黏弹性结构振动阴尼等效化方法的讨论

基于能量等效的原则将黏弹性结构振动阻尼等效简化成黏性阻尼模型来处理是工程上常用的方法,本首先介绍了能量等效法,并提出了一种基于系统特征值相等原则的等效方法;详细讨论并比较了两种黏性阻尼等效方法所得到的等效系统,指出基于能量、特征值等效的原则实质上分虽等价于系统的频率响应函数、频率响应函数幅值的等效性。     

基于频率相关黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法

黏性阻尼模型存在每周期耗散能量与外激励频率相关的缺陷, 复阻尼模型时域计算结果存在发散现象. 为克服上述两种阻尼模型的不足, 在复阻尼模型基础上, 依据时频域转化原则推导了频率相关黏性阻尼模型. 频率相关黏性阻尼模型不仅具有每周期耗散能量与外激励频率无关的优点, 还保证了结构位移时程的稳定收敛. 混合结构由具有不同阻尼特性的材料组成, 其阻尼矩阵为非比例矩阵, 无法直接采用实模态叠加法. 根据频率相关黏性阻尼模型与复阻尼模型的转换关系, 提出了适用于混合结构的基于频率相关黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法. 算例分析结果表明, 与基于黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法相比, 基于频率相关黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法不仅计算结果唯一, 且不增加矩阵维度, 具有较高的计算效率. 小阻尼情况下, 两种方法的计算结果近似相等, 且与复阻尼模型的频域计算结果一致. 当阻尼比较大时, 两种方法的计算结果差异增大, 但频率相关黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法与复阻尼模型的频域计算结果仍保持一致.      

直升机桨叶液压减摆器等效阻尼计算研究

直升机桨叶液压减摆器具有强非线性、大阻尼的特点。为了正确评估减摆器的等效阻尼，就旋转桨叶在水平面内的自由摆振运动，采用基于富里叶分析的移动矩形窗、基于希尔贝特（Hilbert）变换和能量平衡的方法对减摆器的等效阻尼进行了计算研究，并就阻尼强弱、衰减对数曲线的拟合等因素对计算结果的影响进行了分析。结果表明，对于线性阻尼和非线性弱阻尼振动系统，包络衰减法和能量平衡法计算等效阻尼能获得较一致的结果，对于非线性阻尼振动系统来说结果有分散性，应用时须谨慎。     

非比例阻尼体系等效Rayleigh阻尼模型时域计算方法

Rayleigh阻尼模型具有数学简易性的优点，应用广泛，其阻尼矩阵构造依赖于结构模态阻尼比。结构阻尼(复阻尼)模型的阻尼矩阵直接由材料损耗因子和刚度矩阵决定，在非比例阻尼体系中具有阻尼矩阵便于构造的优点，但存在时域计算结果发散、初值条件不易确定和频响函数非因果等缺陷。本研究结合两种阻尼模型的优点，分别依据阻尼衰减和阻尼耗能，提出了与结构阻尼模型等效的Rayleigh阻尼模型。算例分析结果表明：等效Rayleigh阻尼模型克服了结构阻尼模型的缺陷，同时保留了非比例阻尼体系中阻尼矩阵易构造的优点；与基于阻尼衰减等效的Rayleigh阻尼模型相比，基于阻尼耗能等效的Rayleigh阻尼模型计算结果近似相等，但避免了复模态分析，且计算过程直观简单。     

