不确定初始几何缺陷壳的动态屈曲分析

研究了动载作用下含有不确定初始几何缺陷壳的动态屈曲问题.给出了不确定初始几何缺陷在椭球描述和区间描述下,壳的动态响应和安全因子的界限估计.从数学证明和数值算例两方面,讨论了基于不确定性初始几何缺陷两种描述的凸模型方法和区间分析方法所得壳动态响应及安全因子的界限的关系,为判断壳的动态屈曲失效提供了依据.     

卫星在轨道平面内的可达范围研究

对在初始轨道上施加平面内幅值固定的脉冲后卫星的可达范围进行了研究. 考虑脉冲幅值较小、生成轨道均为椭圆的情况. 根据平面曲线族包络线的定义,针对不同任务的需求,考虑脉冲施加点固定而方向任意、脉冲施加点任意而方向固定、脉冲施加点和方向均任意的3种情况,分别给出了确定可达范围边界的方法. 数值仿真表明: 所提出的方法能够确切描述卫星可达范围的边界,所得结论对初始椭圆轨道的偏心率没有限制,可以用于单颗卫星机动范围的评估和不同卫星间安全距离的设计.      

双曲拱坝优化设计中的几个问题

本文在早先工作的基础上,进一步研究了双曲拱坝的优化设计问题,给出了五心圆双曲拱坝和抛物线双曲拱坝的几何模型,离散几何模型和混合几何模型,对各种拱坝几何模型的特点进行了分析和评述,提出了通过设计变量的缩减而得到几种不同几何模型的方法,给出了两阶段优化方法和边界搜索法,在我国,双曲拱坝的优化设计已开始应用于实际工程,效果显著。本文介绍了为使拱坝优化设计进入实用阶段而采取的一些策略。     

一种抛物线浅拱线性单元

为研究抛物线浅拱在复杂受力状态下的线性内力及位移,考虑拱的压弯耦合作用,基于力法和浅拱假定,对抛物线拱平衡方程、几何方程和物理方程进行了分析;求得了抛物线拱内力方程通解格式,构建了抛物线浅拱位移形函数。利用最小势能原理,构造了抛物线浅拱单元。算例表明,本文构造的抛物线浅拱单元计算的抛物线拱内力与理论解计算结果符合较好,在划分一个单元时最大相对误差仅为4.03%,可用于抛物线拱分析。     

压弯钢管拱极限承载力计算的等效梁柱法

对抛物线完善的和具有初始几何缺陷的钢管拱,应用双重非线性有限元方法,分析了其在拱顶集中力和非对称分布荷载作用下的失稳特性,提出了以GB50017-2003的轴力-弯矩相关方程为基本计算公式、采用考虑矢跨比因素的稳定系数和缺陷折减系数的等效梁柱法,与双重非线性有限元计算结果比较表明,这种等效梁柱法可方便且较精确地计算抛物线压弯钢管拱的极限承载力.     

关于铅球最佳出手角的讨论

利用初等数学确定铅球抛高、抛程和最佳抛角的关系,介绍了曲线簇的包络线和斜坡上的抛体求解;在一般情形下证明了抛体以最佳抛角到达指定距离或高度时沿初始抛掷方向的速度为零.     

微分几何与向后差分相结合的多柔体系统动力学数值方法

将处理微分－代数混合方程的微分几何方法与向后差分相结合，建立了一种新的求解多柔体系统的力学方程的数值方法，通过典型算例验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

