纳米弹性复合DLC薄膜的制备及其摩擦性能研究

利用磁过滤阴极真空弧沉积系统在硅片及以硅片为基底的2种弹性体材料表面沉积厚度为2.7 nm的DLC膜,采用原子力显微镜和拉曼光谱仪对薄膜的形貌及成分进行分析,用纳米力学测试系统测量薄膜的弹性模量和硬度,用UMT-2型多功能微摩擦磨损试验机考察其摩擦性能.结果表明,以γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅烷(187)为偶联剂的薄膜试样表面比以γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APS)为偶联剂的薄膜试样表面更致密且粗糙度更低,薄膜的最上层为DLC膜.在硅表面沉积DLC薄膜可以显著降低其表面的摩擦系数(0.117～0.137),在低载荷条件下,含偶联剂及弹性体的DLC薄膜的摩擦系数低于硅表面沉积DLC的薄膜,且以187为偶联剂的薄膜试样的摩擦性能更佳;在高载荷条件下,硅表面沉积DLC的薄膜具有更优异的摩擦性能.     

载荷及位移幅值对DLC薄膜微动磨损行为

为了提高TC4钛合金表面的抗微动磨损性能,在本文中采用非平衡磁控溅技术(Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering)在TC4钛合金表面沉积了类金刚石(DLC)薄膜.采用球/平面接触形式研究了DLC薄膜的微动摩擦磨损行为.在不同法向载荷和位移幅值下,结合微动运行工况图研究了DLC薄膜滑移状态和损伤机理.利用原子力显微镜、纳米压痕仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、激光共聚焦显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜和SRV-V微动摩擦磨损试验机等设备对DLC薄膜进行性能的表征和微动摩擦磨损性能测试.通过微动图,摩擦耗散能,磨痕形貌、化学成分分析揭示其损伤机理.结果表明:载荷和位移幅值对DLC薄膜微动摩擦磨损行为和损伤机理有显著影响.当位移幅值为25μm时,微动运行于混合滑移(mixed slip regime,MSR)情形下,当位移幅值为100μm时,微动运行于完全滑移(gross slip regime,GSR)情形下.小位移幅值时,DLC薄膜磨损机理是磨粒磨损为主;大位移幅值时,DLC薄膜磨损机理是黏着磨损为主.干摩擦条件下,DLC薄膜有良好的抗微动磨损性能,关键就在于其优异力学性能和自润滑特性.     

载荷及位移幅值对DLC薄膜微动磨损行为的影响

为了提高TC4钛合金表面的抗微动磨损性能,在本文中采用非平衡磁控溅技术(Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering)在TC4钛合金表面沉积了类金刚石(DLC)薄膜. 采用球/平面接触形式研究了DLC薄膜的微动摩擦磨损行为. 在不同法向载荷和位移幅值下,结合微动运行工况图研究了DLC薄膜滑移状态和损伤机理. 利用原子力显微镜、纳米压痕仪、激光拉曼光谱仪、激光共聚焦显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜和SRV-V微动摩擦磨损试验机等设备对DLC薄膜进行性能的表征和微动摩擦磨损性能测试. 通过微动图,摩擦耗散能,磨痕形貌、化学成分分析揭示其损伤机理. 结果表明:载荷和位移幅值对DLC薄膜微动摩擦磨损行为和损伤机理有显著影响. 当位移幅值为25 μm 时,微动运行于混合滑移(mixed slip regime,MSR)情形下,当位移幅值为100 μm时,微动运行于完全滑移(gross slip regime,GSR)情形下. 小位移幅值时,DLC薄膜磨损机理是磨粒磨损为主;大位移幅值时,DLC薄膜磨损机理是黏着磨损为主. 干摩擦条件下,DLC薄膜有良好的抗微动磨损性能,关键就在于其优异力学性能和自润滑特性.      