轻敲模式下 AFM 动力学模型及能量耗散机理研究

轻敲模式下探针从远离到间歇性接触样品表面,是一个连续的能量耗散过程.针对该连续过程的能量耗散机理研究仅零星存在于各个文献之中,对于连续过程中各个阶段的能量耗散机理也没有一个系统的解释和实验验证.本文提出了新的位移激励下原子力显微镜探针-样品系统简化模型并得到了一维振子系统等效阻尼的计算方法,并通过该方法计算了探针在远离样品表面时的空气黏性阻尼和靠近样品时的空气压膜阻尼,分析了探针从远离样品到间歇性接触样品表面这一过程中的环境耗散机理变化,得到了原子力显微镜系统理论品质因数与探针工作位置的关系曲线;在此基础上设计了轻敲模式下的微悬臂梁扫频实验,得到了系统实验品质因数与探针工作位置的关系曲线,进而验证了理论模型的准确性. 本文通过对轻敲模式下AFM环境耗散机理进行理论分析和实验验证,希望可以对轻敲模式下AFM动力学特性及其阻尼作用机理有更近一步的认识,同时对微纳米机电系统 (MEMS/NEMS) 能量耗散机理的研究提供理论参考和实验方法.      

基于频率相关黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法

黏性阻尼模型存在每周期耗散能量与外激励频率相关的缺陷,复阻尼模型时域计算结果存在发散现象.为克服上述两种阻尼模型的不足,在复阻尼模型基础上,依据时频域转化原则推导了频率相关黏性阻尼模型.频率相关黏性阻尼模型不仅具有每周期耗散能量与外激励频率无关的优点,还保证了结构位移时程的稳定收敛.混合结构由具有不同阻尼特性的材料组成,其阻尼矩阵为非比例矩阵,无法直接采用实模态叠加法.根据频率相关黏性阻尼模型与复阻尼模型的转换关系,提出了适用于混合结构的基于频率相关黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法.算例分析结果表明,与基于黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法相比,基于频率相关黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法不仅计算结果唯一,且不增加矩阵维度,具有较高的计算效率.小阻尼情况下,两种方法的计算结果近似相等,且与复阻尼模型的频域计算结果一致.当阻尼比较大时,两种方法的计算结果差异增大,但频率相关黏性阻尼模型的复模态叠加法与复阻尼模型的频域计算结果仍保持一致.     

黏性阻尼系统时域响应灵敏度及其一致性研究

时域响应灵敏度分析是时域梯度优化算法的基础. 灵敏度分析通常只涉及对设计变量的微分运算, 但时域响应灵敏度问题还涉及时间域的离散化. 因此, 微分和离散的先后顺序可能对时域响应灵敏度结果产生影响. 针对黏性阻尼系统时域响应灵敏度求解问题, 基于改进精细积分方法, 分别推导了先微分后离散和先离散后微分两种伴随变量方法. 其中, 先微分后离散法首先对由伴随变量构造的增广函数微分, 再利用改进精细积分方法在各离散时间点求解时域响应灵敏度; 而先离散后微分方法则首先在各离散时间点引入残值方程构造增广函数, 再对各增广函数进行微分以求解时域响应灵敏度. 通过数值算例验证了所提出方法的有效性和准确性, 并与传统基于Newmark的方法进行比较. 结果表明, 积分方案、数值离散误差以及离散和微分的先后顺序共同影响灵敏度的一致性误差. 综合考虑精度、效率和一致性问题, 基于改进精细积分的先微分后离散伴随变量法表现更优, 最适合应用于黏性阻尼系统时域梯度优化算法.      

具有重频特性系统的动力响应分析

一般有阻尼线性系统出现重特征值时,基于振型正交性的复振型分解法将不再适用.本文综合运用高等数学、线性代数和复变函数理论,对具有重频特性的一般有阻尼线性多自由度系统给出了系统动力响应在时域中的计算方法.该方法充分利用复振型分解法和留数矩阵解耦法的优点,不仅概念清晰,而且易于理解和掌握,适合于大型复杂系统的动力响应分析.此外,本文给出了双自由度体系产生重特征值的条件,对典型实例进行了地震响应分析,并通过与Newmark-β法计算结果的对比,论证了文中所给计算公式的正确性.本文提出的分析方法具有普适性,对线性结构、机电和控制系统也都是适用的.     

