黏弹夹芯板的有限元建模及实验研究

从有限元分析和数值模拟及实验验证的角度研究了黏弹夹芯板的频率依赖振动特性。夹芯板中间层为黏弹性材料，其刚度和阻尼的频率依赖性行为直接影响系统的模态频率和阻尼，并导致振动模式求解的复杂化。采用三阶七参数Biot模型描述黏弹性材料频率相关的黏弹性行为。开发了三层四节点28自由度的夹芯板单元，基于经典板理论和哈密顿原理建立了黏弹夹芯板的有限元动力学方程。通过引入辅助耗散坐标，将Biot模型和黏弹夹芯板的有限元动力学模型结合起来，并将其转化为常规二阶线性系统形式，极大简化了求解非线性振动特性的过程。对一边固定、另三边自由的黏弹夹芯板进行了前三阶固有频率和损耗因子的预测，并与实验结果对比。数值模拟结果和实验结果吻合良好，说明所提有限元方法是正确有效的。     

材料黏滞系数与损耗因子的频率相关性研究

针对黏弹性材料KV阻尼模型的黏滞系数与复阻尼模型的损耗因子间的关系,由单自由度体系的结构动力学分析,并基于结构振动响应的一致性,推导建立了黏滞系数与损耗因子在结构线性稳态简谐振动和自由振动时的一般关系式;并利用该关系式,试验研究了纤维混凝土材料黏滞系数和损耗因子的频率相关性.结果表明,黏滞系数与损耗因子间的关系在稳态简谐振动和自由振动时的表达形式相同,只是频率取值不同;纤维混凝土的损耗因子和黏滞系数都随频率增加而降低,且在0.5～1.0Hz频段降幅显著,而后渐趋平缓;相比于素混凝土,纤维混凝土的黏滞系数和损耗因子与激振频率的相关性更强.试验所得纤维混凝土频率相关的黏滞系数、损耗因子及推导所建立的两参数关系式为构建物理意义明确且又便于结构振动反应分析的阻尼系数或阻尼矩阵奠定了基础.      

APPROXIMATE THEORY AND ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR DYNAMIC CALCULATION OF VISCOELASTIC LAYERED PERIODIC PLATE

由于周期性隔振结构动力计算中较少考虑轨道交通载荷及材料黏弹性,因此,本文以黏弹性层状周期板为研究对象,提出了垂向移动简谐载荷下,可以考虑材料黏弹性及板内横向剪切变形的黏弹性层状周期板动力计算近似理论并给出解析解答.设板中性面的横向剪切变形为横截面的整体剪切变形,利用Reissner-Mindlin假设及提出的剪切变形补充计算条件,得到了中性面法线转角与中性面剪应力的关系.基于平衡方程和应力连续条件,建立了黏弹性层状周期板振动控制方程,推导了对边简支对边自由条件下,板垂向位移的简化Fourier级数形式解.与经典层合板模型和有限元计算结果进行了比较,验证了本文解答的有效性.结果表明：（1）黏弹性层状周期板可以显著降低单一材料板在自振频率处的振动响应,但会引起局部低频频段的振动放大;（2）板的垂向位移随着载荷速度的增大而增大,当载荷速度超过300 km/h后,其对板振动响应的影响减弱;（3）黏弹性层剪切模量存在最佳设计值,可使结构的隔振性能最佳;（4）黏弹性层的阻尼特性在低频范围内对结构振动影响较小;（5）可在满足工程实际的情况下适当增加板长,以提高结构的隔振性能.     

