疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型研究近期进展

自1979年Virkler等人发表揭示疲劳裂纹扩展的统计性质的实验结果以来,各国学者相继提出了多个疲劳裂纹扩展的随机模型．本文从数学与物理角度对这些模型作了概括与评述,指出了各个模型之间的关系,并对今后应作的进一步研究提出了我们的看法．      

STUDY ON THE SURFACE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN 14MnNbq BRIDGE STEEL

Three-dimensional crack closure correction methods are investigated in this paper.The fatigue crack growth tests of surface cracks in 14MnNbq steel for bridge plate subjected to tensile and bending loadings are systematically conducted.The experimentally measured fatigue crack growth rates of surface cracks are compared with those of through-thickness cracks in detail.It is found that the crack growth rates of surface cracks are lower than those of through-thickness cracks.In order to correct their differences in fatigue crack growth rates, a dimensionless crack closure correction model is proposed.Although this correction model is determined only by the experimental data of surface cracks under tensile loading with a constant ratio R=0.05, it can correlate the surface crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy under tensile and bending loadings with various stress ratios ranging from 0 to 0.5.Furthermore, predictions of fatigue life and crack aspect ratio for surface cracks are discussed, and the predicted results are also compared with those obtained from other prediction approaches.Comparison results show that the proposed crack closure correction model gives better prediction of fatigue life than other models.     

A theoretical analysis on stochastic behaviour of short cracks and fatigue damage of metals

In this paper, the closed form of solution to the stochastic differential equation for a fatigue crack evolution system is derived, and the relationship between metal fatigue damage and crack stochastic behaviour is investigated. It is found that the damage extent of metals is independent of crack stochastic behaviour if the stochastic deviation of the crack growth rate is directly proportional to its mean value. The evolution of stochastic deviation of metal fatigue damage in the stage close to the transition point between short and long crack regimes is also discussed.     

随机应力过程下半椭圆型表面裂纹的扩展

本文应用随机平均原理研究了在随机载荷作用下具有随机抗裂特性的构件所含半椭圆型表面裂纹的疲劳扩展。导出了支配半椭圆型表面裂纹尺寸的转移概率密度的ＦＰＫ方程，给出了裂纹扩展方程在表面和深度两个方向互不耦合情形下的解析解。通过数例详细考察了具有确定性抗裂特性的构件所含半椭圆型表面疲劳裂纹在平稳窄带高斯应力作用下的扩展行为，并有和数字模拟验证方法的有效性。     

复合加载下疲劳裂纹扩展速率研究

本文提出了一种计算曲折裂纹尖端应力强度因子的简单方法。对一种油井钻杆材料在不同Ⅰ－Ⅱ复合比加载下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为的研究表明，Ⅱ型成分成对裂纹扩展速率有两种趋势相反的影响作用，并得到了一个计算复合型裂纹扩展速率的Ｐａｒｉｓ形式的公式。     

短裂纹随机行为与金属疲劳损伤的理论分析

近似求解了微裂纹演化系统随机偏微分方程。结果表明：当裂纹扩展速率的随机偏差正比于其平均速率时，材料损伤不随裂纹随机行为而变化。同时，还讨论了金属疲功损伤随机波动程度的变化趋势。     

基于随机点过程理论的疲劳裂纹随机扩展模型

本文根据疲劳裂纹扩展特性，运用随机点过程理论导出了求取裂纹扩展随机过程低阶矩的公式。同时根据二阶矩近似法用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布近似给定寿命下的疲劳纹长度分布。给出了求取给定寿命下裂纹超值概率分布和给定裂纹长度下疲劳寿命分布公式。最后，用小样本孔边短裂纹扩展数据对模型适用性进行了初步验证。     

STOCHASTIC PROPAGATION OF SEMI-ELLIPTICAL SURFACE CRACK

The semi-elliptical surface crack growth of structural components withuncertain material resistance under random loading is studied by using the stochasticaveraging principle.The FPK equation governing the transition probability densityfunction of crack lengths is derived.The analytical solution of the FPK equation forthe case of that the equations for the crack growth in the surface and depth directionsare uncoupled is obtained.The effects of the parameters of the stress process and of thematerial property on the behavior of semi-elliptical fatigue crack growth of thecomponents with deterministic resistance to crack growth in the stationary Gaussianstress process are examined.The comparison of the analytical result with digitalsimulation shows the effectiveness of the present method.     

