Wave propagation analysis of porous functionally graded piezoelectric nanoplates with a visco-Pasternak foundation

This study investigates the size-dependent wave propagation behaviors under the thermoelectric loads of porous functionally graded piezoelectric(FGP) nanoplates deposited in a viscoelastic foundation. It is assumed that(i) the material parameters of the nanoplates obey a power-law variation in thickness and(ii) the uniform porosity exists in the nanoplates. The combined effects of viscoelasticity and shear deformation are considered by using the Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic model and the refined hi...     

Nonlocal thermal buckling and postbuckling of functionally graded graphene nanoplatelet reinforced piezoelectric micro-plate

This paper analyzes the nonlocal thermal buckling and postbuckling behaviors of a multi-layered graphene nanoplatelet(GPL) reinforced piezoelectric micro-plate. The GPLs are supposed to disperse as a gradient pattern in the composite micro-plate along its thickness. The effective material properties are calculated by the Halpin-Tsai parallel model and mixture rule for the functionally graded GPL reinforced piezoelectric(FG-GRP) micro-plate. Governing equations for the nonlocal thermal buckling a...     

Free vibration of functionally graded beams based on both classical and first-order shear deformation beam theories

The free vibration of functionally graded material （FGM） beams is studied based on both the classical and the first-order shear deformation beam theories. The equations of motion for the FGM beams are derived by considering the shear deforma- tion and the axial, transversal, rotational, and axial-rotational coupling inertia forces on the assumption that the material properties vary arbitrarily in the thickness direction. By using the numerical shooting method to solve the eigenvalue problem of the coupled ordinary differential equations with different boundary conditions, the natural frequen- cies of the FGM Timoshenko beams are obtained numerically. In a special case of the classical beam theory, a proportional transformation between the natural frequencies of the FGM and the reference homogenous beams is obtained by using the mathematical similarity between the mathematical formulations. This formula provides a simple and useful approach to evaluate the natural frequencies of the FGM beams without dealing with the tension-bending coupling problem. Approximately, this analogous transition can also be extended to predict the frequencies of the FGM Timoshenko beams. The numerical results obtained by the shooting method and those obtained by the analogous transformation are presented to show the effects of the material gradient, the slenderness ratio, and the boundary conditions on the natural frequencies in detail.     

Thermoelastic analysis of functionally graded graphene reinforced rectangular plates based on 3D elasticity

Thermoelastic bending behaviour of novel functionally graded polymer nanocomposite rectangular plate reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GPLs) whose weight fraction varies continuously and smoothly along the thickness direction is investigated. The generalized Mian and Spencer method is utilized to obtain the analytical solutions of nanocomposite rectangular plate with two opposite edges simply supported and under a uniformly distributed transverse load and a temperature change. Three GPL distribution patterns are considered. Comparison between the present analytical solutions and those available in literature is carried out to verify the accuracy of our analytical solutions. A parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of GPL’s weight fraction, distribution pattern, geometry and size as well as the temperature change and plate boundary conditions on the stress and deformation fields of the nanocomposite plates. Numerical results show that the addition of GPLs at a very low content can have a significant reinforcing effect on the thermo-mechanical response of the plate.     

多孔功能梯度材料Timoshenko梁的自由振动分析

基于Timoshenko梁理论研究多孔功能梯度材料梁(FGMs)的自由振动问题.首先,考虑多孔功能梯度材料梁的孔隙率模型,建立了两种类型的孔隙分布.其次,基于Timoshenko梁变形理论,给出位移场方程、几何方程和本构方程,利用Hamilton原理推导多孔功能梯度材料梁的自由振动控制微分方程,并进行无量纲化,然后应用微分变换法(DTM)对无量纲控制微分方程及其边界条件进行变换,得到含有固有频率的等价代数特征方程.最后,计算了固定-固定(C-C)、固定-简支(C-S)和简支-简支(S-S)三种不同边界下多孔功能梯度材料梁自由振动的无量纲固有频率.将其退化为均匀材料与已有文献数据结果对照,验证了正确性.讨论了孔隙率、细长比和梯度指数对多孔功能梯度材料梁无量纲固有频率的影响.     

