Application of the nonsmooth dynamics approach to model and analysis of the contact-impact events in cam-follower systems

The dynamic modeling and analysis of planar rigid multibody systems that experience contact-impact events is presented and discussed throughout this work. The methodology is based on the nonsmooth dynamics approach, in which the interaction of the colliding bodies is modeled with multiple frictional unilateral constraints. Rigid multibody systems are stated as an equality of measures, which are formulated at the velocity-impulse level. The equations of motion are complemented with constitutive laws for the forces and impulses in the normal and tangential directions. In this work, the unilateral constraints are described by a set-valued force law of the type of Signorini??s condition, while the frictional contacts are characterized by a set-valued force law of the type of Coulomb??s law for dry friction. The resulting contact-impact problem is formulated and solved as an augmented Lagrangian approach, which is embedded in the Moreau time-stepping method. The effectiveness of the methodologies presented in this work is demonstrated throughout the dynamic simulation of a cam-follower system of an industrial cutting file machine.     

非光滑多体系统动力学数值算法的研究进展

非光滑多体系统动力学数值计算方法是多体系统动力学研究的重要内容之一. 本文介绍了近年来含摩擦与碰撞的非光滑多体系统动力学数值算法方面的研究进展. 首先, 讨论了库仑摩擦模型和修正的库仑摩擦模型, 以及具有单边和双边约束的多体系统中法向约束力的特点. 其次, 回顾了基于连续模型和非连续模型的多体系统动力学方程的数值计算方法, 详细介绍了基于互补概念的非光滑多体系统动力学的事件驱动法和时间步进法, 分析比较了相关的数值算法. 最后, 指出了一些需要进一步研究的问题.     

动力刚化与多体系统刚—柔耦合动力学

首先指出当前柔性多体系统动力学的大量工程研究背景,在回顾柔性多体系统动力学研究进展后指出动力刚化的现象揭示了刚－柔耦合的零次建模方法的局限,认为进一步深入进行柔性多体系统刚－柔耦合动力学的研究是多体系统动力学研究的新阶段,文末提出了刚－柔耦合动力学的研究任务。     

柔性多体系统刚-柔耦合动力学

首先指出大量复杂系统动力学与控制性态分析与优化等工程问题对柔性多体系统动力学领域的进一步需求,在回顾柔性多体系统动力学研究的若干阶段与当前的研究现状后指出:柔性多体系统刚- 柔耦合动力学的研究是多体系统动力学的一个新的阶段．文末提出了刚- 柔耦合动力学的研究任务。      

柔性多体系统的递推组集建模与仿真软件的实现

简要地阐述多体系统动力学单向递推组集建模方法，介绍根据这种方法开发而成的仿真软件系统ＤＡＦＭＢ及它的功能与特点。通过双摆算例指出本文提出的模型在计算效率与计算精度方面优于笛卡尔坐标的微分－代数方程。     

多柔体系统动力学建模与优化研究进展

多柔体系统是由柔性部件和运动副组成的力学系统,在航空、航天、车辆、机械与兵器等众多工程领域具有广泛的应用前景, 其典型的代表包括柔性机械臂、直升机旋翼、卫星的可展开天线、太阳帆航天器等. 近年来,随着工程技术的发展,多柔体系统动力学问题日益突出,尤其是含变长度柔性部件的多柔体系统,不仅涉及其动力学 建模与计算,还涉及其动力学优化设计. 事实上,部件柔性对多柔体系统的动力学行为影响很大,直接影响到优化结果,因此需要发展基于多柔体系统动力学的优化设计方法. 本文首先阐述了多柔体系统动力学优化的研究背景及意义,简要回顾了多柔体系统动力学建模的3类方法:浮动坐标方法、几何 精确方法和绝对节点坐标方法,并介绍了含变长度柔性部件的多柔体系统动力学建模方法. 系统概述了多柔体系统动力学响应优化、动力学特性优化和动力学灵敏度分析3个方面的研究进展,并从尺寸优化、形状优化和 拓扑优化 3 个方面综述了多柔体系统部件优化的研究进展. 本文最后提出了在多柔体系统动力学优化研究中值得关注的若干问题.      

Modeling of joints with clearance in flexible multibody systems

This paper is concerned with the modeling of joints with clearance within the framework of finite element based dynamic analysis of nonlinear, flexible multibody systems. For actual joints, clearance, lubrication and friction phenomena can significantly affect the dynamic response of the system. In this work, the effects of clearance and lubrication are studied for revolute and spherical joints. The formulation is developed within the framework of energy preserving and decaying time integration schemes that provide unconditional stability for nonlinear, flexible multibody systems. Numerical examples are presented that demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach. The importance of modeling structural damping and limited driving power are discussed.     