医用NiTi形状记忆合金表面类金刚石薄膜的生物摩擦磨损性能研究

利用脉冲电弧离子镀在医用NiTi形状记忆合金基底上沉积无氢类金刚石（DLC）薄膜，采用Raman光谱分析薄膜的微观结构，在UMT-2MT型摩擦磨损试验机上考察了薄膜的体外生物摩擦磨损特性．结果表明：所制备的类金刚石碳薄膜为四面体非晶碳薄膜，具有典型的类金刚石结构特征；在干摩擦及0．9％NaCl溶液和Hank’s溶液润滑条件下，DLC薄膜显示出良好的抗磨减摩性能；在NiTi合金表面沉积DLC薄膜以提高其生物相容性是可行的。     

热处理对类金刚石碳薄膜力学和摩擦性能的影响

利用直流磁分离及脉冲阴极双激发源等离子弧薄膜沉积装置制备了含Ti底层和无Ti底层的类金刚石碳薄膜(DLC);采用纳米硬度计、原子力显微镜和X射线光电子能谱仪分析了薄膜的力学性能和结构;采用УСК-1型球-盘滑动摩擦磨损试验机考察了薄膜的摩擦性能.结果表明,同无Ti底层的DLC薄膜相比,含Ti底层的DLC薄膜的硬度和弹性模量较低;含Ti底层的DLC薄膜经真空400℃退火后表面层中存在TiO2,内部存在TiC;而无Ti底层的DLC薄膜经真空500℃退火处理后硬度、弹性模量和表面形貌几乎保持不变;无Ti底层的DLC薄膜经空气中500℃退火后摩擦系数明显降低,这是由于DLC薄膜在空气中热处理时更易发生石墨化所致.     

掺硅类金刚石薄膜的HiPIMS-MFMS共沉积制备及其高温摩擦学行为研究

元素掺杂是提高类金刚石(DLC)薄膜高温耐摩擦性能的重要途径.本文中采用高功率脉冲磁控溅射(HiPIMS)和中频磁控溅射(MFMS)复合技术在304不锈钢表面沉积具有不同Si含量的掺硅类金刚石(Si-DLC)薄膜,利用原子力显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、纳米压痕和UMT-TriboLab摩擦试验机等系统分析了Si含量对Si-DLC薄膜的结构、力学性能及不同温度下的摩擦学性能的影响,重点探讨了Si-DLC薄膜在高温下摩擦磨损机制.结果表明：Si-DLC薄膜中Si以四面体碳化硅的形式随机分布于无定型DLC基体中,增强薄膜的韧性.同时,Si掺杂使DLC薄膜向金刚石结构发生转变并显著提高了薄膜的硬度.摩擦结果表明,当Si原子分数为15.38%时,Si-DLC薄膜在常温下的摩擦系数和磨损率最低,同时该薄膜在300℃下能维持在较低的摩擦系数(约0.1),主要是由于Si-DLC薄膜中的四面体碳化硅结构能够提升sp³键的稳定性.此外,Si-DLC薄膜中的Si在高温摩擦时会在对偶球表面形成1层SiO₂保护层,减...     