粘弹性夹芯层合旋转圆板的气动弹性动力稳定性分析

基于哈密尔顿原理,考虑作用于圆板上的空气动力载荷以及粘弹性复模量本构模型,本文建立了含有粘弹性夹芯层的旋转圆板的空气动力学模型,并给出了相应的稳定性的控制方程及边界条件。运用Galerkin方法,文中数值求解并给出了夹芯层合旋转圆板的动力学基本特征,以及结构几何参数、材料参数对于其前、后行波振动频率、阻尼和动力稳定性的影响。结果表明：通过优化合理选取粘弹性夹芯层合旋转圆板的几何参数和材料参数,可提高旋转圆板的临界转速和颤振速度,从而增强其稳定性。     

考虑频率依赖性的涂层复合结构固有特性求解

粘弹性阻尼材料的力学特性参数会随着频率的变化而改变,即具有频率依赖性,因而传统的动力学建模及分析方法不能满足实际涂层结构优化设计的需要。在简要介绍粘弹性阻尼材料频率依赖性的基础上,本文提出用特征向量增值法来求解涂层复合结构的固有特性,并详细推导了特征向量增值法的求解原理。由此,提出了特征向量增值法的计算流程,包括计算无阻尼系统的固有特性,用Fox and Kapoor或者Nelson方法计算复特征向量增量;用Rayleigh熵法求解复特征值。最后,以涂敷粘弹性阻尼材料的钛基薄板为例,求解了该复合结构的固有特性,并与经典的模态应变能法进行了比较,证明了所提方法的正确性。     

Experimental material damping estimation for planar isotropic laminate structures

A three-dimensional material damping estimation methodology is proposed for planar isotropic material symmetry by using a constitutive viscoelastic vibration model. The proposed material model is verified, via finite-element techniques, on three laminate structures. The first one is a numerical test structure composed by stacked aluminium and plexiglas plates. In this case the effective three-dimensional planar isotropic material properties are given in terms of homogeneous material damping functions in connection with homogenised elastic laminate properties. Comparisons made between the results from the detailed (layer-wise) model of the laminate and the effective three-dimensional model show that the estimated homogenised model is reasonably accurate, in terms of predicted vibration responses. Finally, estimations of planar isotropic material damping are done for two practically interesting experimental structures, a carbon fibre–epoxy laminate structure and an aluminium laminate including a constrained viscoelastic layer damping treatment. In this context, it is found that the dominating damping mechanisms are different in these two cases. The dynamic homogenisation process, with damping included, is evaluated quantitatively in terms of predicted forced vibration response for the laminate structure, using effective planar isotropic frequency dependent material properties. The dynamic three-dimensional effective homogeneous material models, for these two cases, are found to be close to measurements in a frequency interval corresponding to the first 17 modes.     

考虑面内破坏过程的含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板的动力响应

基于复合材料层合板一阶剪切理论，推导了复合材料层合板单元的刚度阵和质量阵列式；同时采用了Adams应交能法与Rayleigh阻尼模型相结合的方法，构造了相应的阻尼阵列式；为了防止在低阶模态中分层处出现的上、下子板不合理的嵌入现象，建立了含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力分析的分层分析模型和虚拟界面联接模型。在上述模型和理论基础上，采用了Tsai提出的刚度退化准则和动力响应分析的精细积分法，对含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板结构进行了动力响应和破坏分析。通过算例，分别讨论了外载频率、分层位置，以及破坏过程的刚度退化对含损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力响应特征的影响，得到了一些具有理论和工程价值的结论。     

简谐激励下黏弹性非线性能量阱的研究

黏弹性材料作为一种良好的减振材料, 广泛应用于机械、航空和土木等领域. 本文用黏弹性Maxwell器件代替传统非线性能量阱中的阻尼元件, 提出一种新型的黏弹性非线性能量阱, 并对该模型在简谐激励下的减振性能进行分析. 首先, 根据牛顿第二定律建立系统的动力学方程, 采用谐波平衡法求解系统的幅频响应曲线, 并利用MATLAB中的Runge-Kutta数值方法验证解析解的正确性, 结果吻合良好. 然后, 分析黏弹性非线性能量阱的减振性能和参数的影响. 最后, 分析了不同质量比下非线性刚度比和阻尼比同时变化时减振效果的变化趋势, 并讨论了黏弹性非线性能量阱的最佳取值范围. 研究结果表明: 主系统的最大振幅随着非线性刚度的增加先减小后增大; 当参数选取恰当时, 黏弹性非线性能量阱比传统非线性能量阱的减振效果更优; 另外, 随着质量比的增加, 主系统最大振幅的最小值出现先减小后趋于不变的现象, 且非线性刚度比和阻尼比的最佳取值范围有所增大. 以上结论对黏弹性非线性能量阱的实际应用提供了一定的理论依据.      

