振荡及其分岔机理一直是当前国内外研究的热点课题之一. 目前相关工作大都是针对单频周期激励频域两尺度系统,而对于含有两个或两个以上周期激励系统尺度效应的研究则相对较少. 为深入揭示多频激励系统的不同尺度效应,本文以修正的四维蔡氏电路为例,通过引入两个频率不同的周期电流源,建立了双频1:2周期激励两尺度动力学模型. 当两激励频率之间存在严格共振关系,且周期激励频率远小于系统的固有频率时,可以将两周期激励项转换为单一周期激励项的函数形式. 将该单一周期激励项视为慢变参数,给出了不同激励幅值下快子系统随慢变参数变化的平衡曲线及其分岔行为的演化过程,重点考察了3种较为典型的不同外激励幅值下系统的簇发振荡行为. 结合转换相图,揭示了各种簇发振荡的产生机理. 系统的轨线会随慢变参数的变化,沿相应的稳定平衡曲线运动,而fold分岔会导致轨迹在不同稳定平衡曲线上的跳跃,产生相应的激发态. 激发态可以用从分岔点向相应稳定平衡曲线的暂态过程来近似,其振荡幅值的变化和振荡频率也可用相应平衡点特征值的实部和虚部来描述,并进一步指出随着外激励幅值的改变,导致系统参与簇发振荡的平衡曲线分岔点越多,其相应簇发振荡吸引子的结构也越复杂.      

Heat and mass transfer of a fuel droplet evaporating in oscillatory flow

A numerical study of the heat and mass transfer from an evaporating fuel droplet in oscillatory flow was performed. The flow was assumed to be laminar and axisymmetric, and the droplet was assumed to maintain its spherical shape during its lifetime. Based on these assumptions, the conservation equations in a general curvilinear coordinate were solved numerically. The behaviors of droplet evaporation in the oscillatory flow were investigated by analyzing the effects of flow oscillation on the evaporation process of a n-heptane fuel droplet at high pressure.The response of the time history of the square of droplet diameter and space-averaged Nusselt numbers to the main flow oscillation were investigated in frequency band of 1–75 Hz with various oscillation amplitudes. Results showed that, depending on the frequency and amplitude of the oscillation, there are different modes of response of the evaporation process to the flow oscillation. One response mode is synchronous with the main flow oscillation, and thus the quasi-steady condition is attained. Another mode is asynchronous with the flow oscillation and is highly unsteady. As for the evaporation rate, however, in all conditions is more greatly enhanced in oscillatory flow than in quiescent air.To quantify the conditions of the transition from quasi-steady to unsteady, the response of the boundary layer around the droplet surface to the flow oscillation was investigated. The results led to including the oscillation Strouhal number as a criteria for the transition. The numerical results showed that at a low Strouhal number, a quasi-steady boundary layer is formed in response to the flow oscillation, whereas by increasing the oscillation Strouhal number, the phenomena become unsteady.     

Thermal-drag and Transition from Quasi-steady to Highly-unsteady Combustion of a Fuel Droplet in the Presence of Upstream Velocity Oscillations

Numerical studies on the behaviors of combustion of 1-butanol fuel droplet at presence of upstream velocity oscillation are performed. Fuel droplet has an initial diameter of 1.25 mm and ambiance pressure and temperature are 0.4 MPa and 300 K, respectively. These conditions are those in which the microgravity experiments in literature conducted. In the excellent agreement with the experimental data, numerical results show a significant enhancement of the burning rate of droplet compared to what is predicted by quasi-steady film theory models. The mechanism of the enhancement of burning rate is clarified then by observation of a new mechanism that is named thermal-drag, TD. It is shown, depending on the amplitude and frequency of the upstream velocity oscillation, the flame in wake region of droplet can move toward the droplet surface by the force of vortex flow motions produced by the TD mechanism. It is verified that such movement of the flame is responsible for the enhancement of the burning rate and deviation of the response of the evaporation process form the predictions of the quasi-steady model. Frequency analysis of the burning rate reveals that at low frequency and amplitude the FFT diagram of the burning rate contains of only one main peak synchronies with the frequency of upstream velocity oscillation, which implies a quasi-steady response. However; at high frequency and amplitude the diagram includes of wide range of frequencies beside of the main peak that readily shows deviation from the quasi-steady conditions. In the latter, the study on the response of the combustion to the upstream velocity fluctuations in which the fluctuations contains of three wave numbers shows the amplification of the effects of low frequency fluctuations rather than that of damping of the effects of high frequency fluctuations on the evaporation processes.     

