复合材料中的渐近均匀化方法

本文将非均质弹性体的渐近均匀化方法应用于复合材料的宏观与细观分析之中。该方法基于平均化的思想，将复合材料视作由周期性的细观结构所构成，其场变量依赖于宏观和细观两个尺度的坐标变量而变化。通过建立位移和应力的渐近表达式，推导出关于周期性基元的细观平衡方程和细观本构关系，并与有限元数值方法相结合，得到材料的宏观等效性能和细观应力分布。对典型算例的分析，反映出该方法的有效性及准确性。     

一维随机排列非均质颗粒材料结构刚度系数解析式

针对一维情况下随机排列非均质颗粒材料组成的结构,推导了该结构的刚度系数的解析表达式。颗粒材料由随机算法根据颗粒尺寸分布和结构尺寸生成。通过引入相对破碎参数,将颗粒破碎现象定量体现在颗粒尺寸分布函数的变化上,从而使本文提出的解析表达式能够计及颗粒破碎。数值结果说明本文提出表达式的有效性,并体现了颗粒破碎对颗粒结构刚度系数的影响。     

金属基纳米复合材料等效弹性模量的均匀化方法数值模拟

均匀化理论利用位移场双尺度渐近展开建立有限元列式，本文将其与有限元通用程序相结合，应用于金属基复合材料的弹性本构数值模拟。通过对不同尺度增强相金属基复合材料等效模量的数值模拟，考察了均匀化方法的适用情况。数值计算结果表明，对常规尺度增强相金属基复合材料，均匀化方法可以较准确地预测其等效弹性模量；对纳米增强相金属基复合材料，该方法仍可给出较好的预测，但存在某种程度的系统偏差。通过对纳米尺度增强机理的分析讨论，认为纳米增强相与基体材料问的界面效应可能有别于连续介质假设，指出可以考虑采用离散原子-连续介质耦合模型改进数值模拟结果。     

单晶铁电体的宏细观本构关系描述

以高技术电子材料－铁电单晶体为研究对象，在对铁电体中电畸内的细观力学耦合场分析的基础上，采用Ｍｏｒｉ－Ｔａｎａｋａ方法以自洽的方式导出了材料构元的Ｈｅｌｍｈｏｌｔｚ自由能及Ｇｉｂｂｓ自由能函数的解析表达式。并分析在广义应力空间和广义应变空间中，按Ｈｉｌｌ－Ｒｉｃｅ内变量本构理论框架，导出了铁电体畸变屈服面方程，增量型本构关系及内变量的演化方程。文末给出了对ＢａＴｉＯ３单晶材料力电行为的一维数值模拟     

纤维加强复合材料的总体粘弹性响应

在某些纤维增强复合材料(FRC)中使用金属或高分子聚合物作为基体材料。在高温等情况下,这类材料具有明显的粘弹性特性。本文采用Riemann—Liouville形式的分数阶导数模型描述基体的粘弹性特性。通过渐近均匀化方法给出了预测FRC整体三维本构关系的解析表达式。给出了应用于基体具有Makris粘弹性关系的具体形式。以圆截面纤维正方形排列的情形为例,给出了等效模量随纤维体积比的变化曲线。结果说明,这类复合材料仍具有粘弹性特性,其整体粘弹性本构关系的弹性部分综合了纤维弹性和基体弹性的贡献,粘性部分来自基体粘性的贡献,复合材料具有和基体相同的粘性系数和分数阶。为分析微结构特征对整体特性的贡献,须求解两类局部问题。可以看出,在整体的等效模量中包含了局部变形的贡献,局部变形增加了复合材料的耦合刚度。     

基于横观各向同性超弹性理论的短纤维增强橡胶本构模型的建立与应用

提出了一种能够表征短纤维增强橡胶的横观各向同性超弹性本构模型,并结合试验体系,对其在数值分析中的应用方法和效果进行了研究。基于连续介质力学理论,建立了横观各向同性材料的应变能函数,推导得到不同变形形式下的应力应变关系,给出材料参数辨识试验方法,并成功应用于某短纤维增强橡胶测试中,得到表征其超弹性特性的相关材料参数。利用有限元软件ANSYS对不同纤维排布方向的单轴拉伸和平行纤维方向的平面拉伸进行仿真计算,并对比相应试验数据,以验证材料参数的可靠性。最后基于已验证的本构模型,建立了某铣槽装备减振环仿真模型,并对其进行了校核计算。研究结果表明,本文提出的本构模型能够有效表征短纤维增强橡胶的静态力学特性并且方便嵌入现有的有限元软件中,具有材料参数少、测试简便和结果准确等特点,工程实用性强。     

基于横观各向同性超弹性理论的短纤维增强橡胶本构模型的建立与应用Establishment and application of short fiber reinforced rubber constitutive model based on transversely isotropic hyperelastic theory