基于VOF方法的圆柱箱体中液体晃动阻尼计算

对于部分充液箱体中液体小幅晃动问题,自由液面处的黏性耗散是总阻尼的重要组成部分.影响液体晃动阻尼的因素很多,导致阻尼计算的精度有限,为了提高阻尼的计算精度,提出了一种基于流体体积组分方法的阻尼计算方法. 采用该方法求解阻尼时,可以满足所有壁面的黏性无滑移条件,计算出具体的阻力值而不是一个范围.运用该方法的阻尼计算结果与已发表的试验结果更加吻合,特别是在液高比h/R<1时.      

基于等效阻尼理论的金属橡胶弹性迟滞力学模型及实验研究

针对弹性多孔金属橡胶非线性迟滞特性力学行为,将迟滞恢复力-位移曲线分解为非线性单值曲线和椭圆,并将等效阻尼理论用于动态力学性能参数识别,从而建立了一种新型的适用于黏弹性阻尼材料的宏观唯象力学模型。采用不同相对密度的环形金属橡胶进行动态实验测试,以验证理论模型的准确性,结果表明该模型可将具有非线性特性的金属橡胶系统进行降阶处理,提高金属橡胶力学模型的预测效率,并能很好地描述金属橡胶的迟滞力学行为。另外,研究了在不同激励频率条件下金属橡胶的阻尼耗能特性。实验结果表明:在高频加载的条件下,黏性阻尼系数对动态加载频率不敏感,阻尼耗能与加载幅值之间呈线性正相关。基于等效阻尼理论的弹性迟滞力学模型具有一定的普适性,可进一步推广应用于类似弹性多孔材料的力学性能表征,为其工程应用提供理论基础。     

Analysis of frequency-domain vibration response of thin plate attached with viscoelastic free layer damping

To predict the vibration response of viscoelastic composite structure, two key issues need to be conducted, one is introducing the constitutive model of viscoelastic material into the analysis model and the other is describing the real damping behavior of viscoelastic composite structure. The emphasis of this study is to obtain the effects of frequency dependence on the vibration response of viscoelastic composite structure and the method of introducing two kinds of damping (viscoelastic material damping and remaining equivalent viscous damping). Vibration response analysis in frequency domain was investigated for viscoelastically damped plate. A cantilever plate attached with the ZN_1 viscoelastic free layer damping (FLD) was chosen to demonstrate the developed method. Frequency-domain response of the composite plate were solved and the obtained results were compared with the experimental values for the purpose of assessing the rationality of the proposed method. In addition, in order to obtain the effects of viscoelastic material parameters on vibration response of viscoelastic composite structure, a detailed parametric analysis was performed. This study shows that the frequency dependent characteristic of viscoelastic material has significant influence on the vibration response in the resonant region and acceptable results can be achieved in the non-resonant region if frequency dependent parameters are substituted by average values of the viscoelastic parameters reasonably in the analysis process.     

Optimal bounded control of stochastically excited MDOF nonlinear viscoelastic systems

A new procedure for designing optimal bounded control of stochastically excited multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) nonlinear viscoelastic systems is proposed based on the stochastic averaging method and the stochastic maximum principle. First, the system is formulated as a quasi-integrable Hamiltonian system with viscoelastic terms and each viscoelastic term is replaced approximately by an elastically restoring force and a visco-damping force based on the randomly periodic behavior of the motion of quasi-integrable Hamiltonian system. Thus, a stochastically excited MDOF nonlinear viscoelastic system is converted to an equivalent quasi-integrable Hamiltonian system without viscoelastic terms. Then, by applying stochastic averaging, the system is further reduced to a partially averaged system of less dimension. The adjoint equation and maximum condition for the optimal control problem of the partially averaged system are derived by using the stochastic maximum principle, and the optimal bounded control force is determined from the maximum condition. Finally, the probability and statistics of the stationary response of optimally controlled system are obtained by solving the Fokker–Plank–Kolmogorov equation (FPK) associated with the fully averaged Itô equation of the controlled system. An example is worked out to illustrate the proposed procedure and its effectiveness.     