基于李群局部标架的多柔体系统动力学建模与计算

多柔体系统动力学主要研究由多个具有运动学约束、存在大范围相对运动的柔性部件构成的动力学系统的建模、计算和控制.多柔体系统不仅具有柔体大变形导致的几何非线性,更具有大范围刚体运动引起的几何非线性,其非线性程度远高于计算结构力学所研究的几何非线性问题.本文基于李群局部标架(local frame of Lie group, LFLG),讨论如何发展一套新的多柔体系统动力学建模和计算方法体系, 具体内容包括:基于局部标架的梁、板壳单元,适用于长时间历程计算的多柔体系统碰撞动力学积分算法,结合区域分解技术的大规模多柔体系统动力学并行求解器, 以及若干验证性算例.上述基于李群局部标架的方法体系可在计算中消除刚体运动带来的几何非线性问题,使柔体系统的广义惯性力、广义弹性力及其雅可比矩阵满足刚体运动的不变性,使多柔体系统动力学与大变形结构力学相互统一,有望推动新一代多柔体系统动力学建模和计算软件的发展.      

柔性多体系统动力学实验研究综述

介绍了国内外柔性多体系统动力学实验研究现状,分为三个方面,即理论模型验证实验、动力学特性的实验研究和其它实验.柔性多体系统动力学建模理论的发展经历了3个阶段:运动-弹性动力学(KED)方法、传统混合坐标方法和计及了动力刚化效应的各种非线性理论.关于这些理论的模型验证实验均在本文中作了重点介绍.文中还对柔性多体系统动力学性态的研究实验也作了介绍,包括系统模态特性和共振等非线性力学行为.关于机械臂控制和碰撞研究实验虽有提及,但不作为重点.随后,着重介绍了柔性体弹性振动位移的测量和阻尼因素的处理这两个在实验不可避免但又难以解决的问题,尤其是结构阻尼和大范围运动引起的空气阻力.最后指出了今后的研究方向.文中对一些较为重要的实验装置也着重予以介绍,并给出了部分实验图片及数据曲线,以给读者一个更好的理解和参考.      

Computational dynamics: theory and applications of multibody systems

Multibody system dynamics is an essential part of computational dynamics a topic more generally dealing with kinematics and dynamics of rigid and flexible systems, finite elements methods, and numerical methods for synthesis, optimization and control including nonlinear dynamics approaches. The theoretical background of multibody dynamics is presented, the efficiency of recursive algorithms is shown, methods for dynamical analysis are summarized, and applications to vehicle dynamics and biomechanics are reported. In particular, the wear of railway wheels of high-speed trains and the metabolical cost of human locomotion is analyzed using multibody system methods.     

含摩擦滑移铰平面多刚体系统动力学的数值算法

基于LuGre摩擦模型和线性互补问题(LCP)的数值算法,给出了具有双边约束含摩擦滑移铰平面多体系统动力学的数值算法.首先,根据滑移铰的特点,当间隙充分小时,将其视为双边约束,给出了滑移铰中滑道作用于滑块上的法向接触力的互补关系;LuGre摩擦模型能有效地描述机械系统中的黏滞与滑移运动,将该模型用于描述滑块与滑道间的摩擦力.其次,结合Baumgarte约束稳定化方法,应用第一类Lagrange方程,建立了该多体系统的动力学方程,给出了Lagrange乘子与滑移铰中作用于滑块上的法向接触力的关系式.然后,将滑块与滑道间多种接触状态的判断以及作用于滑块上的法向接触力的计算转换为线性互补问题的求解,并用常微分方程的数值算法求解该多体系统的动力学方程.最后,通过数值仿真算例揭示了滑移铰中滑块的黏滞与滑移现象,以及滑块在滑道内的多种接触状态;另外,在文中分别采用Coulomb干摩擦模型和LuGre摩擦模型,对算例中的某些工况进行了数值仿真,并且分别用本文方法得到的数值仿真结果与已有方法得到的数值仿真结果对比,表明了本文给出的方法的有效性.      