热载荷作用下梯度多孔材料梁弯曲及过屈曲力学行为的研究

基于Bernoulli-Euler梁理论,引入物理中面解耦了复合材料结构的面内变形与横向弯曲特性,研究了梯度多孔材料矩形截面梁在热载荷作用下的弯曲及过屈曲力学行为．假设沿梁厚度方向材料的性质是连续变化的,利用能量法推导了矩形截面梁的控制微分方程和边界条件,并用打靶法对无量纲化的控制方程进行数值求解．利用计算得到的结果分析了材料的性质、热载荷、边界条件对矩形截面梁非线性力学行为的影响．结果表明,对称材料模型下,固支梁与简支梁均显示出了典型的分支屈曲行为特征,而其临界屈曲热载荷值均会随着孔隙率系数的增加而单调增加．非对称材料模型下,固支梁仍显示出分支屈曲行为特征,但其临界屈曲热载荷不再随着孔隙率系数的变化而单调变化;而对于两端简支梁,发生了弯曲变形,弯曲挠度随载荷的增大而增大．     

Chebyshev collocation approach for vibration analysis of functionally graded porous beams based on third-order shear deformation theory

In this paper, vibration analysis of functionally graded porous beams is carried out using the third-order shear deformation theory. The beams have uniform and non-uniform porosity distributions across their thickness and both ends are supported by rotational and translational springs. The material properties of the beams such as elastic moduli and mass density can be related to the porosity and mass coefficient utilizing the typical mechanical features of open-cell metal foams. The Chebyshev collocation method is applied to solve the governing equations derived from Hamilton’s principle, which is used in order to obtain the accurate natural frequencies for the vibration problem of beams with various general and elastic boundary conditions. Based on the numerical experiments, it is revealed that the natural frequencies of the beams with asymmetric and non-uniform porosity distributions are higher than those of other beams with uniform and symmetric porosity distributions.     

THERMAL POST-BUCKLING OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL TIMOSHENKO BEAMS

Analysis of thermal post-buckling of FGM (Functionally Graded Material) Timoshenko beams subjected to transversely non-uniform temperature rise is presented. By accurately considering the axial extension and transverse shear deformation in the sense of theory of Timoshenko beam, geometrical nonlinear governing equations including seven basic unknown functions for functionally graded beams subjected to mechanical and thermal loads were formulated. In the analysis, it was assumed that the material properties of the beam vary continuously as a power function of the thickness coordinate. By using a shooting method, the obtained nonlinear boundary value problem was numerically solved and thermal buckling and post-buckling response of transversely non-uniformly heated FGM Timoshenko beams with fixed-fixed edges were obtained. Characteristic curves of the buckling deformation of the beam varying with thermal load and the power law index are plotted. The effects of material gradient property on the buckling deformation and critical temperature of beam were discussed in details. The results show that there exists the tension-bend coupling deformation in the uniformly heated beam because of the transversely non-uniform characteristic of materials.     

Characteristics of elastic waves in FGM spherical shells,an analytical solution

In this paper, we investigate the propagation characteristics of elastic guided waves in FGM spherical shells with exponentially graded material in the radial direction. A new separation of variables technique to displacements is proposed to convert the governing equations of the wave motion to the second-order ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. By further a variables transform technique, these equations are transformed to the Whittaker equations so that analytic solutions can be obtained. For the spherical shell case, by satisfying the traction-free boundary conditions on both the inner and outer surfaces of the shell, we obtain the dispersion equations, which show that both the SH and Lamb-type wave modes are generated in the structure. The calculated dispersion curves in the functionally graded shell demonstrate a clear influence of the gradient coefficient as compared to those of the homogeneous shell, with the Lamb-type waves more sensitive to the gradient coefficient. The mode shapes and the distributions of stresses in the shells for various gradient coefficients are also presented to illustrate their dependence on the gradient coefficient.     

旋转中心刚体-FGM梁刚柔热耦合动力学特性研究

对旋转中心刚体-功能梯度材料(functionally graded material,FGM)梁刚柔热耦合动力学特性进行研究.FGM梁为物理性能参数沿厚度方向呈幂律分布的欧拉伯努利梁.考虑柔性梁的横向弯曲变形和轴向拉伸变形, 并计入横向弯曲变形引起的纵向缩短,即非线性耦合变形量.考虑变截面空心梁在外部高温、内冷通道冷却情况下的热力耦合对系统动力学特性的影响,求解得到FGM梁沿厚度方向分布的温度场, 进而在本构关系中计入热应变.采用假设模态法对柔性梁变形场进行离散,运用第二类拉格朗日方程推导得到系统的刚柔热耦合动力学方程,并编制动力学仿真软件, 然后通过仿真算例对系统的动力学问题进行研究.结果表明:不同截面梁动力学响应差异较大, 因此需对实际系统合理建模;大范围运动已知时, 考虑热冲击载荷的FGM梁将有效抑制横向弯曲变形,而大范围运动恒定时随热冲击的叠加会出现高频振荡; 大范围运动未知时,外力矩和热冲击载荷相互作用产生热力耦合效应, 导致系统呈现高频振荡,同时与中心刚体大范围旋转运动产生刚柔热耦合效应.      