黏弹性阻尼作用下轴向运动Timoshenko梁振动特性的研究

黏弹性阻尼一直是轴向运动系统的研究热点之一.以往研究轴向运动系统大都没有考虑黏弹性阻尼的影响.但在工程实际中, 存在黏弹性阻尼的轴向运动体系更为普遍.本文研究了黏弹性阻尼作用下轴向运动Timoshenko梁的振动特性.首先, 采用广义Hamilton原理给出了轴向运动黏弹性Timoshenko梁的动力学方程组和相应的简支边界条件.其次, 应用直接多尺度法得到了轴速和相关参数的对应关系, 给出了前两阶固有频率和衰减系数在黏弹性作用下的近似解析解.最后, 采用微分求积法分析了在有无黏弹性作用下前两阶固有频率和衰减系数随轴速的变化; 给出了前两阶固有频率和衰减系数在黏弹性作用下的近似数值解, 验证了近似解析解的有效性.结果表明: 随着轴速的增大, 梁的固有频率逐渐减小.梁的固有频率和衰减系数随着黏弹性系数的增大而逐渐减小, 其中衰减系数与黏弹性系数成正比关系, 黏弹性系数对第一阶衰减系数和固有频率的影响很小, 对第二阶衰减系数和固有频率的影响较大.      

结构阻尼时域本构模型及其应用

阻尼合金作为一种新型结构功能材料在不少领域已获应用，由于其阻尼值较大且随频率呈复杂交化关系，传统的线性粘性阻尼理论或经典的非频变结构阻尼理论难以精确地描述其耗能行为。本文应用粘弹性阻尼理论，根据阻尼合金储能模量和损耗因子在频域的实测数据．应用最优化方法拟合出标准线性体模型中的本构参数；根据积分形式的三参量本构关系和变形体虚功原理，推导出了有限元形式的动力学方程；讨论了三参数初值的选取；对包含卷积积分的有限元动力学方程通过数学推导将其化为三阶线性微分方程组，再转化为标准状态变量方程，应用数值求解。数值计算实例证明了所提方法的正确和有效性。     

端承粘弹性桩纵向振动的轴对称解析解

将桩和土体视为粘弹性介质,在频率域求得了桩轴对称纵向振动时动力响应的解析解,进而得到桩头复刚度的解析表达式.通过数值计算,给出了桩头动刚度因子和等效阻尼随激励频率的响应,考察了土层粘性、桩长径比、桩土模量比、桩泊松比和粘性等参数对桩头刚度因子和等效阻尼的影响.研究表明:由于考虑了桩的径向变形效应以及土层对桩的径向力作用...     

Structural damping identification method using normal FRFs

All structures exhibit some form of damping, but despite a large literature on the damping, it still remains one of the least well-understood aspects of general vibration analysis. The synthesis of damping in structural systems and machines is extremely important if a model is to be used in predicting vibration levels, transient responses, transmissibility, decay times or other characteristics in design and analysis that are dominated by energy dissipation. In this paper, new structural damping identification method using normal frequency response functions (NFRFs) which are obtained experimentally is proposed and tested with the objective that the damped finite element model is able to predict the measured FRFs accurately. The proposed structural damping identification is a direct method. In the proposed method, normal FRFs are estimated from the complex FRFs, which are obtained experimentally of the structure. The estimated normal FRFs are subsequently used for identification of general structural damping. The effectiveness of the proposed structural damping identification method is demonstrated by two numerical simulated examples and one real experimental data. Firstly, a study is performed using a lumped mass system. The lumped mass system study is followed by case involving numerical simulation of fixed–fixed beam. The effect of coordinate incompleteness and robustness of method under presence of noise is investigated. The performance of the proposed structural damping identification method is investigated for cases of light, medium, heavily and non-proportional damped structures. The numerical studies are followed by a case involving actual measured data for the case of a cantilever beam structure. The results have shown that the proposed damping identification method can be used to derive an accurate general structural damping model of the system. This is illustrated by matching the damped identified FRFs with the experimentally obtained FRFs.     

