单颗金刚石磨削花岗石中力的离散单元分析及试验验证

对花岗石进行了单颗粒金刚石磨削试验.通过测量磨削力对单颗金刚石磨粒所承受的平均法向力和切向力进行了研究,讨论了主轴转速和单颗磨粒最大切削厚度与磨削力的关系.利用离散单元方法(DEM)构造了2种不同的花岗石数字模型,在此基础上对单颗磨粒磨削进行了模拟分析,分析结果与试验结果基本吻合.     

锯切加工中金刚石节块的热磨损及Ti—Cr涂层对热磨损的抑制作用

在锯切花岗石过程中,用三明治薄膜热电偶监测接触界面的温度响应,研究了节块式金刚石工具与花岗石接触界面的温度特征,通过将试验结果与解析结果拟合得到热量传入节块的比例,并在此基础上求解出金刚石磨粒的表面温度.结果表明,在干摩擦下的花岗石锯切过程中,工具与工件接触弧区内90%以上的热量传入金刚石节块,节块表面部分金刚石磨粒的表面温度超过1000℃,金刚石的3种典型失效方式均受到锯切热的直接影响.在金刚石表面镀覆Ti-Cr合金可以有效抑制锯切热引起的磨粒脱落.     

金刚石锯片在锯切过程中的受力与失效分析

对金刚石锯片在锯切过程中的受力及弧区内直接参与切削的金刚石数量进行了测量和估算,并分析了节块表面抛光和微破碎金刚石比例与锯片寿命和效率之间的关系,结果表明：单颗粒金刚石的受力远低于其静压强度;其低强度失效的原因是锯切过程中金刚石晶体内产生的热应力。     

锯切花岗石过程中金刚石节块磨损特征及影响因素分析

在已有的节块磨损规律的基础上，对锯切花岗石过程中的金刚石及其固位载体－粘合剂的磨损规律进行了研究。通过实验，跟踪观察了不同金刚石节块在各种加工条件下的磨损状态。结果表明；金刚石的工作状态与节块的使用性能有良好的对应关系，金刚石的微破碎和完善晶型比例越高节块耐磨性越好；宏观破碎和脱落比例越高节块耐磨性越差。金刚石的粒度，含量，品级，粘合剂和金刚石的匹配以及锯切用量组合等均明显影响锯切效果。     

单摆冲击划痕法及其在磨粒磨损和冲蚀磨损研究中的应用

为了促进新近发展起来的单摆冲击划痕法在磨损研究领域的应用，考察材料在单摆冲击划痕条件下的磨损规律，弄清这种方法与平稳加载滑动磨粒磨损及冲击加载喷砂冲蚀之间的关系，采用单摆冲击划痕法、滑动磨粒磨损和喷砂冲蚀３种试验方法，研究了几种纯金属和合金材料的磨损行为．结果表明：在单摆冲击划痕过程中，比能耗（材料产生单位体积划痕所消耗的能量）与材料的切向动态硬度之间有较好的线性关系，二者都可以用作单摆冲击划痕法评价材料耐磨性的指标；材料的法向动态硬度与显微硬度有较好的线性关系，而且法向动态硬度能够更准确地反映材料在平稳加载条件下的抗磨能力     

纸夹芯和泡沫复合层状结构的动态缓冲吸能特性研究

针对由EPE(Polyethylene foam,聚乙烯泡沫)、瓦楞纸板、蜂窝纸板组成的复合层状结构在跌落冲击载荷作用下的缓冲防护特性,研究了加速度-冲击持续时间曲线、应力-应变曲线的特征,探讨了冲击能量对峰值应力、缓冲吸能特性的影响关系。结果表明,纸瓦楞、纸蜂窝改善了EPE的缓冲吸能特性,纸夹芯和泡沫复合层状结构的峰值应力、单位面积吸能、单位体积吸能、比吸能都随着跌落冲击能量的增加呈线性增加的趋势。在相同跌落冲击条件下,相比瓦楞与EPE复合结构,蜂窝与EPE复合结构的峰值应力平均减少了23.6%,能量吸收率平均提高了8.85%,比吸能平均提高了18.1%,缓冲吸能效果更好。     

苜蓿草粉对金属材料磨损性能的影响

采用正交试验法在磨料磨损试验机上考察了不同粒度苜蓿草粉对45#钢和HT200灰铸铁磨损性能的影响,研究了不同载荷和转速等条件下的磨料磨损行为,采用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面形貌进行观察.结果表明:影响材料磨损性能的因素由大到小依次为转速、磨粒粒度和载荷;苜蓿草粉磨粒对金属材料表面的磨损为硬、软磨粒共同作用的结果;45#钢在硬磨料磨损条件下以显微切削为主要磨损机制,在软磨粒磨损条件下以多次塑性变形和低周期疲劳为主要磨损机制;HT200灰铸铁以塑性变形而产生的脆化剥落为主要磨损机制.     

