Nonlinear dynamic response of a functionally graded plate with a through-width surface crack

A nonlinear vibration analysis of a simply supported functionally graded rectangular plate with a through-width surface crack is presented in this paper. The plate is subjected to a transverse excitation force. Material properties are graded in the thickness direction according to exponential distributions. The cracked plate is treated as an assembly of two sub-plates connected by a rotational spring at the cracked section whose stiffness is calculated through stress intensity factor. Based on Reddy’s third-order shear deformation plate theory, the nonlinear governing equations of motion for the FGM plate are derived by using the Hamilton’s principle. The deflection of each sub-plate is assumed to be a combination of the first two mode shape functions with unknown constants to be determined from boundary and compatibility conditions. The Galerkin’s method is then utilized to convert the governing equations to a two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system including quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms under the external excitation, which is numerically solved to obtain the nonlinear responses of cracked FGM rectangular plates. The influences of material property gradient, crack depth, crack location and plate thickness ratio on the vibration frequencies and transient response of the surface-racked FGM plate are discussed in detail through a parametric study.     

Thermal buckling of functionally graded circular plates based on higher order shear deformation plate theory

In this research, thermal buckling of circular plates compose of functionally graded material (FGM) is considered. Equilibrium and stability equations of a FGM circular plate under thermal loads are derived, based on the higher order shear deformation plate theory (3rd order plate theory). Assuming that the material properties vary as a power form of the thickness coordinate variable z and using the variational method, the system of fundamental partial differential equations is established. A buckling analysis of a functionally graded circular plate (FGCP) under various types of thermal loads is carried out and the result are given in closed-form solutions. The results are compared with the critical buckling temperature obtained for FGCP based on first order (1st order plate theory) and classical plate theory (0 order plate theory) given in the literature. The study concludes that higher order shear deformation theory accurately predicts the behavior of FGCP, whereas the first order and classical plate theory overestimates buckling temperature.     

A finite element study on the large amplitude flexural vibration characteristics of FGM plates under aerodynamic load

The large amplitude flexural vibration characteristics of functionally graded material (FGM) plates are investigated here using a shear flexible finite element approach. Material properties of the plate are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power-law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the constituents. The effective material properties are then evaluated based on the rule of mixture. The FGM plate is modeled using the first-order shear deformation theory based on exact neutral surface position and von Kármán’s assumptions for large displacement. The third-order piston theory is employed to evaluate the aerodynamic pressure. The governing equations of motion are solved by harmonic balance method to study the vibration amplitude of FGM plates under supersonic air flow. Thereafter, the non-linear equations of motion are solved using Newmark’s time integration technique to understand the flexural vibration behavior of FGM plates in time domain (simple harmonic or periodic or quasi-periodic). This work is new in the sense that it deals with the non-linear flutter characteristics of FGM plates under high supersonic airflow accounting for both the geometric and aerodynamic non-linearities. Some parametric study is conducted to understand the influence of these non-linearities on the flutter characteristics of FGM plates.     

The wave propagation and dynamic response of rectangular functionally graded material plates with completed clamped supports under impulse load

In this paper, the wave propagation and dynamic response of the rectangular FGM plates with completed clamped supports under impulse load are analyzed. The effective material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) for the plate are assumed to vary continuously through the plate thickness and be distributed according to a volume fraction power law along the plate thickness. Considering the effects of transverse shear deformation and rotary inertia, the governing equations of the wave propagation in the functionally graded plate are derived by using the Hamilton’s principle. A complete discussion of dispersion of the FGM plates is given. Using the dispersion relation and integral transforms, exact integral solutions for the FGM plates under impulse load are obtained. The influence of volume fraction distributions on wave propagation and dynamic response of the FGM plates is analyzed.     

Nonlinear bending and post-buckling of a functionally graded circular plate under mechanical and thermal loadings

Based on the classical nonlinear von Karman plate theory, axisymmetric large deflection bending of a functionally graded circular plate is investigated under mechanical, thermal and combined thermal–mechanical loadings, respectively, and axisymmetric thermal post-buckling behavior of a functionally graded circular plate is also investigated. The mechanical and thermal properties of functionally graded material (FGM) are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the plate, and obey a simple power law of the volume fraction of the constituents. Governing equations for the problem are derived, and then a shooting method is employed to numerically solve the equations. Effects of material constant n and boundary conditions on the temperature distribution, nonlinear bending, critical buckling temperature and thermal post-buckling behavior of the FGM plate are discussed in details.     