提出了一种能够表征短纤维增强橡胶的横观各向同性超弹性本构模型,并结合试验体系,对其在数值分析中的应用方法和效果进行了研究。基于连续介质力学理论,建立了横观各向同性材料的应变能函数,推导得到不同变形形式下的应力应变关系,给出材料参数辨识试验方法,并成功应用于某短纤维增强橡胶测试中,得到表征其超弹性特性的相关材料参数。利用有限元软件ANSYS对不同纤维排布方向的单轴拉伸和平行纤维方向的平面拉伸进行仿真计算,并对比相应试验数据,以验证材料参数的可靠性。最后基于已验证的本构模型,建立了某铣槽装备减振环仿真模型,并对其进行了校核计算。研究结果表明,本文提出的本构模型能够有效表征短纤维增强橡胶的静态力学特性并且方便嵌入现有的有限元软件中,具有材料参数少、测试简便和结果准确等特点,工程实用性强。     

脆性固体损伤和局部软化的有限元分析

本文研究混凝土、岩石一类工程中常用的应变软化材料的有限元分析方法。在作者以往有关粘塑性损伤本构模型的工作基础上，给出了一组便于有限元计算的本构方程表达式。包括损伤弹性矩阵和局部损伤软化矩阵，分别运用于计算硬化和软化阶段的有限元刚度矩阵；对所提出的本构方程的实验验证计算和一些算例的有限元数值分析，表明文中给出的本构方程是可行的，相应的有限元算法能较好地对损伤固体的局部软化效应进行数值分析，并可成功地追踪应力应变响应的软化曲线     

颗粒增强复合材料有效性能的三维数值分析

将细观力学和计算力学方法相结合用以确定复合材料中的局部和平均应力－应变场．对旋转体和非旋转体颗粒增强复合材料的有效模量进行了三维有限元数值计算，数值与实验结果对比表明，该方法是有效的、可靠的．分析了颗粒的排列分布、颗粒取向和颗粒的几何形状对有效模量的影响．数值结果表明，颗粒的排列对有效轴向弹性模量影响较大．颗粒的取向和颗粒的形状对有效性能的影响也是显著的     

一种基于平均场理论的格栅材料均匀化方法

将颗粒材料中发展的一种基于平均场理论的解析均匀化方法应用于二维周期格栅材料;依据尺度分离原理和统计均匀表征元概念构建了格栅材料的两尺度均匀化模型,包括细观杆件单元的本构关系、细观位移-宏观应变关系式以及应力的细观力学表达式;推导了两种二维周期格栅材料等效弹性参数包括弹性模量、泊松比和剪切弹性模量的细观力学表达式。结果表明:等边三角形结构等效为各向同性连续体时,弹性参数表达式与文献中其他方法所得结果一致;正方形结构均匀化为正交各向异性连续体时,主平面内弹性模量等于杆件单元轴向刚度,泊松比和剪切弹性模量分别由杆件单元的泊松比和剪切刚度决定,符合正方形格栅材料的力学特性;对于非主平面内的正方形本构矩阵,选取坐标轴与材料主轴夹角为45°的方向为例进行推导,本文方法与坐标变换方法所得结果一致。以上结果均验证了本文所发展方法的有效性。     

Elastic-plastic constitutive relation of particle reinforced composites

In this paper, a systematic approach is proposed to obtain the macroscopic elastic-plastic constitutive relation of particle reinforced composites (PRC). The strain energy density of PRC is analyzed based on the cell model, and the analytical formula for the macro-constitutive relation of PRC is obtained. The strength effects of volume fraction of the particle and the strain hardening exponent of matrix material on the macro-constitutive relation are investigated, the relation curve of strain versus stress of PRC is calculated in detail. The present results are consistent with the results given in the existing references. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19704100) and National Science Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Project KJ951-1-20).     

Plastic constitutive behavior of short-fiber/particle reinforced composites

A cylindrical cell model based on continuum theory for plastic constitutive behavior of short-fiber/particle reinforced composites is proposed. The composite is idealized as uniformly distributed periodic arrays of aligned cells, and each cell consists of a cylindrical inclusion surrounded by a plastically deforming matrix. In the analysis, the non-uniform deformation field of the cell is decomposed into the sum of the first order approximate field and the trial additional deformation field. The precise deformation field are determined based on the minimum strain energy principle. Systematic calculation results are presented for the influence of reinforcement volume fraction and shape on the overall mechanical behavior of the composites. The results are in good agreement with the existing finite element analyses and the experimental results. This paper attempts to stimulate the work to get the analytical constitutive relation of short-fiber/particle reinforced composites.     