CTS试件中复合型疲劳裂纹扩展

针对复合型循环载荷作用下的金属构件中的裂纹扩展问题进行了实验分析和理论建模. 首先 采用紧凑拉剪试件(CTS)和 Richard研制的复合型载荷加载装置，对承受复合型循环载荷的裂纹进行了实验研究. 实验选择了两种金属材料试件，分别承受3种形式的复合型循环载荷的作用，在裂纹尖端具 有相同的初始应力场强度的条件下考察复合型循环载荷对裂纹扩展规律的影响. 实验结果表明，疲劳裂纹的扩展速率与加载角度有关. 对于同样金属材料的试件，当裂尖处 初始应力场强度相等时，载荷越接近于II型，裂纹增长速率越快. 采用等效应力强度 因子(I型和II型应力强度因子的组合)、裂纹扩展速率及复合强度等参数，以实验数据为 基础，建立了一个疲劳裂纹扩展模型，用来预测裂纹在不同模式疲劳载荷作用下的扩展速率. 为验证其有效性，该模型被应用于钢制试件的数值模拟计算中. 实验结果与模拟计算曲线保 持一致，表明该模型可以用来估算带裂纹金属构件的寿命.     

疲劳裂纹扩展分析的随机方法

本文介绍了近年发展起来的疲劳裂纹扩展分析的随机方法,即疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型建立方法和疲劳裂纹扩展统计分析方法。这一分析方法为金属构件疲劳裂纹扩展寿命及可靠性研究提供了有力的工具。      

疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的随机模型

结合断裂力学的概念和随机过程理论，将疲劳裂纹扩展近似为连续型马尔可夫过程，对于相应的向后Ｆｏｋｋｅｒ－Ｐｌａｎｋ方程和边界条件，采用本征函数法进行求解，以收敛的无穷级数形式表示出给定临界裂纹尺寸疲劳扩展寿命的分布函数。对两组实验数据，应用该文的方法进行了具体计算，理论结果和实验吻和良好。     

INTERACTION OF THREE PARALLEL CRACKS IN RECTANGULAR PLATE UNDER CYCLIC LOADS

This paper presents a numerical approach for modeling the interaction between multiple cracks in a rectangular plate under cyclic loads. It involves the formulation of fatigue growth of multiple crack tips under ruixed-mode loading and an extension of a hybrid displacement discontinuity method （a boundary element method） to fatigue crack growth analyses. Because of an intrinsic feature of the boundary element method, a general growth problem of multiple cracks can be solved in a single-region formulation. In the numerical simulation, remeshing of existing boundaries is not necessary for each increment of crack extension. Crack extension is conveniently modeled by adding new boundary elements on the incremental crack extension to the previous crack boundaries. As an example, the numerical approach is used to analyze the fatigue growth of three parallel cracks in a rectangular plate. The numerical results illustrate the validation of the numerical approach and can reveal the effect of the geometry of the cracked plate on the fatigue growth.     

基于裂纹闭合效应的高载迟滞预测模型修正

裂纹闭合效应通常是导致I 型裂纹扩展在高载作用下发生迟滞效应的主要因素之一．本文采用汽车薄板QSTE340TM 材料，针对不同应力比，高载比条件下疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了实验研究．论文通过断面分析，针对各参数对裂纹闭合效应的具体影响进行了分析讨论，认为裂纹作用区域随裂纹扩展而动态变化，从而提出了一种对有效应力强度因子幅的修正方法．通过在原有模型中引入幂函数形式的动态变量α，表征裂纹闭合效应的作用比例随裂纹长度的动态变化，取得了较好的效果．     

随机超载对疲劳裂纹扩展迟滞效应的模拟

考虑超载的迟滞效应,对随机超载作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展进行了模拟计算．载荷谱为在基本恒幅循环载荷基础上加入一以泊松流发生的随机超载序列,超载的大小为均匀分布．采用裂纹闭合模型考虑超载的迟滞效应,认为裂纹张开应力在超载引起的塑性区内按线性规律衰减．循环续循环模拟计算出裂纹从初始长度一直到疲劳破坏的扩展曲线．据此,计算了各种超载发生强度和大小下的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的平均值与标准差。     