流体润滑状态下磨粒尺寸对液压泵磨损的影响

本文研究了流体润滑状态下磨粒尺寸对液压泵磨损的影响。结果表明,在液压系统中,泵的磨损主要决定于磨粒与泵内关键运动副动态间隙之间的尺寸关系:尺寸小于动态间隙的磨粒影响很小;尺寸明显比动态间隙大的磨粒不会对泵产生磨损作用;尺寸与动态间隙很接近的磨粒能使泵发生严重磨损。作者还利用扫描电子显微镜对流体润滑状态下三体磨粒磨损中的磨屑形貌进行了观察与分析,并且提出了控制液压系统中磨粒损磨的可行施措。     

关节软骨模拟运动摩擦磨损行为研究

采用牛关节软骨与不锈钢摩擦副在人工膝关节模拟运动试验机上进行模拟膝关节运动的摩擦学试验研究,探讨载荷和时间对摩擦磨损行为的影响并分析其作用机理,同时对软骨表面进行分析。结果表明：随着载荷从640增至1000 N,牛软骨表面磨痕的宽度的深度均增大;在同样载荷下,随着模拟运动时间从20增至60 min,牛软骨表面磨痕的宽度和深度增大。软骨磨损表面的磨痕和破损表面检测有铁元素的存在,表明不锈钢材料在摩擦过程中发生转移。试验后得到的磨粒包括长条形的金属磨粒和圆形的软骨成分磨粒。     

氮合金化堆焊合金往复式摩擦磨损行为的研究

在马氏体不锈钢中引入氮，通过铌、钛固氮制备氮合金化堆焊合金. 利用往复式摩擦磨损试验机测试加氮和未加氮两种堆焊合金在不同载荷(5、10和15 N)下的摩擦磨损性能，研究了其摩擦磨损行为. 结果表明:在摩擦磨损过程中，堆焊合金表面承受周期性载荷，摩擦表面出现明显的切削痕和塑性变形，其磨损机制以磨粒磨损和表面疲劳磨损为主. 氮合金化堆焊合金中，碳氮化物沿马氏体基体、晶界弥散析出，起到了明显的细晶强化和弥散强化作用，增强了基体的塑性变形抗力以及抵御磨粒磨损的能力，使磨损表面切削痕数量更少、深度更浅，抗疲劳剥落现象得到明显改善.      

Analysis of worm-like locomotion driven by the sine-squared strain wave in a linear viscous medium

In this paper, a worm-like locomotion in a linear resistive medium is studied to achieve controlled shape changes of the worm-like body by choosing a kind of driving with low energy expended and high-velocity locomotion in certain condition. To this end, we first develop the full dynamic model of the system under consideration to obtain the mean velocity related to friction coefficient, wave speed, linear density, body length and wave width. Correspondingly, a quasi-static model is also given from which the velocity can be expressed analytically. In the case of the shape change driven by the sine-squared strain wave (SSSW), it is seen that these two velocities will tend to uniformity with the friction coefficient or length of the body increasing or the wave speed decreasing when keeping the other parameters unchanged. Thus, the inertia term is ignorable for a large friction, a long body-length but a small wave-speed of the SSSW, which implies that the dynamical model can be reduced to the quasi-static one. The relative criterion is approximately given. As a result, the corresponding quasi-static model is employed to consider two typical drives, namely, the SSSW and the square strain wave (SSW). The result shows the shape change driven by the SSSW has an advantage in both the mean velocity and the average energy expended over that by the SSW when the necessary condition is satisfied. The analytical results are verified by numerical simulation.     