Finite element modeling of contact conditions in multibody system dynamics

In this paper a new method is developed for the dynamic analysis of contact conditions in flexible multibody systems undergoing a rolling type of motion. The relative motion between the two contacting bodies is treated as a constraint condition describing their kinematic and geometric relations. Equations of motion of the system are presented in a matrix form making use of Kane's equations and finite element method. The method developed has been implemented in a general purpose program called DARS and applied to the simulation and analysis of a rotating wheel on a track. Both the bodies are assumed flexible and discretized using a three dimensional 8-noded isoparametric elements. The time variant constraint conditions are imposed on the nodal points located at the peripheral surfaces of the bodies under consideration. The simulation is carried out under two different boundary conditions describing the support of the track. The subsequent constraint forces associated with the generalized coordinates of the system are computed and plotted. The effects of friction are also discussed.     

Modeling intermittent contact for flexible multibody systems

This paper consists of two parts. The first part presents a complementarity based recursive scheme to model intermittent contact for flexible multibody systems. A recursive divide-and-conquer framework is used to explicitly impose the bilateral constraints in the entire system. The presented approach is an extension of the hybrid scheme for rigid multibody systems to allow for small deformations in form of local mode shapes. The normal contact and frictional complementarity conditions are formulated at position and velocity level, respectively, for each body in the system. The recursive scheme preserves the essential characteristics of the contact model and formulates a minimal size linear complementarity problem at logarithmic cost for parallel implementation. For a certain class of contact problems in flexible multibody systems, the complementarity based time-stepping scheme requires prohibitively small time-steps to retain accuracy. Modeling intermittent contact for this class of contact problems motivated the development of an iterative scheme. The second part of the paper describes this iterative scheme to model unilateral constraints for a multibody system with relatively fewer contacts. The iterative scheme does not require a traditional complementarity formulation and allows the use of any higher order integration methods. A comparison is then made between the traditional complementarity formulation and the presented iterative scheme via numerical examples.     

Comparison of Various Techniques for Modelling Flexible Beams in Multibody Dynamics

The modelling of flexible elements in mechanical systems has been widely investigated through several methods issuing from both the area of structural mechanics and the field of multibody dynamics. As regards the latter discipline, beside the problem of the generation of the multibody equations of motion, the choice of a spatial discretization method for modelling flexible elements has always been considered as a critical phase of the modelling. Although this subject is abundantly tackled in the open-literature, the latter probably lacks an objective comparison between the most commonly used approaches.This contribution presents an extensive investigation of several discretization techniques of flexible beams, in a pure multibody context. In particular, it is shown that shape functions based on power series monomials are very suitable and versatile to model beams being part of a multibody system and thus constitutes an interesting alternative to finite element analysis. For this purpose, a symbolic multibody program, in which various discretization techniques were implemented, was generalized to compute the equations of motion of a general multibody system containing flexible beams.     

柔性多体系统的计算策略

对柔性多体系统计算建模的研究现状和近期进展进行了总结. 重点讨论了柔性多体 动力学的以下内容: 柔性构件的建模, 约束建模, 求解技术, 控制策略, 耦合问 题, 设计和实验的研究. 对柔性多体系统建模的浮动坐标系,转动坐标系和惯性系 等3种坐标系的特点进行了对比. 指出了未来的研究方向, 包括柔性多体系统的新 的应用,如微观力学系统和超微观力学系统等; 提高这些模型的计算精度和效率的 技巧和策略; 以及可以用于改善柔性多体系统的工具. 本综述文章引用了877篇参 考文献.     

Control structure interaction in the nonlinear analysis of flexible mechanical systems

The effect of the control structure interaction on the feedforward control law as well as the dynamics of flexible mechanical systems is examined in this investigation. An inverse dynamics procedure is developed for the analysis of the dynamic motion of interconnected rigid and flexible bodies. This method is used to examine the effect of the elastic deformation on the driving forces in flexible mechanical systems. The driving forces are expressed in terms of the specified motion trajectories and the deformations of the elastic members. The system equations of motion are formulated using Lagrange's equation. A finite element discretization of the flexible bodies is used to define the deformation degrees of freedom. The algebraic constraint equations that describe the motion trajectories and joint constraints between adjacent bodies are adjoined to the system differential equations of motion using the vector of Lagrange multipliers. A unique displacement field is then identified by imposing an appropriate set of reference conditions. The effect of the nonlinear centrifugal and Coriolis forces that depend on the body displacements and velocities are taken into consideration. A direct numerical integration method coupled with a Newton-Raphson algorithm is used to solve the resulting nonlinear differential and algebraic equations of motion. The formulation obtained for the flexible mechanical system is compared with the rigid body dynamic formulation. The effect of the sampling time, number of vibration modes, the viscous damping, and the selection of the constrained modes are examined. The results presented in this numerical study demonstrate that the use of the driving forees obtained using the rigid body analysis can lead to a significant error when these forces are used as the feedforward control law for the flexible mechanical system. The analysis presented in this investigation differs significantly from previously published work in many ways. It includes the effect of the structural flexibility on the centrifugal and Coriolis forces, it accounts for all inertia nonlinearities resulting from the coupling between the rigid body and elastic displacements, it uses a precise definition of the equipollent systems of forces in flexible body dynamics, it demonstrates the use of general purpose multibody computer codes in the feedforward control of flexible mechanical systems, and it demonstrates numerically the effect of the selected set of constrained modes on the feedforward control law.     