非完整力学

简要地概述了非完整力学的基本概念、变分原理、运动方程、专门问题、积分方法、代数结构与几何方法,论述了非完整力学未来发展的趋势,包括90篇参考文献。      

基于Voronoi切割算法的碎冰区构造及离散元分析

离散元方法广泛应用于海冰,特别是碎冰区的动力过程及其对海洋结构作用过程的数值模拟。为构造碎冰区中的冰块几何特性,基于二维Voronoi图方法对计算域进行随机切割以生成碎冰区中冰块的几何形态,并采用球体单元对每个碎冰块单元进行填充,从而确定碎冰区的初始分布场。在采用Voronoi图进行碎冰区构造时,可对冰块尺寸、几何形态和密集度等海冰参数进行设定。为确定冰块的不同几何规则度,综合采用排斥法和扰动法以定量地控制碎冰块几何形态从完全随机分布到规则分布的连续变换。为分析不同几何规则度下碎冰块的几何特性概率分布规律,对计算域内冰块的面积和边数等参数进行统计分析,从而可更合理地参数化控制初始冰场中碎冰块的几何特性。在此基础上,本文基于粘接-破碎的球体离散元方法对不同冰况下锥体结构的冰荷载进行了数值计算,讨论分析了碎冰区的海冰密集度、冰块面积和几何规则度对冰载荷的影响。     

基于Voronoi切割算法的碎冰区构造及离散元分析

离散元方法广泛应用于海冰，特别是碎冰区的动力过程及其对海洋结构作用过程的数值模拟。为构造碎冰区中的冰块几何特性，基于二维Voronoi图方法对计算域进行随机切割以生成碎冰区中冰块的几何形态，并采用球体单元对每个碎冰块单元进行填充，从而确定碎冰区的初始分布场。在采用Voronoi图进行碎冰区构造时，可对冰块尺寸、几何形态和密集度等海冰参数进行设定。为确定冰块的不同几何规则度，综合采用排斥法和扰动法以定量地控制碎冰块几何形态从完全随机分布到规则分布的连续变换。为分析不同几何规则度下碎冰块的几何特性概率分布规律，对计算域内冰块的面积和边数等参数进行统计分析，从而可更合理地参数化控制初始冰场中碎冰块的几何特性。在此基础上，本文基于粘接-破碎的球体离散元方法对不同冰况下锥体结构的冰荷载进行了数值计算，讨论分析了碎冰区的海冰密集度、冰块面积和几何规则度对冰载荷的影响。     

骨陷窝-骨细胞形状和方向对骨单元内液体流动行为的影响

骨组织内的流体流动不仅为骨细胞的生存提供了充足营养供应及代谢物排放途径,也在骨重建过程中起到关键作用. 为了更精确地阐明骨内液体流动的具体形式,这项研究利用骨陷窝-骨细胞的密度,形态和方向等参数来计算骨单元内液体的流动行为. 首先,计算出不同形状和方向的骨陷窝周围骨小管的数量及分布情况,其次利用算出的参数以及骨组织其他微结构数据来估计骨组织的渗透率和孔隙率等参数,最后根据计算所得的参数建立骨单元的多孔弹性力学有限元模型,并分析了在轴向位移载荷作用下骨陷窝形状和方向对骨单元内液体渗流行为的影响. 结果表明,在所研究的参数范围内不同骨单元模型的相同区域上,骨陷窝形状影响下的骨单元最大压力和流速比最小的分别增加了86%和18%;骨陷窝方向影响下的最大压力和流速比最小的分别增加了125%和56%. 伸长形骨陷窝对单个骨单元局部压力的影响远大于扁平形和圆形骨陷窝. 骨陷窝从0°绕$x$轴旋转到90°过程中压力是逐渐降低的,且30°,45°和60°的模型对骨单元内局部流速有显著影响. 该模型表示骨陷窝的形状和方向以及骨小管的三维分布对骨单元内液体压力和流速幅值及沿不同方向的流动差异有显著的影响. 这项研究将有助于精确量化描述骨内液体的流体行为.      

Dissecting the Molecular Basis of the Mechanics of Living Cells

Cells establish and modulate their morphology and mechanics through the use of structural networks whose components range in size from a few nanometers to tens of micrometers. Over the past two decades, an exciting suite of sophisticated micro- and nanoscale technologies has emerged that permits investigators to directly probe structural and functional contributions of these components in living cells. Here we review underlying principles and recent applications of four such approaches: atomic force microscopy, subcellular laser ablation, micropatterning, and microfluidics. Together, these new tools are offering valuable insight into the molecular basis of cell structure and mechanics and revealing the remarkably broad influence of the mechanical microenvironment on many aspects of cell biology.     