各种边界条件平行四边形功能梯度板的动力特性解析解

本文基于斜坐标系,建立起平行四边形功能梯度板的基本微分方程及变分方程,用梁函数组合法对平行四边形及菱形功能梯度板进行动力特性分析,提出了适用于每边任取简支、固定、自由边界之一(包括36种边界)平行四边形功能梯度板固有频率与振型的解析解;在简化情况下,给出了各种边界条件平行四边形功能梯度板各阶固有频率解的统一表达式。     

Thermal instability of functionally graded deep spherical shell

Thermal instability of deep spherical shells made of functionally graded material (FGM) is studied in this paper. The governing equations are based on the first-order theory of shells and the Sanders nonlinear kinematics equations. It is assumed that the mechanical properties are linear functions of thickness coordinate. The constituent material of the functionally graded shell is assumed to be a mixture of ceramic and metal. The analytical solutions are obtained for three types of thermal loadings including the uniform temperature rise (UTR), the linear radial temperature (LRT), and the nonlinear radial temperature (NRT). Results are validated with the known data in literature.     

Nonlinear dynamic response of an edge-cracked functionally graded Timoshenko beam under parametric excitation

This paper investigates the nonlinear flexural dynamic behavior of a clamped Timoshenko beam made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with an open edge crack under an axial parametric excitation which is a combination of a static compressive force and a harmonic excitation force. Theoretical formulations are based on Timoshenko shear deformable beam theory, von Karman type geometric nonlinearity, and rotational spring model. Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the nonlinear partial differential equations which are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equation by using the Least Squares method and Galerkin technique. The nonlinear natural frequencies, steady state response, and excitation frequency-amplitude response curves are obtained by employing the Runge–Kutta method and multiple scale method, respectively. A parametric study is conducted to study the effects of material property distribution, crack depth, crack location, excitation frequency, and slenderness ratio on the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of parametrically excited, cracked FGM Timoshenko beams.     

Thermally induced fracture of a smart functionally graded composite structure

Discussed is the fracture behavior of a cracked smart actuator on a substrate under thermal load. The actuator is made of piezoelectric material with functionally graded material (FGM) properties. Integral transform method is used to reduce the problem to the solution of a set of singular integral equations and is solved numerically. This paper is completed by including graphical plots of the thermal flow, stress and electric displacement intensity factors around the crack for different crack positions and material gradients. Directions of crack initiation are also predicted by using the energy density criterion.     

功能梯度与均匀圆板弯曲解的线性转换关系

基于一阶剪切理论, 研究了功能梯度材料圆板与均匀圆板轴对称弯曲解之间的线性转换关系. 通过理论分析和比较 功能梯度材料圆板和均匀圆板在一阶剪切理论下的位移形式的轴对称弯曲控制方程, 发现了功能梯度材料圆板的转角与均匀圆板的转角之间的相似转换关系. 在假设材料性质沿板厚连续变化的情况下, 给出了相似转换系数的解析表达式. 在此基础上, 进一步导出了一阶剪切理论下功能梯度圆板的挠度与经典理论下, 均匀圆板的挠度之间的线性关系. 从而, 可将功能梯度材料圆板在一阶剪切理论下的弯曲问题求解, 转化为相应均匀薄圆板在经典理论下的弯曲问题求解, 以及转换系数的计算问题. 这一方法为功能梯度非均匀中厚度圆板的求解提供了简捷途径, 而且更便于工程应用. 作为例子, 采用上述方法分别求得了周边简支和夹紧条件下, 梯度圆板在均布横向载荷作用下的弯曲解析解, 该解答与Reddy得到的结果完全吻合.      

Nonlocal theory solution of two collinear cracks in the functionally graded materials

In this paper, the interaction of two collinear cracks in functionally graded materials subjected to a uniform anti-plane shear loading is investigated by means of nonlocal theory. The traditional concepts of the nonlocal theory are extended to solve the fracture problem of functionally graded materials. To make the analysis tractable, it is assumed that the shear modulus varies exponentially with the coordinate vertical to the crack. By use of the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with the help of a pair of triple integral equations, in which the unknown variable is the displacement on the crack surfaces. To solve the triple integral equations, the displacement on the crack surfaces is expanded in a series of Jacobi polynomials. Unlike the classical elasticity solutions, it is found that no stress singularity is present near the crack tips. The nonlocal elastic solutions yield a finite hoop stress at the crack tip, thus allowing us to use the maximum stress as a fracture criterion in functionally graded materials. The magnitude of the finite stress field depends on the crack length, the distance between two cracks, the parameter describing the functionally graded materials and the lattice parameter of the materials.     

