ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECTS ON YOUNG＇S MOLULUS OF NANOWIRES

As an important component of nanodevices and nanomachine constructions, the mechanical performance of nanowires （NWs） has been a subject of intense research efforts due to gaining relevance in controlling functionality of nanoelectromechanical systems （NEMS）; meanwhile, one of the characteristics of the NEMS is the dependence of the functionality of the systems upon the applied electric field. The study of the electric effects on the Young＇s modulus of nanostructures is of certain usefulness in the design of NEMS and the precise measurement of mechanical properties of one-dimensional nanostructures. This paper reviews the origin of the size-dependence of the elastic property of NWs and the factors influencing the discrepancies and inconsistencies in the measured values of the Young＇s modulus for the NW, besides the surface effects, nonlinear effects, the electromechanical coupling effects as a possible effect responsible for the differences in quantitative and qualitative performance of the measured Young＇s modulus for the NWs versus the diameter are clarified.     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIFIC PRESSURE IN ROLLING STRIPS

The principle of the distribution of the specific pressure in rol-ling strips is used not only for calculating the total rolling pres-sure but also for providing the basis in calculating the widening andin designing the rational roll profile.Hitherto,the results of an-alysis on this subject in the references are expressed as a functionof one dimension,and they cannot reflect the variation of the speci-fic pressure along the width of the contact surface.This paper dealswith the two-dimensional expression of the principle.of the distribu-tion of the specific pressure with the help of the calculus of varia-tions.     

SOME PROBLEMS FOR DYNAMIC COMPUTATION OF CLOSED CYLINDRICAL SHELL DUE TO AXIAL IMPACT LOAD

The present paper treats some of the problems for dynamic computation of closed cylindrical shell due to an axial impact load, including the calculations of the dynamic stresses and the problems of stability. It analyses the changes of the momentums and the energy in the impact process, takes into account the effect of the mass of the striking object and the system of the closed cylindrical shell to be struck, turns the distributed mass of the total cylindrical shell into an "equivalent mass" being concentrated on only at one end of the shell by using the way of reduced mass, and accordingly derives the dynamic factor of the closed cylindrical shell under the axial impact load, hence resolves the questions of calculation of the dynamic stresses in the loaded case mentioned above and found out the critical loading.     

STRUCTURE OF THE ATTRACTING SET OF A PIECEWISE LINEAR HNON MAPPING

Detailed structure of the attracting set of the piecewise linear Hnon mapping (x,y)→(1-a|x|+by,x) with a=8/5 and b=9/25 is described in this paper using the method of dual line mapping. Let A and B denote the fixed saddles in the first quadr ant, and in the third quadrant, respectively. It is claimed that (1) the attracting set is the closure of the unstable manifold of saddle B, which includes the unstable manifold of A as its subset, and (2) the basin of attraction is the closure of the stable manifold of A, bounded by the stable manifold of B, which is in the limiting set of the stable manifold of A. Relations of the manifolds of the periodic saddles with the manifolds of the fixed point are given. Symbolic dynamics notations are adopted which renders possible the study of the dynamical behavior of every piece of the manifolds and of every homoclinic or heteroclinic point.     

Numerical study of the influence of spoiler deflection on high-lift configuration

This paper numerically studies the influence of the downward spoiler deflection on the boundary layer flow of a high-lift two-element airfoil consisting of a droop nose, a main wing, a downward deflecting spoiler and a single slotted flap. Both of the boundary layer of the upper surface of the spoiler and the confluent boundary layer of the upper surface of the flap become thicker, as the downward spoiler deflection increases. Compared to the attached flow at the angle of attack of 10°, the flow of the upper surface of the spoiler becomes separated at the angle of attack of 16° when the spoiler deflection is large enough, which corresponds to the boundary layer flow reversal in velocity profiles.     

