40Cr钢疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的测量

用系统分析的方法，通过三点弯曲疲劳试验，分别跟踪监测了40Cr钢及它的两种表面处理试样疲劳损伤过程，得出了40Cr钢经过两种表面处理对其疲劳裂纹萌生寿命有显著影响的结果，提出了对疲劳裂纹萌生寿命测量的一种新方法。     

CrMoW转子钢高温超高周裂纹扩展及疲劳行为研究

本文研究了超超临界汽轮机CrMoW转子钢在常温与600℃条件下的超高周旋转弯曲疲劳行为。实验中利用位移传感器原位监测试件挠度变化,研究裂纹的萌生与扩展特性。研究结果发现,在常温下,疲劳裂纹主要萌生于试样表面,但也发现超高周次疲劳破坏的裂纹萌生于内部的情形。600℃时,S-N曲线呈现直线下降的趋势;大多试样裂纹萌生区和初始扩展区发现非金属夹杂物,其裂纹萌生是表面裂纹起源和亚表面夹杂物相耦合的结果。裂纹萌生寿命占整个疲劳寿命的90%以上,裂纹萌生寿命百分比(Ni/Nf)随疲劳寿命的延长而增大,并且温度对裂纹萌生寿命百分比没有影响。     

超声疲劳试验方法及其应用

超声疲劳是一种加速的疲劳试验方法,它的测试频率(20kHz)远远超过了常规疲劳测试频率(小于200Hz)．超声疲劳试验研究表明50^#车轴钢和40Cr钢直到10^10个应力循环后仍会发生疲劳断裂,并不存在常规疲劳试验曲线所示的“疲劳极限”,因此用10^7周次的疲劳试验数据进行疲劳强度设计并不安全．50^#车轴钢和40Cr钢超声疲劳性能优于常规疲劳性能．扫描电镜分析表明,超长寿命阶段50^#车轴钢裂纹萌生于次表面夹杂．介绍了超声疲劳试验系统、工作原理及超声疲劳试样的设计．     

中碳结构钢微动疲劳性能的研究

考察了ＪＺ钢微动疲劳性能以及微动频率和接触压力等因素对微动疲劳寿命的影响,采用宏观力学试验与微观分析结合的方法探讨了ＪＺ钢微动疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展机制．     

GCr15钢超声微动疲劳性能研究

由微动产生的裂纹萌生对钢组件的疲劳强度具有重要影响。本文选择GCr15轴承钢,在20kHz超声疲劳试验机提供的循环载荷作用下,测试其超长寿命微动疲劳性能。试验结果显示,在109循环周次下微动疲劳强度影响因子达到0.37。通过电子扫描电镜观察试件磨损面和微动疲劳断口,并分析了高频超长寿命微动疲劳断裂机理。高周疲劳裂纹通常会在磨损面的粘着区与滑移区交界处萌生,超高周疲劳裂纹在粘着区内萌生。微动磨损面的面积以及磨损面的粘着区都随着试件疲劳寿命的增加而增加。     

焊接金属疲劳裂纹萌生寿命估算方法的研究

疲劳裂纹萌生阶段在整个疲劳破坏过程中占有极为重要的地位，而萌生阶段的裂纹体损伤规律用长裂纹断裂力学方法是无法确定的．以萌生阶段中塑性滞回能作为控制参量，根据实验数据拟合出疲劳损伤的连续曲线，得到裂纹萌生寿命估算公式．     

多级载荷下疲劳寿命的可靠性研究

本文利用断裂力学，疲劳及可靠性分析方法，讨论了剩余强度的概率分布。假定裂纹萌生阶段已结束，在裂纹扩展阶段。剩余强度R与裂纹长度α满足R=αK，α^-1/2，裂纹扩展速率可用Paris公式da/dN=c(△K）^n描述，在以上两个公式的基础上，我们推导出了疲劳载荷过程中剩余强度，循环应力，疲劳寿命及失效概率间的关系。选用变速箱齿轮12Cr2Ni4钢制成的试样，我们在Amsier HFP5100高频疲劳试验机上，两级循环应力水平下进行了9组试验，得出了12Cr2Ni4钢的P-R-S-N曲线。利用该曲线估算了12Cr2Ni4钢多级载荷下的疲劳寿命。同Mine准则计算的结晶相比更接近真实值，本文的方法具有较强的工程实用性，对承受疲劳载荷零构件的选材及设计具有重要的参考价值。     

航空导管弯曲试验的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命

飞行器液压导管受接头和卡箍等约束，在使用的振动环境中，会因弯曲应力而导致破裂，影响到飞行安全．本文对飞行器液压系统通用的不锈钢导管的裂纹萌生寿命进行了试验研究．首先在对8 mm、12 mm 无缺陷导管和含U 型缺口8 mm 导管的疲劳试验和有限元分析的基础上，得到了导管的最大拉应变-裂纹萌生寿命数据．然后采用基于强度极限和弹性模量估算法的Manson-Coffin 公式来预测导管裂纹萌生寿命．最后引入加载类型修正系数、表面质量修正系数、试样尺寸修正系数、应力集中敏感系数和有效应力集中系数，使修正后的公式对三种类型的导管均有较好的裂纹萌生寿命预测精度．     

低温环境下列车车轮材料磨损与损伤演变行为研究

利用低温环境装置和轮轨模拟试验机开展了室温(约20 ℃)与?40 ℃温度下列车车轮材料的滚动磨损试验,研究了?40 ℃下车轮材料磨损和表面与剖面损伤随循环次数的演变规律. 结果表明:温度的降低对车轮材料磨损和损伤机制有明显影响. 与室温相比,?40 ℃时车轮材料疲劳磨损明显减轻,磨损率下降. ?40 ℃工况下车轮材料磨损与损伤的形成具有明显演变特征. 在磨损初期,轮轨界面发生材料转移并在轮轨界面形成稳定的摩擦膜;摩擦膜的存在降低了车轮材料磨损率. 随循环次数增加,由于低磨损率,车轮表层材料在滚动载荷作用下持续累积塑性变形. 在磨损后期,累积了高塑性变形的车轮材料将促进裂纹萌生. 因此在车轮试样亚表层萌生大量裂纹,亚表层裂纹相互汇合,从而加速疲劳裂纹扩展.      

45CrNiMoVA钢的低周疲劳特性和表面疲劳裂纹的在位观测

利用MTS810材料试验机对带中心圆孔的45CrNiMoVA钢低周疲劳特性进行了研究,并借助长焦显微镜和CCD摄像头对试样表面裂纹的演化规律进行了在位停机观测和在位不停机连续观测尝试,试验发现,裂纹均萌生于与拉伸应力垂直的圆孔边缘;疲劳裂纹的萌生与Lueders形变带密切相关,萌生期超过整个疲劳寿命的70%,主裂纹的发展既可以共面扩展的方式向前连续延伸,也可以裂纹连接的方式向前跳跃传播,应力控制的低周疲劳条件下,疲劳寿命与应力面形貌图像,频闪光源照明可以实现表面疲劳裂纹的在位不停机观测。     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).