Complicated nonlinear responses of a simply supported FGM rectangular plate under combined parametric and external excitations

In this paper, we use the asymptotic perturbation method based on the Fourier expansion and the temporal rescaling to investigate the nonlinear oscillations and chaotic dynamics of a simply supported rectangular plate made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) subjected to a through-thickness temperature field together with parametric and external excitations. Material properties are assumed to be temperature-dependent. Based on the Reddy’s third-order plate theory, the governing equations of motion for the plate are derived using the Hamilton’s principle. The Galerkin procedure is employed to obtain a two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system including the quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms. The resonant case considered here is 1:2 internal resonance, principal parametric resonance-1/2 subharmonic resonance. Based on the averaged equation in polar coordinate form, the stability of steady state solutions is analyzed. The phase portrait, waveform and Poincaré map are used to analyze the periodic and chaotic motions of the FGM rectangular plate. It is found that the FGM rectangular plate exhibits the chaotic motions under certain circumstances. It is seen that the nonlinear dynamic responses of the FGM rectangular plate are more sensitive to transverse excitation. The excitation force can be used as a controlling factor which can change the response of the FGM rectangular plate from periodic motion to the chaotic motion.     

Chaotic vibrations of an orthotropic FGM rectangular plate based on third-order shear deformation theory

In this paper, an analysis on the nonlinear dynamics and chaos of a simply supported orthotropic functionally graded material (FGM) rectangular plate in thermal environment and subjected to parametric and external excitations is presented. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The material properties are graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Based on the Reddy’s third-order share deformation plate theory, the governing equations of motion for the orthotropic FGM rectangular plate are derived by using the Hamilton’s principle. The Galerkin procedure is applied to the partial differential governing equations of motion to obtain a three-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system. The resonant case considered here is 1:2:4 internal resonance, principal parametric resonance-subharmonic resonance of order 1/2. Based on the averaged equation obtained by the method of multiple scales, the phase portrait, waveform and Poincare map are used to analyze the periodic and chaotic motions of the orthotropic FGM rectangular plate. It is found that the motions of the orthotropic FGM plate are chaotic under certain conditions.     

Surface effect on the biaxial buckling and free vibration of FGM nanoplate embedded in visco-Pasternak standard linear solid-type of foundation

In this study, nonlocal elasticity theory in conjunction with Gurtin–Murdoch elasticity theory is employed to investigate biaxial buckling and free vibration behavior of nanoplate made of functionally graded material (FGM) and resting on a visco-Pasternak standard linear solid-type of the foundation. The material characteristics of simply supported FGM nanoplates are assumed to be varied continuously as a power law function of the plate thickness. Hamilton’s principle is implemented to derive the non-classical governing equations of motion and related boundary conditions, which analytically solved to obtain the explicit closed-form expression for complex natural frequencies and buckling loads. Finally, attention is focused on considering the influences of various parameters on variation of damped natural frequency and buckling load ratio such as nonlocal parameter, surface effects, geometric parameters, power law index and properties of visco-Pasternak foundation and it is clearly demonstrated that these factors highly affect on vibration and buckling behavior.     

三维切口/裂纹结构的扩展边界元法分析

在线弹性理论中,三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构尖端区域存在多重应力奇异性,常规数值方法不易求解. 本文提出和建立了三维扩展边界元法 (XBEM),用于分析三维线弹性 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整的位移和应力场. 先将三维线弹性 V 形切口/裂纹结构分为尖端小扇形柱和挖去小扇形柱后的外围结构. 尖端小扇形柱内的位移函数采用自尖端径向距离 $r$ 的渐近级数展开式表达,其中尖端区域的应力奇异指数、位移和应力特征角函数通过插值矩阵法获得. 而级数展开式各项的幅值系数作为基本未知量. 挖去扇形域后的外围结构采用常规边界元法分析. 两者方程联立求解可获得三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整的位移和应力场,包括切口/裂纹尖端区域精细的应力场. 扩展边界元法具有半解析法特征,适用于一般三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整位移场和应力场的分析,其解可精细描述从尖端区域到整体结构区域的完整应力场. 作者研制了三维扩展边界元法程序,文中给出了两个算例,通过计算结果分析,表明了扩展边界元法求解三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整应力场的准确性和有效性.      

功能梯度材料的黏弹性断裂问题

功能梯度材料(FGM)是一种不同于传统复合材料的新型工程复合材料 [1], 国内外关于FGM的断裂力学方面的研究发展非常迅速. 关于FGM静态裂纹问题,学者们研究了不同类型裂纹尖端场的应力强度因子 [2-5], 探讨了有限长裂纹在不用载荷作用下的传播等问题. 而关于动态裂纹问题,也已经取得很大成就 [6-9]. FGM一个很重要的应用是高温结构材料,在强大的热环境中,很多材料都呈现出黏弹性. 因此,研究FGM的黏弹性断裂力学非常具有实际价值.对此,众多研究 [10-14]提出不同的分析模型,并在不同受载条件,通过理论计算,分析了黏弹性裂纹尖端场的力学 行为.本文考查了功能梯度材料板条中界面裂纹垂直于梯度方向时的黏弹性断裂问题,首先利用有限元法求解线弹性功能梯度材料板条的裂纹尖端场,然后根据黏弹性的对应性原理,求解出黏弹性功能梯度材料板条裂纹问题的应力场强度因子.      