Dynamic Study of a Structure with Flexion-Torsion Coupling in the Presence of Dry Friction

In aero engines, blade vibrations are frequently reduced by centrifugal flyweights, which exert a dry friction force per unit length under blade platforms. The response of this system to a periodic load has been analysed experimentally and theoretically. From a model having mode shapes similar to those of a blade, and a dry friction link per unit length, we show that the presence of the dry friction link is very effective in reducing vibrations for a range of excitation loads. The theoretical analysis is based on the Craig and Bampton mode synthesis, the rigid movement of the platform in its plane and the replacing of the linear dry friction link by several discrete parallel systems. Direct integration of the equations of motion is carried out by using the Newmark method. The comparison with experimental results is good. This method can easily be extended to more complex structures and shows that the dry friction link is effective when stick-slip occurs in the contact zone by limiting the energy provided to the system.     

部分充液多胞元结构的面内动态力学特性研究

为探究部分充液多胞元结构的抗冲击防护性能,结合充液内凹胞元的落锤冲击试验,建立了充液内凹胞元、部分充液内凹多胞元结构的冲击动态特性二维FEM数值分析,计算得到了部分充液内凹多胞元结构的变形破坏模式,讨论了不同冲击速度下部分充液内凹多胞元结构的动力学响应特性。结果表明:在充液胞元破损后,水介质会流入相邻未充液胞元,形成二次鼓胀吸能效应,从而有效提高结构壁面的变形吸能水平;结构中的充液区域和未充液区域的变形破坏模式分别为鼓胀拉伸和屈曲弯折;随着冲击速度的提高,结构的单位体积应变能以及对初始冲击载荷的削弱作用均得到增强。横向充液方式可以等效为变刚度弹簧的串联布置,该方式仅影响结构的局部刚度,纵向充液方式可以等效为多层变刚度弹簧的并联布置,该方式会影响结构的整体刚度;充液区域与未充液区域的等效刚度呈动态变化,结构变形模式由各区域实时的等效刚度决定。当载荷冲击速度较高时,横向和纵向部分充液内凹多胞元结构对初始冲击载荷的削弱能力均优于未充液内凹多胞元结构。     

Problem of a solid half-space melted by a hot rotating disk or ring

The sliding friction of solids at high speed and under heavy load may be accompanied by a transition to the plastic or fluid state in the friction contact zone [1]. The stage corresponding to a developed fluid layer is investigated without taking into account the plastic deformation of the rubbing bodies; it is assumed that all the heat released is expended exclusively on melting the solid. Previous attempts to investigate this stage theoretically have been based on the approximation of a fluid layer of constant thickness and the use of the heat balance equation [1, 2]. Here, the velocity and temperature profiles are approximated by relations quadratic in the transverse coordinate with coefficients that depend on the longitudinal coordinate. These are determined from the boundary conditions and the integral relations of boundary layer theory. The relations obtained are used to determine the rate at which a hot rotating ring melts through a block of ice.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 30–34, May–June, 1990.     

On longitudinal impact III

Summary The graphodynamical method which was introduced and applied to elastic longitudinal impact in the first two articles of this series is here used to study the transmission of a rectangular compressive pulse along a system consisting of a bar which is joined by friction to a stiff anvil or to a co-axial elastic tube. Some of these cases will in the next article be used as models of pile driving. The influence of the frictional force, of the dimensions of the pulse (the dimensions and impact velocity of the hammer) and of the area and length of the tube on the sign and magnitude of the slide at a concentrated friction joint and on the associated energy loss is determined, and the results are illustrated by diagrams. The results of a few simple experiments agree reasonably well with the theory. The theory is extended to a model of a pile with constant friction per length unit, and it is found that a light hammer with great impact velocity gives better penetration than a heavy hammer with the same energy and thus smaller velocity.     

利用球形压头研究聚碳酸酯的微米划痕性能

采用100Cr6球形压头系统研究了法向载荷、划痕速度和划痕次数对聚碳酸酯划痕性能的影响. 结果表明:在单次和第15次划痕中,法向载荷增加时,摩擦系数和压入深度增加;划痕速度增加时,摩擦系数先增加后减小,压入深度减小;法向载荷增加或划痕速度减小时,残余深度增加,弹性恢复率减小. 对于多程单向滑动磨损,随着划痕次数增加,划痕宽度线性增加,划痕硬度线性减小;摩擦系数、压入深度和残余深度均呈增加趋势,但增长的速率逐渐降低,一定次数后达到稳定;压入深度和残余深度达到稳定时的划痕次数随法向载荷的增加而减小. 第15次划痕中,随着法向载荷增加,划痕宽度增加,残余划痕硬度和几何划痕硬度变化趋势相反;划痕宽度随划痕速度的增加而减小,划痕硬度随划痕速度的增加而增加,最后均趋于稳定.      