钛合金表面DLC薄膜的制备及其与不同材料配副的摩擦学性能研究

利用等离子体增强化学气相沉积法(PECVD)在钛合金TC4表面制备了梯度结构DLC薄膜,并研究了DLC薄膜微观形貌结构、力学性能以及不同对偶球材料(包括4种陶瓷与4种金属材料)对其摩擦学性能的影响. 结果表明:所制备的梯度结构DLC薄膜表面相对光滑平坦且与基底结合紧密,具有良好的力学性能;对于陶瓷球/DLC配副,在摩擦过程中由于对偶球硬度较大且耐磨,从而在陶瓷球表面易于形成稳定的碳质转移膜,SiC/DLC、Si₃N₄/DLC和ZrO₂/DLC表现为轻微的磨粒磨损和黏着磨损,而Al₂O₃球表面的碳元素含量较高使得DLC薄膜虽然发生破损和剥落但其摩擦系数仍保持在较低水平;金属球/DLC与陶瓷/DLC相比较,由于金属对偶球硬度较低,在摩擦过程中碳质转移膜无法稳定地覆盖在金属球,引起较高的摩擦系数,Al/DLC主要表现为严重的磨粒磨损,而Brass/DLC、304SS/DLC和GCr15/DLC主要为轻微的磨粒磨损或黏着磨损;SiC/DLC、ZrO₂/DLC、304SS/DLC和GCr15/DLC的DLC薄膜均具有较低的摩擦系数和磨损率且对偶球的磨斑较小,故其为较合理的摩擦副. 赫兹接触分析表明,陶瓷/DLC中除了ZrO₂/DLC,平均摩擦系数和计算接触半径的变化趋势是一致的,而在金属/DLC中并未发现这一规律.      

类金刚石薄膜的微动行为研究

微动磨损是1种极具隐蔽性和危害性的磨损形式，目前一般通过固体薄膜或流体润滑剂来进行防护.类金刚石碳基(diamond-like carbon, DLC)薄膜具有良好的摩擦学性能，因而广泛应用于各种润滑.探索DLC薄膜的微动行为对预防和减轻机械微动损耗至关重要.本文作者通过调控法向载荷和位移幅值，开展了DLC薄膜的微动摩擦试验，探究二者对DLC薄膜微动摩擦行为的影响，并结合各种表征手段研究薄膜损伤情况及磨损机理.结果表明：在微动试验中二者的大小会直接影响微动接触状态；微动磨损在部分滑移区和完全滑移区的磨损机理不同；施加的载荷和位移幅值调控着摩擦界面的氧化程度、碳质转移膜形成及DLC薄膜石墨化程度，从而决定了DLC薄膜的减摩耐磨机理.此工作为DLC薄膜在实际微动工况中的应用提供一定理论依据.     

纳尺度下类金刚石(DLC)薄膜摩擦性能研究

类金刚石薄膜(DLC)作为保护涂层在磁存储系统和微/纳米机电系统(M/NEMS)等方面的应用十分广泛,但其在实际应用中存在着摩擦副的设计问题,本文中采用物理气相沉积(PVD)技术以金属Cr作为过渡层在硅基底上制备类金刚石薄膜,利用原子力显微镜,对类金刚石薄膜的表面特性进行表征,并研究针尖的力学性能对类金刚石薄膜摩擦学性能的影响.结果表明纳尺度下硅针尖和氮化硅针尖测得的摩擦力与法向载荷之间均呈线性关系,这说明针尖材料对类金刚石薄膜的摩擦性能没有影响.Si针尖的SEM图像表明:高载荷下,Si/DLC摩擦副的摩擦系数增加是由于Si针尖的磨损;而类金刚石薄膜的AFM图像表明:Si3N4/DLC摩擦副的摩擦系数增加是由于类金刚石薄膜表面的粗糙峰在高载条件下发生了塑性变形,DMT理论计算验证了我们的实验结果.因此,本研究对于类金刚石薄膜在实际应用中摩擦副的设计具有指导意义.     

钛合金表面掺金属类金刚石薄膜的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用阳极层流型矩形气体离子源结合非平衡磁控溅射法在钛合金基体表面制备掺金属类金刚石(Me-DLC)薄膜,通过X射线光电子能谱仪、俄歇微探针、表面形貌仪及扫描电子显微镜等对薄膜结构进行表征,用SRV型摩擦磨损试验机评价其摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,类金刚石薄膜可以提高钛合金基体的承载能力和硬度,对基体材料起到有效的耐磨减摩作用,掺钨类金刚石薄膜的硬度及膜/基结合强度较高,具有良好的耐磨减摩性能,且在膜层承载能力范围内,载荷越高,DLC梯度薄膜的摩擦系数越小.     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).