航天器动力学与控制的研究进展与展望

开展航天器动力学与控制的研究在航天技术的发展中起到举足轻重的作用, 其目的在于发展有效的方法促使航天器在各阶段平稳可靠地运行. 航天器技术发展迅速, 其形式日趋多样化, 功能与构造日趋复杂,已经向大型空间站、微小卫星、深空探测等方向发展. 航天器结构表现出多耦合、非线性、极端外界环境, 以及大尺度柔性结构等特征, 由此激发起航天器动力学与控制领域各方向的深入研究. 航天器动力学与控制的研究方法覆盖理论分析、数值仿真, 以及实验模拟等诸多方面, 研究内容十分丰富. 本文概括介绍了近年来航天器动力学与控制研究方面的发展状况, 综述了跨航天器动力学与控制、航天器系统级动力学与振动控制、航天器部件级动力学与振动控制等航天领域中的若干基础问题. 内容主要集中于航天领域中不同应用范围、不同层次结构的航天器动力学模型的建立和动力学响应与振动控制的研究方法及已取得的成果. 最后, 提出了该领域中值得进一步考虑的科学问题及未来的发展方向.      

航天柔性结构振动控制的若干新进展

围绕航天柔性结构的振动控制，从结构及材料的数学模型、材料及器件、基本理论与方法和一体化振动控制几个方面对一些研究的最新进展进行了介绍．主动控制和被动控制的一体化技术研究是当今航天柔性结构振动控制研究的重点，两种控制方法的结合不仅优点互补，而且提高了控制系统的性能．控制用材料和器件的研究在工程应用的推动下，也取得了较快的发展，并促进了振动控制技术的实用化     

Rheological properties of lightly crosslinked carboxy copolymers in aqueous solutions

The rheological properties of a series of lightly crosslinked carboxy copolymers in aqueous solutions have been evaluated in steady shear and dynamic oscillatory modes. Viscosity profiles and the behavior of storage modulus are related to the chemical composition of the copolymers and their crosslinking density. A maximum in viscosity and in storage modulus which depends on the type of crosslinking agent used is explained by a combination of a chain entanglement mechanism and a closely-packed spheres model. The recovery of viscosity and storage modulus after shearing is very fast and is related to the very fast rearrangement of the microgel structure as a function of time.     

油气井密封结构的变形与失效行为研究进展

在今后相当长一个时期,石油和天然气依然是人类的主要能源.油气井密封是油气开采中最重要的作业之一,在水平钻井、水力压裂等最新的油气开采技术中发挥着重要的作用,促进了页岩气等非常规油气开采的发展.密封质量会直接影响油气井的安全和生产效率,密封元件的失效可造成严重的环境污染和生命财产损失.因此,深入理解密封元件的失效行为,对于油气井安全评估具有重要意义.水泥和可溶胀高弹体密封是两种最主要的密封方式.水泥密封已有百余年历史,溶胀式高弹体密封则是一种相对较新的密封技术.本文介绍这两种油气井密封结构变形与失效行为的国内外最新研究进展.首先,介绍固井水泥环固化过程中的应力演化、生产作业导致的应力、水泥环的失效模式和失效判据方面的研究进展;然后,介绍溶胀式高弹体封隔器的基本原理、力学理论、测试方法、失效模式及失稳等方面的研究进展.      