具有曲率和惯性非线性以及材料内阻的旋转复合材料轴的主共振

旋转复合材料轴作为一类典型的转子动力学系统,在先进直升机和汽车动力驱动系统中有着广阔的应用前景.研究旋转复合材料轴的非线性振动特性具有重要的理论与实用价值.然而,目前有关旋转轴的非线性振动研究仅限于各向同性金属材料轴,很少考虑材料内阻的影响.本文研究具有材料内阻的旋转非线性复合材料轴的主共振.非线性来源于不可伸长复合材料轴的大变形引起的非线性曲率和非线性惯性,材料内阻来源于复合材料的黏弹性.动力学建模计入转动惯量和陀螺效应.基于扩展的Hamilton原理,导出具有偏心激励的旋转复合材料轴的弯-弯耦合非线性振动偏微分方程组.采用Galerkin法将偏微分方程离散化为常微分方程,采用多尺度法对常微分方程进行摄动分析,导出主共振响应的解析表达式.对内阻、外阻、铺层角、长径比、铺层方式和偏心距进行数值分析,研究上述参数对旋转非线性复合材料轴的稳态受迫振动响应行为的影响.研究发现,角铺设复合材料轴的内阻系数随着铺层角的增大而增大;内阻对主共振响应特性的影响主要体现在对抑制振幅和改变频率响应的稳定性方面;发生在正进动固有频率附近的主共振响应具有典型的硬弹簧非线性特性.本文提出的模型能够用于描述旋转复合材料轴的主共振特性,是对不可伸长旋转金属轴非线性动力学模型的重要推广.     

局部约束阻尼开口柱壳的减振分析及优化

为了缩减开口柱壳结构的振动,本文基于Lagrange方程以及Sanders薄壳理论建立了局部约束阻尼开口柱壳的动力学模型,分析了粘弹性单元分段数和厚度、阻尼单元占空比以及约束层敷设角和厚度对结构前三阶模态损耗因子和固有频率的影响,得到了各参数对结构振动特性的影响规律.并以前三阶损耗因子为目标,应用NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法对...     

Improvement of the acoustic black hole effect by using energy transfer due to geometric nonlinearity

Acoustic Black Hole effect (ABH) is a passive vibration damping technique without added mass based on flexural waves properties in thin structures with variable thickness. A common implementation is a plate edge where the thickness is locally reduced with a power law profile and covered with a viscoelastic layer. The plate displacement in the small thickness region is large and easily exceeds the plate thickness. This is the origin of geometric nonlinearity which can generate couplings between linear eigenmodes of the structure and induce energy transfer between low and high frequency regimes. This phenomenon may be used to increase the efficiency of the ABH treatment in the low frequency regime where it is usually inefficient. An experimental investigation evidenced that usual ABH implementation gives rise to measurable geometric nonlinearity and typical nonlinear phenomena. In particular, strongly nonlinear regime and wave turbulence are reported. The nonlinear ABH beam is then modeled as a von Kármán plate with variable thickness. The model is solved numerically by using a modal method combined with an energy-conserving time integration scheme. The effects of both the thickness profile and the damping layer are then investigated in order to improve the damping properties of an ABH beam. It is found that a compromise between the two effects can lead to an important gain of efficiency in the low frequency range.     