STEADY-STATE RESPONSE OF A TIMOSHENKO BEAM ON AN ELASTIC HALF-SPACE UNDER A MOVING LOAD

By introducing the equivalent stiffness of an elastic half-space interacting with a Timoshenko beam, the displacement solution of the beam resting on an elastic half-space subjected to a moving load is presented. Based on the relative relation of wave velocities of the half-space and the beam, four cases with the combination of different parameters of the half-space and the beam, the system of soft beam and hard half-space, the system of sub-soft beam and hard half-space, the system of sub-hard beam and soft half-space, and the system of hard beam and soft half-space are considered. The critical velocities of the moving load are studied using dispersion curves. It is found that critical velocities of the moving load on the Timoshenko beam depend on the relative relation of wave velocities of the half-space and the beam. The Rayleigh wave velocity in the half-space is always a critical velocity and the response of the system will be infinite when the load velocity reaches it. For the system of soft beam and hard half-space, wave velocities of the beam are also critical velocities. Besides the shear wave velocity of the beam, there is an additional minimum critical velocity for the system of sub-soft beam and hard half-space. While for systems of (sub-) hard beams and soft half-space, wave velocities of the beam are no longer critical ones. Comparison with the Euler-Bernoulli beam shows that the critical velocities and response of the two types of beams are much different for the system of (sub-) soft beam and hard half-space but are similar to each other for the system of (sub-) hard beam and soft half space. The largest displacement of the beam is almost at the location of the load and the displacement along the beam is almost symmetrical if the load velocity is smaller than the minimum critical velocity (the shear wave velocity of the beam for the system of soft beam and hard half-space). The largest displacement of the beam shifts behind the load and the asymmetry of the displacement along the beam increases with the increase of the load velocity due to the damping and wave radiation. The displacement of the beam at the front of the load is very small if the load velocity is larger than the largest wave velocity of the beam and the half space. The results of the present study provide attractive theoretical and practical references for the analysis of ground vibration induced by the high-speed train.     

Physical factors of primary jet vectoring control using synthetic jet actuators

A primary jet vectoring using synthetic jet actuators with different exit con- figurations was investigated,and the main physical factors influencing jet vectoring were analyzed and summarized.The physical factors of the pressure difference,the location and area of the lower pressure region,the component of the synthetic jet momentum and the entrainment ratio of the synthetic jet flow to primary jet flow directly control the vectoring force and the vectoring angle.Three characteristic parameters of the syn- thetic jet contribute to the pressure difference and the area of the lower pressure region Both the extension step and slope angle of the actuator exit have functions of regulating the location of the lower pressure region,the area of the lower pressure region,and the entrainment ratio of the synthetic jet flow to primary jet flow.The slope angle of the actuator exit has additional functions of regulating the component of the synthetic jet momentum.Based upon analyzing the physical factors of jet vectoring control with syn- thetic jets,the source variables of the physical factors were established.A preparatory control model of jet vectoring using synthetic jet actuator was presented,and it has the benefit of explaining the efficiency of jet vectoring using synthetic jet actuator with source variables at different values,and it indicates the optimal actuator is taking full advantage of the regulating function.     

Critical points in the formulation of pharmaceutical swellable controlled release dosage forms-Influence of particle size

Swellable matrix represents one of the most employed controlled release systems. These dosage forms provide slow release of drugs to reduce the fluctuation of drug concentration in plasma in order to improve the efficiency of treatment and/or to reduce adverse effects. The application of the concepts of statistical physics has allowed discovering the existence of critical points in the formulation of swellable matrices. These points, representing the volume fractions of the tablet components where the properties of the matrix diverge or change suddenly, provide important knowledge of how to rationalize the design of swellable matrices. The critical points are generally related to the percolation threshold of one of the components of the formulation, which corresponds to a geometrical phase transition of this component, passing from isolation to spanning the whole system. The last section of the paper is devoted to more recent findings concerning the influence of particle size of the components on the percolation threshold of the matrix forming polymer, and therefore on the release behaviour of the matrix. Knowledge of the excipient percolation threshold allows a more rational design of swellable matrices, according to the guidelines of the regulatory authorities concerning science-based formulation and quality by design.     

A STUDY OF THE ONSET OF KINK BAND

This paper suggests the asymmetric-plastic theory of crystalline solidsconcerning the plastic rotation of crystal.The deformation of crystalline solidsundergoes three microprocesses:lattice distortion,slip over active crystallographicplanes and the rotation of the crystal.In the asymmetric-plastic theory of crystalsuggested,the corotational rates of symmetric Cauchy stress and moment stresscorrespond to the rates of elastic strain and the gradient of the rotational rate of thecrystal respectively.The Schmid yield condition and Prager's consistency conditionincorporating antisymmetric stress are formulated.Then the asymmetric-plastic modelof crystalline solids is applied for the investigation of the onset of kink band by astandard stability analysis.The orientation of the kink band is perpendicular to theprimary slip system.The width of the kink band is the function of the“characteristiclength”of the microstructure of metal materials.     

ON UNIFORM CONVERGENCE OF LINEAR OPERATORS ON THE PROBABILISTIC NORMED SPACE

In this paper,we introduced the notion of uniform convergence of the linear operatorson the probabilistic normed space,and the notion of probabilistic distance between theoperators,which describes the above convergence completely.In terms of these notions,weobtained the essential features of the continuity of operators,and of the uniformconvergence of operator sequences,and we also obtained the closure of continuity andcomplete continuity under the operation of the limit of uniform convergence.     