Viscoplasticity of agglomerated suspensions

This work is a theoretical study on the effects of agglomeration on the fluidity and plasticity of a suspension of neutrally buoyant particles in a Newtonian fluid. The dynamics of a cluster of permanently attached spherical particles in a simple shear field is analyzed. The viscous and plastic components of the drag force acting on each of the agglomerated particles is then calculated and found to depend on the size of the individual particle unit, its location being relative to the center of the cluster and the material properties of the engulfing fluid. This information in conjunction with the knowledge of the interparticle cohesive forces is used to establish criteria for the agglomerate size reduction during dispersive mixing. From the kinematics of the cluster movement and the forces acting on its particulate components the rate of energy dissipation is calculated and utilized to evaluate the viscosity and yield stress of the suspension. These rheological parameters depend on the volume fraction and architecture of the agglomerate, the number of fused particles per cluster, and the viscosity of the suspending fluid. The analysis is also extended to include the case of polydispersity of agglomerate sizes.     

Modeling Biogeochemical Processes in Leachate-Contaminated Soils: A Review

During subsurface transport, reactive solutes are subject to a variety of hydrological, physical and biochemical processes. The major hydrological and physical processes include advection, diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion, and key biochemical processes are aqueous complexation, precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption, microbial reactions, and redox transformations. The addition of strongly reduced landfill leachate to an aquifer may lead to the development of different redox environments depending on factors such as the redox capacities and reactivities of the reduced and oxidised compounds in the leachate and the aquifer. The prevailing redox environment is key to understanding the fate of pollutants in the aquifer. The local hydrogeologic conditions such as hydraulic conductivity, ion exchange capacity, and buffering capacity of the soil are also important in assessing the potential for groundwater pollution. Attenuating processes such as bacterial growth and metal precipitation, which alter soil characteristics, must be considered to correctly assess environmental impact. A multicomponent reactive solute transport model coupled to kinetic biodegradation and precipitation/dissolution model, and geochemical equilibrium model can be used to assess the impact of contaminants leaking from landfills on groundwater quality. The fluid flow model can also be coupled to the transport model to simulate the clogging of soils using a relationship between permeability and change in soil porosity. This paper discusses the different biogeochemical processes occurring in leachate-contaminated soils and the modeling of the transport and fate of organic and inorganic contaminants under such conditions.     

Particuology and climate change

The global concern over the greenhouse gas emissions and its effect on global warming and climate change has focused attention on the necessity of carbon dioxide capture and sequestration. There are many processes proposed to capture carbon either before or after combustion and these processes invariably involve investigation and application of traditional particuology. The solids employed are of different sizes, densities, morphologies, and strengths. Their handling, transportation, recirculation, and reactor applications are the essence of ＇particuology＇. Particuology can play an important and vital role in achieving cost-effective removal of carbon and minimize emissions of greenhouse gases. In this paper, the existing and developing carbon capture processes are briefly reviewed and the opportunities for application of particuology are identified. The review was not intended to be exhaustive. It is only in sufficient detail to make connection between particuology and climate change. For immediate and future challenges of reducing global warming and carbon capture and sequestration, innovative reactor design and application of parricuology is imperative. Expertise and innovation in particuology can greatly enhance the speed of development of those technologies and help to achieve cost-effective implementation. Particuology is indeed intimately related to the climate change and global warming.     

Alternating chaos versus synchronized vibrations of interacting plate with beams

We study networks of coupled oscillators governed by ODEs and yielded by physically validated sets of a few PDEs governing dynamics of structural members (plate and beams), chaos and phase synchronization and contact/no-contact non-linear dynamics of structural members coupled via boundary conditions. We have detected, illustrated and discussed a few novel kinds of hybrid states of the studied plate-beam(s) contact/no-contact interactions as well as novel scenarios of transition into chaos exhibited by the interplay of continuous objects. Classical (time histories, phase portraits, Poincaré maps, FFT, Lyapunov exponents) and non-classical (2D Morlet wavelets) approaches are used while monitoring non-linear dynamics of the interacting spatial structural members. Our results include examples from structural mechanics and the studied objects are modelled by validated mechanical hypotheses and assumptions. Novel non-linear phenomena including switching to different vibration regimes and phase chaotic synchronization are illustrated and discussed.