分布振子复合板的模态阻尼及多点激励下阻尼减振相关性

分布阻尼振子可拓宽结构减振频带,因此可将振子分布于板中以形成复合板（简称“分布振子复合板”）,进而实现较宽的减振频带．对于多点支撑处受到宽频非一致激励（例如在不同激励点处的激励频率、幅值与相位有差异）的分布振子复合板,目前还缺乏有效简便的优化控制指标．在作者之前的研究中,针对含分布振子的梁推导了基于模态应变能的模态阻尼计算理论,讨论了模态阻尼与单点激励下梁的减振效果的相关性,并应用于宽频减振设计优化．本文进一步将模态阻尼计算理论推广到分布振子复合板,并将研究从梁的单点激励扩展到板的多点非一致激励下的阻尼减振相关性．首先,在利用模态应变能法推导得到分布振子复合板的模态阻尼计算公式后,从理论上讨论了不同边界条件与模态阶次对计算结果的影响,以及计算理论的适用性．而后,进一步通过有限元参数分析了边界条件、频率比、模态阶次与质量比的影响．最后,通过算例分析了无振子板或分布振子复合板在四个激励点具有多种幅值与相位组合情况下的稳态响应．结果表明,推导的模态阻尼计算公式可正确预测不同边界条件下的模态阻尼,且理论预测的模态阻尼与基板的稳态平均加速度减小率、稳态峰值应变能减小率均有较高的相关性．     

Aeroelastic dynamics stability of rotating sandwich annular plate with viscoelastic core layer

A dynamic model for a rotating sandwich annular plate with a viscoelastic core layer is developed. All fundamental equations and boundary conditions are established based on Hamilton’s principle, and the rotation effect and viscoelastic properties of the sandwich structure are taken into account. The aerodynamics force acting on the plate is described by a rotating damping model, and the constitutive behavior of the viscoelastic core layer is formulated by the frequency-dependent complex modulus. The effects of geometrical and material parameters on frequencies and damping of forward and backward traveling waves and the dynamic stability for the rotating sandwich plate are numerically analyzed by means of Galerkin’s method. The results show that the critical and flutter speeds of the rotating plate can be increased at some certain parameters of the viscoelastic core layer.     

Nonlinear damping in large-amplitude vibrations: modelling and experiments

Experimental data clearly show a strong and nonlinear dependence of damping from the maximum vibration amplitude reached in a cycle for macro- and microstructural elements. This dependence takes a completely different level with respect to the frequency shift of resonances due to nonlinearity, which is commonly of 10–25% at most for shells, plates and beams. The experiments show that a damping value over six times larger than the linear one must be expected for vibration of thin plates when the vibration amplitude is about twice the thickness. This is a huge change! The present study derives accurately, for the first time, the nonlinear damping from a fractional viscoelastic standard solid model by introducing geometric nonlinearity in it. The damping model obtained is nonlinear, and its frequency dependence can be tuned by the fractional derivative to match the material behaviour. The solution is obtained for a nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom system by harmonic balance. Numerical results are compared to experimental forced vibration responses measured for large-amplitude vibrations of a rectangular plate (hardening system), a circular cylindrical panel (softening system) and a clamped rod made of zirconium alloy (weak hardening system). Sets of experiments have been obtained at different harmonic excitation forces. Experimental results present a very large damping increase with the peak vibration amplitude, and the model is capable of reproducing them with very good accuracy.     

可控约束阻尼层板的杂交控制

用局部压电层控制约束阻尼约束层产生一种新的主、被动杂交控制形式,称为可控制 约束层。本文根据弹性材料、粘弹性材料、压电材料的本构关系和变形连续条件,建立了可控约束阻尼层板的控制微方程;从理论上证明了用离散小压电片组合来代替整体压电层而不影响作动效果,改善了结构的工艺性;利用Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ方法和ＧＨＭ方法建立了系统的近似低阶方程对一试验模型进行了控制数值模拟和试验实现,结果表明这种杂交控制对控制     

结构阻尼时域本构模型及其应用

阻尼合金作为一种新型结构功能材料在不少领域已获应用，由于其阻尼值较大且随频率呈复杂交化关系，传统的线性粘性阻尼理论或经典的非频变结构阻尼理论难以精确地描述其耗能行为。本文应用粘弹性阻尼理论，根据阻尼合金储能模量和损耗因子在频域的实测数据．应用最优化方法拟合出标准线性体模型中的本构参数；根据积分形式的三参量本构关系和变形体虚功原理，推导出了有限元形式的动力学方程；讨论了三参数初值的选取；对包含卷积积分的有限元动力学方程通过数学推导将其化为三阶线性微分方程组，再转化为标准状态变量方程，应用数值求解。数值计算实例证明了所提方法的正确和有效性。     