The effect of dissolved polymers on the rheological properties of coating colours

Coating colours used for the coating of paper and board consist mainly of a mineral pigment, which is very often clay, a synthetic binder such as a styrenebutadiene latex, dispersion agents and water retention aids. The latter are often water soluble polymers. These polymers have a very strong influence on the rheological properties of the coating colours, both on the strain rate dependence of the apparent viscosity and on the viscoelasticity. The effects of two different grades of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and one grade of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), on the rheological properties at room temperature of a clay-based coating colour at pH 8, have been investigated. It is concluded that the high values of the dynamic modulus of the colours are due to interactions between the cellulose derivatives and the solid particles, i.e. mainly the clay particles. For HEC this interaction is associated with adsorption of the polymeric molecules on the clay particles. In the case of CMC, the adsorption is strongly retarded by the presence of the dispersant (a polyacrylate salt). It is suggested that the marked elasticity of the CMC-containing colour in addition to a possible polymer adsorption may be due to charge interactions and/or depletion flocculation. The effect of CMC and HEC on the water-retention properties of the colour is also discussed.     

Large Scale Experiment on Transport of Trichloroethylene in a Controlled Aquifer

Pollution by dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) represents a major threat to groundwater resources. In a real case of site contamination, the efficiency of remediation techniques is often limited by a lack of knowledge of both the extent of the pollution and the behavior of the different phases of the pollutant in the subsurface. An experiment simulating pollution of an aquifer by a chlorinated solvent (Trichloroethylene: TCE) was conducted on a large controlled experimental site called SCERES. The experiment consisted of an injection of 8.9 liters of TCE under controlled conditions at 35cm below the soil surface with an appropriate set up. The goal was to study the behavior of the three phases of the pollutant (trapped TCE phase forming the impregnation body, vapors in the vadose zone, and dissolved traces in the aquifer) in order to better comprehend the mechanisms which govern the propagation and the transfer of this type of pollution underground. The SCERES experimental data indicate that mass transfer from the saturated zone to the vadose zone is important, affecting the repartition of the vapor plume and causing a significant decrease of dissolved TCE concentrations in the groundwater. Furthermore, vertical leaching of TCE vapors due to rainfall strongly influences the degree of groundwater pollution and its lateral extent. The transient mass balance of the experiment is very satisfactory and shows that the main part of the spilled quantity is lost to the atmosphere.     

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DECREASE OF THE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED SOIL1)

从理论上推导出了加筋土强度的数学表达式,分析了土的黏聚力与土筋界面参数变化对加筋土强度的影响,研究表明,当发生拉断型破坏时,黏聚力的减少比筋材提供的拉力占优势的情况下,加筋土的强度会低于素土的强度;当发生黏着型破坏时,黏聚力的减少比筋材提供的摩阻力占优势的情况下,加筋土的强度也会低于素土的强度。加筋土强度的降低程度与筋材在土中形成的夹层、土筋界面透水性、加筋间距有关。     

Bag breakup of nonturbulent liquid jets in crossflow

An experimental investigation of the bag breakup of round nonturbulent liquid jets in gaseous crossflow at room temperature and pressure is described. Pulsed photography, pulsed shadowgraphy, and high-speed imaging were used to observe the column and surface waves along the liquid jet and the formation and breakup of bags. Measurements included: wavelengths of column and surface waves, jet velocities, the number of bags along the liquid jet, the number of nodes per bag, droplets sizes and velocities, and trajectories of droplets. Present results show that the column waves of a nonturbulent liquid jet in crossflow within bag breakup regime can be explained based on Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The number of nodes per bag affected the breakup mechanism of the bags. Three distinctive sizes of droplets were produced due the breakup of the bag membrane, the ring strings and the ring nodes. The size of the droplets resulting from the breakup of the bag membrane was constant independent of the crossflow Weber number. Finally different trajectories were observed for the three groups of droplets.     

骨陷窝-骨细胞形状和方向对骨单元内液体流动行为的影响

骨组织内的流体流动不仅为骨细胞的生存提供了充足营养供应及代谢物排放途径,也在骨重建过程中起到关键作用. 为了更精确地阐明骨内液体流动的具体形式,这项研究利用骨陷窝-骨细胞的密度,形态和方向等参数来计算骨单元内液体的流动行为. 首先,计算出不同形状和方向的骨陷窝周围骨小管的数量及分布情况,其次利用算出的参数以及骨组织其他微结构数据来估计骨组织的渗透率和孔隙率等参数,最后根据计算所得的参数建立骨单元的多孔弹性力学有限元模型,并分析了在轴向位移载荷作用下骨陷窝形状和方向对骨单元内液体渗流行为的影响. 结果表明,在所研究的参数范围内不同骨单元模型的相同区域上,骨陷窝形状影响下的骨单元最大压力和流速比最小的分别增加了86%和18%;骨陷窝方向影响下的最大压力和流速比最小的分别增加了125%和56%. 伸长形骨陷窝对单个骨单元局部压力的影响远大于扁平形和圆形骨陷窝. 骨陷窝从0°绕$x$轴旋转到90°过程中压力是逐渐降低的,且30°,45°和60°的模型对骨单元内局部流速有显著影响. 该模型表示骨陷窝的形状和方向以及骨小管的三维分布对骨单元内液体压力和流速幅值及沿不同方向的流动差异有显著的影响. 这项研究将有助于精确量化描述骨内液体的流体行为.      