A parametric study on the dynamic response of planar multibody systems with multiple clearance joints

A general methodology for dynamic modeling and analysis of multibody systems with multiple clearance joints is presented and discussed in this paper. The joint components that constitute a real joint are modeled as colliding bodies, being their behavior influenced by geometric and physical properties of the contacting surfaces. A continuous contact force model, based on the elastic Hertz theory together with a dissipative term, is used to evaluate the intrajoint contact forces. Furthermore, the incorporation of the friction phenomenon, based on the classical Coulomb’s friction law, is also discussed. The suitable contact-impact force models are embedded into the dynamics of multibody systems methodologies. An elementary mechanical system is used to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the presented approach, and to discuss the main assumptions and procedures adopted. Different test scenarios are considered with the purpose of performing a parametric study for quantifying the influence of the clearance size, input crank speed, and number of clearance joints on the dynamic response of multibody systems with multiple clearance joints. Additionally, the total computation time consumed in each simulation is evaluated in order to test the computational accuracy and efficiency of the presented approach. From the main results obtained in this study, it can be drawn that clearance size and the operating conditions play a crucial role in predicting accurately the dynamic responses of multibody systems.     

双面约束多点摩擦多体系统的建模和数值方法

提出了一种建立具有固定双面约束多点摩擦的多体系统动力学方程的方法. 用笛卡尔坐标阵描述系统的位形,根据局部方法的递推关系建立系统的约束方程,应用第一类Lagrange方程建立该系统的动力学方程,使得具有摩擦的约束面的法向力与Lagrange乘子一一对应,便于摩擦力的分析与计算,并用矩阵形式给出了摩擦力的广义力的一般表达式. 应用增广法将微分-代数方程组转化为常微分方程组,并用分块矩阵的形式给出,以便于方程的编程与计算.给出了一种改进的试算法,可提高计算效率. 最后给出了一个算例,应用试算法和RK法对算例进行了数值仿真.      

Dynamics of spatial structure-varying rigid multibody systems

Summary Couplings in machines and mechanisms exhibiting backlash and friction phenomena can be modeled as multibody systems with unilateral constraints and Coulomb friction. The structure of the differential-algebraic equations describing the system depends on the state of the constraints. The contact forces occurring at active constraints are taken into account in the equations of motion as Lagrange multipliers. Additionally, the kinematic conditions of all active constraints are formulated on the acceleration level. Contact and friction laws are sufficient conditions for state transitions of active constraints, and are represented by nonsmooth characteristics. Several formulations, like the linear complementarity problem, and two different nonlinear systems of equations are presented together with their solution method. The theory is applied to a mechanical system containing three-dimensional and coupled unilateral constraints with friction. Received 14 May 1998; accepted for publication 5 January 1999     

柔性对多体系统中铰接副磨损的影响

通过集成柔性多体动力学与磨损计算程序,提出了一种用于对柔性多体系统中间隙铰接副部位的磨损进行了预测的方法.基于绝对节点坐标方法(ANCF)建立了柔性部件的多体动力学模型,引入Lankanrani和Nikravesh提出的连续接触力模型计算间隙铰接副部分的法向接触力,采用Lu Gre摩擦模型计算切向摩擦力,并利用基于Archard模型的迭代计算程序计算磨损.为了提高计算效率,引入了并行计算策略.最后,通过对一个含柔性连杆的曲柄滑块机构机构进行仿真计算,发现当考虑部件的柔性时,得到的间隙处的冲击力会大幅降低,预测的磨损量也随之降低,并且随着机构柔性的增强,这种效果更为明显.