Radiation of electromagneticwaves by a spheroidal charged drop oscillating in a uniform electrostatic field

The dispersion relation is derived for a spheroidal charged drop oscillating in a uniform electrostatic field and radiating electromagnetic waves in the first and second orders with respect to the dimensionless oscillation amplitude and the steady-state deformation, respectively. For an individual drop and a model cloud the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation and the frequency bandwidth are estimated as functions of the drop dimensions and charge and the external electric field strength.     

Mechanics of water pore formation in lipid membrane under electric field

Transmembrane water pores are crucial for sub-stance transport through cell membranes via membrane fusion, such as in neural communication. However, the molecular mechanism of water pore formation is not clear. In this study, we apply all-atom molecular dynamics and bias-exchange metadynamics simulations to study the pro-cess of water pore formation under an electric field. We show that water molecules can enter a membrane under an electric field and form a water pore of a few nanometers in diame-ter. These water molecules disturb the interactions between lipid head groups and the ordered arrangement of lipids. Fol-lowing the movement of water molecules, the lipid head groups are rotated and driven into the hydrophobic region of the membrane. The reorientated lipid head groups inside the membrane form a hydrophilic surface of the water pore. This study reveals the atomic details of how an electric field influences the movement of water molecules and lipid head groups, resulting in water pore formation.     

A numerical study on the flow patterns of two oscillating cylinders

Flow around two oscillating cylinders in a side-by-side arrangement at Reynolds number (Re)=185 is simulated using the immersed boundary method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of the gap between the two cylinders and their oscillation in the flow. The cylinders oscillate transversely to a uniform cross-flow with a prescribed sinusoidal function in the opposite direction, with the oscillation amplitude equal to 20% of the cylinder diameter. The gap between the two cylinders and the oscillating frequency are chosen as major variables for the parametric study to investigate their influence on the flow pattern. The ratio of mean gap distance between the two oscillating cylinders to the cylinder diameter is chosen to be 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, and 1.8, and the ratio of oscillating frequencies to the natural vortex shedding frequency of a fixed cylinder is 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2. Wake patterns and the drag and lift coefficients are described and compared with those from a single oscillating cylinder and two stationary cylinders. The wake patterns of two oscillating cylinders can be explained by flow mechanisms of two stationary cylinders, a single oscillating cylinder, and their combinations, and are in agreement with classifications of flow over two stationary cylinders presented in previous studies. In the case of two oscillating cylinders, the modulation phenomenon appears from a lower excitation frequency than in a single oscillating cylinder. Generally, oscillating cylinders have higher drag and root-mean-square (r.m.s.) values of drag coefficients than stationary cylinders.     

自由场中液氮单空泡动力学特性的实验研究

本文专门设计搭建了低温介质空泡演化实验测试平台, 对液氮单空泡非定常演化过程和动力学特性开展了实验研究. 实验中利用电火花瞬态放电激发液氮汽化形成单空泡, 通过高速摄影系统对单空泡的瞬态特征进行了精细化捕捉. 为了进一步揭示低温介质独特的物理性质以及强热力学效应对单空泡演化过程的影响机制, 对比分析了在相同环境压力下, 77.41 K液氮和298.36 K水单空泡的演化过程和动力学特性. 基于实验得到空泡半径与界面速度等定量数据, 阐明了液氮单空泡球形与非球形演化阶段的非定常特性. 研究结果表明: (1) 在相同输入电压下, 液氮单空泡的整体尺寸比常温水更小, 当输入电压为400 V时, 液氮空泡的最大半径约为常温水空泡的0.69倍; 同时, 液氮单空泡经历了膨胀阶段?收缩阶段?振荡阶段以及上升阶段的演化过程. (2)液氮空泡的收缩过程主要由相界面的热传导主导, 没有明显的塌陷现象, 收缩阶段液氮空泡的最小收缩半径约为常温水的5.5倍. (3)在液氮空泡振荡初期, 空泡相界面传热增强, Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定与热力学效应共同引起了空泡界面的表面粗化效应; 在整个振荡阶段, 空泡界面附近存在破碎的小泡. 当输入电压较高时, 空泡底部的小泡数量显著增多. (4)由于液氮空泡浮力系数较大, 液氮空泡在演化后期空泡整体向上迁移显著, 液氮空泡底部收缩更快产生凹陷, 促使空泡变为环状.      