非线性压电效应下压电层合板的弯曲

考虑非线性压电效应,即电致弹性和电致伸缩效应情况下压电层合板的弯曲。从非线性压电方程和几何方程导出了压电层合板合应力、合力矩与应变之间的广义本构关系,这些关系关于电场是非线性的。利用Ritz法和双傅立叶级数得到四边简支对称压电层合板在高电场作用下的非线性解并进行计算。结果表明,只考虑线性压电效应只能适应于作用电场较低或基础层的刚度比压电层的刚度要大得多的情况。     

On constitutive equations for electrorheological materials

Constitutive equations for electrorheological (ER) fluids have been based on experimental results for steady shearing flows and constant electric fields. The fluids have been modeled as being rigid until a yield stress is reached. Additional stress is then proportional to the shear rate. Recent experimental results indicate that ER materials have a regime of solid-like response when deformed from a rest state. They behave in a viscoelastic-like manner under sinusoidal shearing and exhibit time-dependent response under sudden changes in shear rate or electric field. In this work, a constitutive theory for ER materials is presented which accounts for these recent experimental observations. The stress is given by a functional of the deformation gradient history and the electric field vector. Using the methods of continuum mechanics, a general three-dimensional constitutive equation is obtained. A sample constitutive equation is introduced which is then used to determine the response of an ER material for different shear histories. The calculated shear response is shown to be qualitatively similar to that observed experimentally.     

Crack tip field andJ-integral with strain gradient effect

The mode I plane strain crack tip field with strain gradient effects is presented in this paper based on a simplified strain gradient theory within the framework proposed by Acharya and Bassani. The theory retains the essential structure of the incremental version of the conventionalJ ₂ deformation theory. No higher-order stress is introduced and no extra boundary value conditions beyond the conventional ones are required. The strain gradient effects are considered in the constitutive relation only through the instantaneous tangent modulus. The strain gradient measures are included into the tangent modulus as internal parameters. Therefore the boundary value problem is the same as that in the conventional theory. Two typical crack problems are studied: (a) the crack tip field under the small scale yielding condition induced by a linear elastic mode-IK-field and (b) the complete field for a compact tension specimen. The calculated results clearly show that the stress level near the crack tip with strain gradient effects is considerable higher than that in the classical theory. The singularity of the strain field near the crack tip is nearly equal to the square-root singularity and the singularity of the stress field is slightly greater than it. Consequently, theJ-integral is no longer path independent and increases monotonically as the radius of the calculated circular contour decreases. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19704100 and 10202023) and the Natural Science Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJ951-1-20)     

An analysis of vehicle power requirements in deep snowpack

Power requirements for tracked vehicles moving in deep medium-to-high density snow are calculated. A volumetric constitutive law is used to determine the energy absorbed by the pressure bulb under the vehicle. Also shearing effects along the pressure bulb wall and in the pressure bulb are taken into account. A parametric study is made to determine the effect of initial density, track pressure, vehicle speed and track geometry on track efficiency. The results show that if the snow material properties are expressible in terms of a constitutive law, the method presented can be of considerable use for predicting certain aspects of vehicle performance in snow and for evaluating the structure of the pressure bulb below the vehicle track.     

磁致伸缩材料的非线性本构关系

给出了磁致伸缩材料的两个非线性本构关系,即标准平方型和双曲正切型。在确定一维问题的本构系数时,基于已有的实验结果,引进一个材料函数,用来描述磁致伸缩材料的压磁系数随预应力变化的关系。将非 线性本构关系的理论模型计算结果与实验曲线对比,结果表明标准平方型本构关系在中低磁场下能精确地模拟实验曲线,而双曲正切型本构关系在高磁场时能反映材料的磁致应变饱和现象。讨论了在标准平方型本构的一般三维情形,给出了确定本构系数的方法。     

CFRP与角钢复合加固钢筋混凝土中长柱的受力分析

通过9根外包角钢与碳纤维布复合加固钢筋混凝土中长柱轴心受压试验,把复合加固柱核心混凝土分成有效约束区和弱约束区,研究了有效约束区和弱约束区混凝土的本构关系．在此基础上,把柱截面划分成若干计算单元,编制了全过程分析程序进行数值模拟计算．研究表明,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,可为工程应用提供参考．     

考虑损伤的弹—粘塑性本构方程

采用Ｐｅｒｚｙｎａ过应力本构框架，引入塑性损伤在饱和强化率相关介质中的动态演化规律，建立了考虑损伤的弹－粘塑性本构方程，修正了Ｅｆｔｉｓ等人将Ｐｅｒｚｙｎａ方程推广时采用不一致的基体强化模式推演损伤演化方程和本构关系这一矛盾。详细计算了黄铜的初始屈服强度及率相关屈了面，给出了动态单轴拉伸数值结果并与实验进行了比较，结果符合很好。     

Uniquenes of solution of field point of singular source outside-region-distribution method

The uniqueness of solution of field point, inside a convex region due to singular source(s) with kernel function decreasing with distance increasing, outsidergeion-distribution(s) such that the boundary condition expressed by the response of the source(s) is satisfied, is proved by using the condition of kernel function decreasing with distance increasing and an integral inequality. Examples of part ofthese singular sources such as Kelvin’s point force, Point-Ring-Couple (PRC) etc.are given. The proof of uniqueness of solution of field point in a twisted shaft of revolution due to PRC distribution is given as an example of application.