Nonlinear vibration of functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced composite truncated conical shell using first-order shear deformation theory

In this study, the first-order shear deformation theory(FSDT) is used to establish a nonlinear dynamic model for a conical shell truncated by a functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced composite(FG-GPLRC). The vibration analyses of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell are presented. Considering the graphene platelets(GPLs) of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell with three different distribution patterns, the modified Halpin-Tsai model is used to calculate the effective Young's modulus. Hamilton's principle, the FSDT, and the von-Karman type nonlinear geometric relationships are used to derive a system of partial differential governing equations of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell. The Galerkin method is used to obtain the ordinary differential equations of the truncated conical shell. Then, the analytical nonlinear frequencies of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell are solved by the harmonic balance method. The effects of the weight fraction and distribution pattern of the GPLs, the ratio of the length to the radius as well as the ratio of the radius to the thickness of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell on the nonlinear natural frequency characteristics are discussed. This study culminates in the discovery of the periodic motion and chaotic motion of the FG-GPLRC truncated conical shell.     

Nonlinear vibration of functionally graded graphene-reinforced composite laminated beams resting on elastic foundations in thermal environments

Modeling and nonlinear vibration analysis of graphene-reinforced composite (GRC) laminated beams resting on elastic foundations in thermal environments are presented. The graphene reinforcements are assumed to be aligned and are distributed either uniformly or functionally graded of piece-wise type along the thickness of the beam. The motion equations of the beams are based on a higher-order shear deformation beam theory and von Kármán strain displacement relationships. The beam–foundation interaction and thermal effects are also included. The temperature-dependent material properties of GRCs are estimated through a micromechanical model. A two-step perturbation approach is employed to determine the nonlinear-to-linear frequency ratios of GRC laminated beams. Detailed parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effects of material property gradient, temperature variation, stacking sequence as well as the foundation stiffness on the linear and nonlinear vibration characteristics of the GRC laminated beams.     

Effect of thermal dispersion on free convection in a fluid saturated porous medium

The present article considers a numerical study of thermal dispersion effect on the non-Darcy natural convection over a vertical flat plate in a fluid saturated porous medium. Forchheimer extension is considered in the flow equations. The coefficient of thermal diffusivity has been assumed to be the sum of molecular diffusivity and the dispersion thermal diffusivity due to mechanical dispersion. The non-dimensional governing equations are solved by the finite element method (FEM) with a Newton–Raphson solver. Numerical results for the details of the stream function, velocity and temperature contours and profiles as well as heat transfer rates in terms of Nusselt number are obtained. The study shows that the increase in thermal dispersion coefficient of the porous medium results in more heat energy to disperse away in the normal direction to the wall. This induces more fluid to flow along the wall, enhancing the heat transfer coefficient particularly near the wall.     

Vibration of thermally postbuckled carbon nanotube-reinforced composite beams resting on elastic foundations

This paper investigates the small- and large-amplitude vibrations of thermally postbuckled carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) beams resting on elastic foundations. For the CNTRC beams, uniformly distributed (UD) and functionally graded (FG) reinforcements are considered where the temperature-dependent material properties of CNRTC beams are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction and estimated through a micromechanical model. The motion equations are derived based on a higher order shear deformation beam theory with including the beam-foundation interaction. The initial deflection caused by thermal postbuckling is also included. The numerical illustrations concern small- and large-amplitude vibration characteristics of thermally postbuckled CNTRC beams under uniform temperature field. The effects of carbon nanotube (CNT) volume fraction and distribution patterns as well as foundation stiffness on the vibration characteristics of CNTRC beams are examined in detail.     

热荷载作用下Timoshenko功能梯度夹层梁的静态响应

在精确考虑轴线伸长和一阶横向剪切变形的基础上建立了Timoshenko功能梯度夹层梁在热载荷作用下的几何非线性控制方程.采用打靶法数值求解所得强非线性边值问题,获得了两端固支功能梯度夹层梁在横向非均匀升温作用下的静态热过屈曲和热弯曲变形数值解.分析了功能梯度材料参数变化、不同表层厚度和升温参数对夹层梁弯曲变形、拉-弯耦...     

Nonlinear dynamic response of nanotube-reinforced composite plates resting on elastic foundations in thermal environments

This paper presents an investigation on the nonlinear dynamic response of carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) plates resting on elastic foundations in thermal environments. Two configurations, i.e., single-layer CNTRC plate and three-layer plate that is composed of a homogeneous core layer and two CNTRC surface sheets, are considered. The single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) reinforcement is either uniformly distributed (UD) or functionally graded (FG) in the thickness direction. The material properties of FG-CNTRC plates are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction, and are estimated through a micromechanical model. The motion equations are based on a higher-order shear deformation theory with a von Kármán-type of kinematic nonlinearity. The thermal effects are also included and the material properties of CNTRCs are assumed to be temperature-dependent. The equations of motion that includes plate-foundation interaction are solved by a two-step perturbation technique. Two cases of the in-plane boundary conditions are considered. Initial stresses caused by thermal loads or in-plane edge loads are introduced. The effects of material property gradient, the volume fraction distribution, the foundation stiffness, the temperature change, the initial stress, and the core-to-face sheet thickness ratio on the dynamic response of CNTRC plates are discussed in detail through a parametric study.     