Buckling problem for a rod longitudinally compressed by a force smaller than the Euler critical force

It was earlier shown that a rod can buckle under the action of a sudden longitudinal load smaller than the Euler critical load. The buckling mechanism is related to excitation of periodic longitudinal waves generated in the rod by the sudden loading, which in turn lead to transverse parametric resonances. In the linear approximation, the transverse vibration amplitude increases unboundedly, and in the geometrically nonlinear approach, beats with energy exchange from longitudinal to transverse vibrations and back can arise. In this case, the transverse vibration amplitude can be significant. In the present paper, we study how this amplitude responds to the following two factors: the smoothness of application of the longitudinal force and the internal friction forces in the rod material.     

Three-dimensional elastic–plastic finite element analysis for orthogonal cutting with discontinuous chip of 6-4 brass

An elastic–plastic finite element model is developed for 3D orthogonal cutting of discontinuous chips. The tool is P20 while the workpiece is made of 6-4 brass. Examined under the condition of low cutting speed are the initial crack location, the direction of crack growth and variations of discrete chips. These predictions are made possible by application of the strain energy density (SED) theory. The initial crack was formed above the tool tip and grew progressively along the stationary values of the SED function until the trajectory intersects with the free surface. The plastic deformation and friction result in a high equivalent stress in the secondary deformation zone of the first longitudinal chip. Stresses are also high at the location of crack initiation. The chip node near the tool face is sensitive to the contact of the tool face. As more residual stress prevails after the first longitudinal cut, degradation of the workpiece surface prevails and should be accounted for.     

端面宽度对机械密封极限pcv (pressure×velocity)值的影响

端面宽度是机械密封的重要设计参数,为了研究端面宽度对机械密封极限p_cv值(端面比压p_c×端面平均线速度v)的影响,本文作者选取浸呋喃树脂石墨与微孔常压烧结碳化硅作为密封摩擦副,采用定速度变载荷和变速度定载荷两种不同测试方法获取了五种端面宽度摩擦副的极限p_cv值,分析了不同端面宽度摩擦副在不同测试方法下的摩擦系数时变特性和密封介质温度时变特性,并通过扫描电子显微镜和三维激光形貌仪分析了摩擦副的表面磨损特征. 结果表明:在相同测试方法下,与较宽端面摩擦副相比,较窄端面摩擦副的极限p_cv值较高并且密封失效时摩擦系数较小而密封介质温度较高;在给定端面宽度条件下采用定速度变载荷方法测试时,较高速度15.68 m/s对应摩擦副的极限p_cv值相对于较低速度7.84 m/s时较高,其中极限p_c值较低;达到极限p_cv值时,摩擦副表面的磨损机理主要为黏着磨损,其诱因在于端面摩擦扭矩的突增引起端面过热,导致两密封端面因液膜汽化加剧发生干摩擦. 定速度变载荷和变速度定载荷两种方法均可用于测试机械密封极限p_cv值,但采用变速度定载荷方法测试时密封失效对应的摩擦系数突增幅度相对较不明显,失效的现象较难捕捉,石墨表面被破坏的程度也较轻. 在满足材料强度的要求下,减小端面宽度,有效避免端面过热,有利于机械密封达到更大的极限p_cv值. 本文为机械密封极限p_cv值的测量以及端面宽度的设计和密封的延寿方法提供了指导.      

Plastic-strain distribution at the root of a sharp notch

A new experimental technique employing a pattern of microhardness indentations has been developed to permit an accurate measurement of the plastic-strain distribution at the root of a mechanically introduced notch. The method allows measurements to be made to within 0.001 in. from the crack tip. The longitudinal strain distribution was determined for notched 2024-T3 aluminum-alloy specimens, and both the longitudinal and the transverse distributions were obtained for notched specimens of high-purity aluminum. The results from the experiments indicated that a relationship exists between the grain size and both the strain magnitude and distribution. The specimens having the largest grain size developed the highest strain gradients, and exhibited the greatest degree of symmetry about the center line. The symmetry of the strain distribution around the notch improved as the applied load approached that required to produce crack propagation whereas, at low loads, there was little evidence of any symmetry.