非保守力下温度场中FGM圆板的非线性力学行为

研究了温度场中非保守功能梯度材料(FGM)圆板的非线性力学行为。基于经典板理论,推导了受非保守力作用的FGM圆板在温度场中的控制微分方程。采用打靶法分析了由陶瓷二氧化锆和金属钛合金两相材料组成的非保守FGM圆板在均匀和非均匀升温场中的非线性力学行为。给出了不同均匀升温和非均匀升温场下,FGM圆板在非保守载荷作用下的平衡路径和平衡构形。分析并讨论了均匀和非均匀升温、材料梯度指数对非保守圆板过屈曲和弯曲行为的影响。结果表明:温度场中,非保守FGM圆板发生弯曲而纯陶瓷圆板会发生过屈曲行为;当梯度指数p=2,非保守载荷q=52时,均匀升温场中非保守圆板的变形大于非均匀升温场中非保守圆板的变形。     

Mechanical buckling and free vibration of thick functionally graded plates resting on elastic foundation using the higher order B-spline finite strip method

In this study, the mechanical buckling and free vibration of thick rectangular plates made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) resting on elastic foundation subjected to in-plane loading is considered. The third order shear deformation theory (TSDT) is employed to derive the governing equations. It is assumed that the material properties of FGM plates vary smoothly by distribution of power law across the plate thickness. The elastic foundation is modeled by the Winkler and two-parameter Pasternak type of elastic foundation. Based on the spline finite strip method, the fundamental equations for functionally graded plates are obtained by discretizing the plate into some finite strips. The results are achieved by the minimization of the total potential energy and solving the corresponding eigenvalue problem. The governing equations are solved for FGM plates buckling analysis and free vibration, separately. In addition, numerical results for FGM plates with different boundary conditions have been verified by comparing to the analytical solutions in the literature. Furthermore, the effects of different values of the foundation stiffness parameters on the response of the FGM plates are determined and discussed.     

ANALYSIS OF 3-D NOTCHED/CRACKED STRUCTURES BY USING EXTENDED BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD 1)

在线弹性理论中,三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构尖端区域存在多重应力奇异性,常规数值方法不易求解. 本文提出和建立了三维扩展边界元法 (XBEM),用于分析三维线弹性 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整的位移和应力场. 先将三维线弹性 V 形切口/裂纹结构分为尖端小扇形柱和挖去小扇形柱后的外围结构. 尖端小扇形柱内的位移函数采用自尖端径向距离 $r$ 的渐近级数展开式表达,其中尖端区域的应力奇异指数、位移和应力特征角函数通过插值矩阵法获得. 而级数展开式各项的幅值系数作为基本未知量. 挖去扇形域后的外围结构采用常规边界元法分析. 两者方程联立求解可获得三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整的位移和应力场,包括切口/裂纹尖端区域精细的应力场. 扩展边界元法具有半解析法特征,适用于一般三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整位移场和应力场的分析,其解可精细描述从尖端区域到整体结构区域的完整应力场. 作者研制了三维扩展边界元法程序,文中给出了两个算例,通过计算结果分析,表明了扩展边界元法求解三维 V 形切口/裂纹结构完整应力场的准确性和有效性.     

Closed-form solutions for free vibration of rectangular FGM thin plates resting on elastic foundation

This article presents closed-form solutions for the frequency analysis of rectangular functionally graded material(FGM) thin plates subjected to initially in-plane loads and with an elastic foundation. Based on classical thin plate theory, the governing differential equations are derived using Hamilton's principle. A neutral surface is used to eliminate stretching–bending coupling in FGM plates on the basis of the assumption of constant Poisson's ratio. The resulting governing equation of FGM thin plates has the same form as homogeneous thin plates. The separation-ofvariables method is adopted to obtain solutions for the free vibration problems of rectangular FGM thin plates with separable boundary conditions, including, for example, clamped plates. The obtained normal modes and frequencies are in elegant closed forms, and present formulations and solutions are validated by comparing present results with those in the literature and finite element method results obtained by the authors. A parameter study reveals the effects of the power law index n and aspect ratio a/b on frequencies.