Transient removal of a contaminated fluid from a cavity

A numerical and experimental study of the time-dependent hydrodynamic removal of a contaminated fluid from a cavity on the floor of a duct is presented. The duct flow has a parabolic inlet velocity profile and laminar flows are considered in a Reynolds number range between 50 and 1600 based on the duct height. The properties of the contaminated cavity fluid are assumed to be the same as for the fluid flowing in the duct. Attention is focussed on the convective transport of contaminated fluid out from the cavity and the effect of duct flow acceleration on the cleaning process. Passive markers which are convected with the flow are used in the numerical simulation for the purpose of identifying the contaminated cavity fluid. It is shown that the cleansing of the cavity is more pronounced during the unsteady start-up of the duct flow and the rate of cleaning decreases as the flow reaches a steady state. The cleaning process is enhanced as the cavity aspect ratio is increased and as the duct Reynolds number increases. A ‘volumetric’ approach based on the spread of markers is shown to be useful in determining the fraction of the cavity that remains contaminated after steady conditions have been reached. The distribution of the contaminant in a cavity during the unsteady stage and after steady conditions are reached are identified using passive markers.     

自由面对潜艇尾流场流动特性影响研究

潜艇周围绕流场流动特性会影响潜艇的机动性能, 特别是近水面航行时, 自由面的存在会增大潜艇尾流场的复杂程度.为探究潜艇在近水面航行时自由液面对潜艇尾流场流动特性的影响机理,借助大型水下三维粒子图像测速技术开展潜艇尾流场流动特性研究.首先通过美国泰勒水池标准模型实验结果对试验方法准确性进行验证; 随后,用验证后的模型试验方法对潜艇尾流场进行测量,得到不同潜深工况、不同速度下的桨盘面轴向速度以及脉动速度,同时辅以数值模拟对试验无法测得的兴波波系及中纵剖面速度场加以补充,从兴波角度阐述了自由面对潜艇尾流场流动特性影响机理. 研究结果表明:潜艇在近水面航行时, 随着Fr增大,桨盘面处轴向速度云图中上方等值线整体趋于扁平化, 较4D潜深工况,1.5D潜深工况出现局部脉动速度极大值, 且脉动速度结构整体下移; 自由面存在时,艇体与自由面间流场速度明显增大, 特别在桨盘面区域, 流场速度明显提升.随着Fr增大, 桨盘面处的自由液面高度逐渐降低,这就导致了桨盘面位置出现更大的流体速度, 即造成了桨盘面伴流场挤压现象.      

Bimodal model of slurry viscosity with application to coal-slurries. Part 1. Theory and experiment

The rheological behavior of stable slurries is shown to be characterized by a bimodal model that represents a slurry as made up of a coarse fraction and a colloidal size fine fraction. According to the model, the two fractions behave independently of each other, and the non-Newtonian behavior of the viscosity is solely caused by the colloidal fraction, while the coarse fraction increases the viscosity level through hydrodynamic interactions. Data from experiments run with colloidal coal particles of about 2–3 µm average size dispersed in water show the viscosity of these colloidal suspensions to exhibit a highly shearrate-dependent behavior and, in the high shear limit, to match very closely the viscosity of suspensions of uniform size rigid spheres although the coal volume fraction must be determined semi-empirically. Different amounts of coarse coal particles are added to the colloidal suspension and the viscosity of the truly bimodal slurries measured as a function of shear rate. In agreement with the bimodal model, the measured shear viscosities show the coarse fraction to behave independently of the colloidal fraction and its contribution to the viscosity rise to be independent of the shear rate. It is shown that the shear rate exerted on the colloidal fraction is higher than that applied by the viscometer as a result of hydrodynamic interactions between the coarse particles, and that it is this effective higher shear rate which is necessary to apply in the correlations. For determining the coal volume fraction a relatively simple and quite accurate measurement technique is developed for determining the density and void fraction of coarse porous particles; the technique directly relates volume fraction to mass fraction.