过载作用下聚乙烯疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

论文针对中密度聚乙烯材料(MDPE)，采用平板试样进行了I型疲劳裂纹扩展和单次过载下裂纹扩展试验．发现与金属材料类似，单次拉伸过载对聚乙烯(PE)的疲劳裂纹扩展有明显的迟滞作用，降低了裂纹扩展速率．试验还通过变载荷刻线法获取疲劳裂纹扩展前缘的实际形貌和变化规律，对常规变载荷刻线方法进行了调整和验证，其修正方法对高分子材料的疲劳裂纹扩展前缘刻线具有较好的效果．通过观察发现含楔形塑性区的裂尖钝化是裂纹迟滞的主要原因．过载引入的塑性区内残余应力对裂纹迟滞也起了重要作用．论文利用Dugdale模型计算了塑性区尺寸，使用基于残余应力的Wheeler模型对过载迟滞进行了很好的拟合．     

A statistical theory of fatigue crack growth at damage cumulation

Summary A statistical theory of the fatigue crack growth at damage cumulation is proposed. The theory gives the average of fatigue crack length at any time t, and deduces the evolution of failure probability with time varying. Furthermore, the variance and relative error of fatigue crack length at any time t are acquired. The Paris equation for the average of the crack length at any time t is derived from the statistical theory. Therefore, the prediction of the probability distribution of the crack length can be given for any time t. Actual applications of the theory are given, which conform to the experiments. Accepted for publication 17 June 1996     

含缺口试件疲劳全寿命预测一种建议的方法

传统的研究含缺口构件的疲劳的方法是将疲劳启裂和疲劳裂纹扩展两个过程完全独立起来,用不同的方法来模拟,相互间并没有定量的关系。本文是基于最新发展的多轴疲劳损伤理论,建立了一种适用于各种载荷条件下的疲劳启裂和裂纹扩展的普适方法。根据从弹塑性分析中得到的应力应变,确定疲劳损伤模型,建立能够预测疲劳启裂、裂纹扩展速率和扩展方向的新方法。整个模拟可以分为两步:弹-塑性应力分析得到材料的应力应变分布;再运用一个通用的疲劳准则预测疲劳裂纹启裂和裂纹扩展。通过对1070号钢含缺口试件的疲劳全寿命预测,得到了与实验非常吻合的模拟结果。     

负超载对Al-2024疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

本文讨论了负超载对Al-2024铝合金材料疲劳裂纹扩展的影响,试验发现在大量负超载循环周次之后也有裂纹停滞现象发生。这种停滞现象的产生与剪切唇的形成有关。本文发现负超载期间的剪切唇(简称剪切唇Ⅰ)和负超载之后的剪切唇(简称剪切唇Ⅱ)对疲劳裂纹扩展速率影响的程度不同。从裂纹闭合的观点建立了负超载对疲劳裂纹扩展影响的计算模型。     

Investigation on 3D fatigue crack propagation in surface-cracked specimens

In the present work the fatigue crack growth in AISI304 specimens is investigated experimentally. In 3D finite element analysis the virtual crack closure technique is applied to calculate distributions and variations of the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front. It is confirmed that the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front varies non-uniformly with crack growth. Crack growth rate is proportional to the stress intensity factor distribution in the 3D cracked specimen. The fatigue crack growth in surface cracked specimens can be described by the Forman model identified in conventional compact tension specimens. For crack growth in the free specimen surface the arc length seems more suitable to quantify crack progress. Geometry and loading configuration of the surface cracked specimen seem to not affect the fatigue crack growth substantially.     

随机超载下疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的计算

针对在基本循环载荷上加入随机超载序列的疲劳裂纹扩展问题，应用裂纹闭合的概念考虑超载的迟滞效应，将延迟时间描述成纯离散型马尔可夫过程。对相应的柯尔莫哥洛夫－费勒微积分方程进行了分步求解，结合疲劳断裂分别出现在基本循环峰载作用时和超载作用时两种情况，计算出不同可靠度下裂纹的扩展寿命，并研究了超载大小和发生强度对扩展寿命的影响。