Particle Flow Code Method-Based Meso-scale Identification for Seepage Failure of Soil Levee

The development and validation of a grid-based pore-scale numerical modelling methodology applied to five different commercial metal foam samples is described. The 3-D digital representation of the foam geometry was obtained by the use of X-ray microcomputer tomography scans, and macroscopic properties such as porosity, specific surface and pore size distribution are directly calculated from tomographic data. Pressure drop measurements were performed on all the samples under a wide range of flow velocities, with focus on the turbulent flow regime. Airflow pore-scale simulations were carried out solving the continuity and Navier–Stokes equations using a commercial finite volume code. The feasibility of using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models to account for the turbulence within the pore space was evaluated. Macroscopic transport quantities are calculated from the pore-scale simulations by averaging. Permeability and Forchheimer coefficient values are obtained from the pressure gradient data for both experiments and simulations and used for validation. Results have shown that viscous losses are practically negligible under the conditions investigated and pressure losses are dominated by inertial effects. Simulations performed on samples with varying thickness in the flow direction showed the pressure gradient to be affected by the sample thickness. However, as the thickness increased, the pressure gradient tended towards an asymptotic value.     

An Analytical Model for Determination of the Solvent Convective Dispersion Coefficient in the Vapor Extraction Heavy Oil Recovery Process

In this article, a new model is developed to determine the solvent convective dispersion coefficient in a solvent vapor extraction (VAPEX) heavy oil recovery process. It is assumed that solvent mass transfer by convective dispersion takes place along the transition zone between the solvent chamber and untouched heavy oil, whereas solvent mass transfer by molecular diffusion occurs in the direction normal to the transition zone. It is also assumed that the solvent-diluted heavy oil gravity drainage through the transition zone has a linear or quadratic velocity profile in order to obtain analytical solutions of the solvent convective dispersion coefficients for the solvent chamber spreading and falling phases. As a result, this analytical model correlates the solvent convective dispersion coefficient to the maximum apparent oil gravity drainage velocity at the interface between the solvent chamber and transition zone, solvent molecular diffusion coefficient, transition-zone thickness, and porosity of the porous medium. To determine the solvent convective dispersion coefficient, the maximum apparent oil gravity drainage velocity is calculated by using Darcy’s law and the transition-zone thickness is obtained either from a previous study or by using a time similarity between the solvent molecular diffusion and oil gravity drainage. It is found that such a determined solvent convective dispersion coefficient is two to five orders larger than the solvent molecular diffusion coefficient, depending on the detailed experimental conditions of a specific VAPEX test.     

Effects of covering layer thickness on Love waves in functionally graded piezoelectric substrates

An analytical approach is used to investigate the effects of covering layer thickness on the propagation behavior of Love waves in functionally graded piezoelectric materials (FGPMs) covered with a dielectric layer. The piezoelectric substrate is polarized in the direction perpendicular to the wave propagation plane, and its material parameters change continuously along the thickness direction. The dispersion equations for the existence of Love waves with respect to phase velocity are obtained for electrically open and shorted cases, respectively. A detailed investigation of the effects of the covering dielectric layer thickness on dispersion curve, phase velocity, group velocity, and electromechanical coupling factor is carried out. Numerical results show that for a given FGPM, the covering dielectric layer thickness affects significantly the fundamental mode of Love waves but has only negligible effects on the high-order modes. The changes in phase velocity, group velocity, and electromechanical coupling factor due to the change of gradient coefficient of FGPMs could be approached approximately by changing the thickness of the covering dielectric layer, which imply a potential factor for designing new-type surface wave devices with FGPMs.     

An efficient higher order zigzag theory for composite and sandwich beams subjected to thermal loading

A new efficient higher order zigzag theory is presented for thermal stress analysis of laminated beams under thermal loads, with modification of the third order zigzag model by inclusion of the explicit contribution of the thermal expansion coefficient α₃ in the approximation of the transverse displacement w. The thermal field is approximated as piecewise linear across the thickness. The displacement field is expressed in terms of the thermal field and only three primary displacement variables by satisfying exactly the conditions of zero transverse shear stress at the top and the bottom and its continuity at the layer interfaces. The governing equations are derived using the principle of virtual work. Fourier series solutions are obtained for simply-supported beams. Comparison with the exact thermo-elasticity solution for thermal stress analysis under two kinds of thermal loads establishes that the present zigzag theory is generally very accurate and superior to the existing zigzag theory for composite and sandwich beams.