压电复合材料层合板自适应结构的振动控制

本文针对板壳型自适应结构,研究了压电材料作为作动器的自适应结构的振动控制。利用四节点压电复合材料层合板单元进行自适应结构的有限元动力分析;采用模态控制方法,将结构的各阶模态的阻尼比作为控制目标,并以此计算出各压电片的控制电压,达到控制结构振动的目的。算例给出了数值计算的结果。     

Influence of excitation amplitude on the characteristics of nonlinear butyl rubber isolators

The purpose of this study is to explore the advantages and characteristics of nonlinear butyl rubber (type IIR) isolators in vibratory shear by comparison with linear isolators. It is known that the mechanical properties of viscoelastic materials exhibit significant frequency and temperature dependence, and in some cases, nonlinear dynamic behavior as well. Nonlinear characteristics in shear deformation are reflected in mechanical properties such as stiffness and damping. Furthermore, even when the excitation amplitude is small the response amplitude may often be large enough that nonlinearities cannot be ignored. The treatment involves developing phenomenological models of the effective storage modulus and effective loss factor of a rubber isolator material as a function of excitation amplitude. The transmissibility of a nonlinear viscoelastic isolator is compared with that of a linear isolator using an equivalent linear damping coefficient. Forced resonance vibration and impedance tests are used to characterize nonlinear parameters and to measure the normalized transmissibility. It is found that as the excitation amplitude of the nonlinear viscoelastic isolator increases, the response amplitude decreases and the transmissibility is improved over that of the linear isolator for excitation frequency that exceeds a particular value governed by the temperature and excitation amplitude. The method of multiple scales and numerical simulations are used to predict the response characteristics of the isolator based on the phenomenological modeling under different values of system parameters.     

粘接-映射混合算法及其对颗粒材料中板的振动特性分析

结构与颗粒材料相互作用广泛存在于各工程领域,其研究过程中涉及的连续-离散耦合计算方法面对诸多挑战.本文提出了粘接-映射混合算法来研究连续体与离散介质耦合动力学问题.将连续体模型划分为内部区域及与颗粒接触的边界区域.边界区域采用粘接算法模拟连续体外部形状并使用高效的球形接触判断准则;提出一种包含Rayleigh阻尼映射的有限元映射质点弹簧算法来精确计算连续体内部区域内力和变形.二者相结合构成粘接-映射混合算法,并引入计算机集群和GPU(图形处理器)并行技术,对埋没于颗粒材料中受激振动固支方板的连续-离散耦合动力学问题进行了数值仿真研究.结果表明,粘接-映射混合算法有利于双层级并行算法的程序实现及优化,并在连续-离散耦合界面进行快速接触判断的同时实现对颗粒材料中方板位移、变形、振动形态等参数的研究.通过定幅扫频和定频变幅方式考察激振力频率和幅值对振动板非线性动力学行为的影响并观察到二倍周期现象,同时给出了该连续-离散耦合系统中颗粒体系的能量耗散特性.      

二元复合材料板的自由振动: 半解析法

二元复合材料板是超材料板结构中常见的单元之一. 针对由材料参数相差两个量级的基体和嵌入体组成的二元复合材料板, 提出结构自由振动的半解析模型, 并对其振动特性进行了研究. 基于区域分解法和二元材料的分布, 将二维平板分解成两个子区域. 通过在振型函数中附加区域试函数, 来描述复合材料板面内刚度突变引起局部位移和转角的非光滑性. 基于二元复合材料板的基本边界条件和两子区连接处的变形协调条件, 构造了新的振型函数. 基于经典薄板理论, 利用带特殊试函数的里兹法, 求得不同几何构型下二元复合材料板的固有频率和振型, 并研究了嵌入体的尺寸和位置对结构振动特性的影响规律. 通过收敛分析并与有限元仿真结果对比, 验证了本文方法的准确性. 研究结果表明: 传统的全局试函数在分析具有振动局部化的模态时会得到不准确的结果, 而附加区域试函数可以显著提高里兹法的收敛速度以及结果的准确性; 嵌入体位置对低阶固有频率的作用不明显, 却能显著改变低阶振型节线的分布和振动局部化发生的区域.