Gas temperature in the trace of water droplets streamlined by hot air flow

In order to obtain the knowledge necessary for developing new effective fire extinguishing technologies, we determined experimentally the gas temperature in the trace of water droplets streamlined by hot air flow. It was important to establish how much the temperature in the droplet trace decreases and how fast it recovery to the initial temperature field after the droplet evaporation. The following parameters were varied: droplet size from 1.3 mm to 1.7 mm, velocity from 1 m/s to 5 m/s, initial airflow temperature from 473 K to 773 K, number of droplets (one or two), and the arrangement of droplets relative to the hot inflow (serial or parallel). The study proves the theoretical hypothesis about a significant influence of evaporation on the temperature in the water droplet trace. When a temperature trace of water droplets is formed, irrespective of their arrangement, the role of the evaporation process strengthens with the gas flow temperature rising. Furthermore, the study specifies typical longitudinal dimensions of the aerodynamic and temperature traces of water droplets. It has been established that when droplets are located in series and in parallel, their combined impact on the temperature and velocity of the gas flow in the medium differs rather considerably.     

Instability of a charged droplet in an inhomogeneous electrostatic field of a thin rod

The problem of stability of oscillations of a charged droplet in an inhomogeneous electrostatic field of a thin charged rod is investigated in the nonlinear formulation using the asymptotic expansion in two small parameters, namely, the dimensionless equilibrium droplet strain and the ratio of the droplet oscillation amplitude to the droplet radius. It is shown that, when the droplet charge is less than the Rayleigh critical charge, in the inhomogeneous electrostatic field the droplet instability implementation mechanism remains the same as for the charged droplet in the field of a point charge. As the oscillation mode number increases, the critical field parameter reaches saturation tending to the horizontal asymptotics. The longer the rod, the higher the level of the asymptotics. As the rod length increases, the amplitudes of the related droplet oscillations and the increments of the unstable droplet oscillations in the electrostatic field of the rod decrease.     

Dipole Electromagnetic Radiation by a Charged Drop Oscillating in a Uniform Electrostatic Field

The intensity of electromagnetic radiation generated by a charged drop oscillating in a uniform electrostatic field is studied within the framework of analytical calculations retaining the terms of the second order of smallness with respect to the ratio of the droplet oscillation amplitude to the droplet radius. It is found that the charge induced in the drop surface oscillations generates a dipole radiation detected in the first-order calculations and a self-charge detected with allowance for the second-order terms only. It is shown that the order of the magnitude of the total intensity of radiation generated by a cloud can be determined from small-droplet radiation. Among two radiation sources, namely, the radiation generated by small droplets oscillating at low modes and the radiation generated by hydrometeors oscillating at high modes, the first plays a dominant role.     

双流体雾化液滴荷电特性分析

本文通过理论分析,提出了双流体荷电雾化过程中,增大电场强度或减小液滴粒径均能提高荷电效果的论点。针对不同的电极布置情况建立了数值模拟模型,计算结果表明,双流体喷嘴接地时,喷嘴与环状电极之间的电场强度比喷嘴不接地时大很多。通过实验,验证了电场强度、液滴粒径等参数对荷电效果的影响规律,在环状电极荷电情况下,双流体喷嘴接地时,液体荷质比高于双流体喷嘴不接地时的荷质比;电场强度增大,荷质比增加;液滴粒径越小,荷质比越大;在一定的电导率范围内,电导率越大,荷质比越小。实际喷雾中,运动液滴发生二次破碎的临界荷电量小于Rayleigh极限。