Structural vibration of flexural beams with thick unconstrained layer damping

In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of free layer damping beams with thick viscoelastic layer is analysed. A homogenised model for the flexural stiffness is formulated employing Reddy and Bickford’s quadratic shear in each layer, in contrast to the classical model of Oberst and Frankenfeld for thin beams, which does not take into account shear deformations. The results provided by these two models in free and forced vibration are compared by means of finite element procedures with those of a 2D model, which considers extensional and shear stress, and longitudinal, transverse and rotational inertias.The viscoelastic material is characterised by a fractional derivative model, which takes into consideration the variation of the complex modulus with frequency. To avoid the frequency dependence of the stiffness matrices, the extraction of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors is completed by a new iterative method developed by the authors. The frequency response to a harmonic force is deduced by the superposition of modal contribution functions.From these numerical applications it can be concluded that the model for thick beams provides sufficient accuracy for practical applications, able to reproduce the mechanical behaviour of free layer damping beams with thick viscoelastic layer, reducing the storage needs and computational time with respect to a 2D model.     

材料黏滞系数与损耗因子的频率相关性研究

针对黏弹性材料KV阻尼模型的黏滞系数与复阻尼模型的损耗因子间的关系,由单自由度体系的结构动力学分析,并基于结构振动响应的一致性,推导建立了黏滞系数与损耗因子在结构线性稳态简谐振动和自由振动时的一般关系式;并利用该关系式,试验研究了纤维混凝土材料黏滞系数和损耗因子的频率相关性.结果表明,黏滞系数与损耗因子间的关系在稳态简谐振动和自由振动时的表达形式相同,只是频率取值不同;纤维混凝土的损耗因子和黏滞系数都随频率增加而降低,且在0.5～1.0Hz频段降幅显著,而后渐趋平缓;相比于素混凝土,纤维混凝土的黏滞系数和损耗因子与激振频率的相关性更强.试验所得纤维混凝土频率相关的黏滞系数、损耗因子及推导所建立的两参数关系式为构建物理意义明确且又便于结构振动反应分析的阻尼系数或阻尼矩阵奠定了基础.      

架空输电线防振锤阻尼特性实验研究

本文利用梁的振动理论对防振锤的阻尼特性进行研究。通过正弦激励下的共振驻留法,分别对不同型号以及同种型号不同锤头质量的防振锤进行振动实验,应用能量平衡原理得到了防振锤的阻尼特性曲线,分析了不同模态响应在阻尼耗能中的贡献。考虑不同类型阻尼对于减振性能的作用,在Lazan阻尼假设的基础上,利用经验公式推导了阻尼系数计算公式。结果表明,钢绞线变形大小直接影响防振锤的阻尼值大小;阻尼对减小共振频率附近的受迫振动幅值作用明显,验证了防振锤的减振性能;同时锤头质量的变化可以影响阻尼曲线的变化。以上结论可为防振锤的防振设计和应用提供参考。     

Dynamic design of a nonlinear energy sink with NiTiNOL-steel wire ropes based on nonlinear output frequency response functions

A novel vibration isolation device called the nonlinear energy sink(NES)with Ni Ti NOL-steel wire ropes(Ni Ti-ST) is applied to a whole-spacecraft system. The Ni Ti-ST is used to describe the damping of the NES, which is coupled with the modified Bouc-Wen model of hysteresis. The NES with Ni Ti-ST vibration reduction principle uses the irreversibility of targeted energy transfer(TET) to concentrate the energy locally on the nonlinear oscillator, and then dissipates it through damping in the NES with Ni Ti-ST.The generalized vibration transmissibility, obtained by the root mean square treatment of the harmonic response of the nonlinear output frequency response functions(NOFRFs),is first used as the evaluation index to analyze the whole-spacecraft system in the future.An optimization analysis of the impact of system responses is performed using different parameters of NES with Ni Ti-ST based on the transmissibility of NOFRFs. Finally, the effects of vibration suppression by varying the parameters of Ni Ti-ST are analyzed from the perspective of energy absorption. The results indicate that NES with Ni Ti-ST can reduce excessive vibration of the whole-spacecraft system, without changing its natural frequency. Moreover, the NES with Ni Ti-ST can be directly used in practical engineering applications.