多柔体系统动力学建模与优化研究进展

多柔体系统是由柔性部件和运动副组成的力学系统,在航空、航天、车辆、机械与兵器等众多工程领域具有广泛的应用前景,其典型的代表包括柔性机械臂、直升机旋翼、卫星的可展开天线、太阳帆航天器等.近年来,随着工程技术的发展,多柔体系统动力学问题日益突出,尤其是含变长度柔性部件的多柔体系统,不仅涉及其动力学建模与计算,还涉及其动力学优化设计.事实上,部件柔性对多柔体系统的动力学行为影响很大,直接影响到优化结果,因此需要发展基于多柔体系统动力学的优化设计方法.本文首先阐述了多柔体系统动力学优化的研究背景及意义,简要回顾了多柔体系统动力学建模的3类方法:浮动坐标方法、几何精确方法和绝对节点坐标方法,并介绍了含变长度柔性部件的多柔体系统动力学建模方法.系统概述了多柔体系统动力学响应优化、动力学特性优化和动力学灵敏度分析3个方面的研究进展,并从尺寸优化、形状优化和拓扑优化3个方面综述了多柔体系统部件优化的研究进展.本文最后提出了在多柔体系统动力学优化研究中值得关注的若干问题.     

柔性机械臂动力学建模和控制研究

综述了柔性机械臂动力学建模和动力学控制等相关问题,介绍了柔性机械臂动力学建模中的旋转代数法、基于Lagrange方程的方法及基于模型辩识的方法;介绍了柔性机械臂动力学控制中的PD控制、反馈控制、自适应控制、鲁棒控制、预测控制、非线性控制和智能控 制,最后详细介绍了柔性机械臂动力学控制中的混合控制及智能结构;指出在柔性机械臂动力学建模和动力学控制应解决的问题。这对包括柔性机械臂在内的多柔体系统动力学建模与控制问题的研究有一定的促进作用。      

基于李群局部标架的多柔体系统动力学建模与计算

多柔体系统动力学主要研究由多个具有运动学约束、存在大范围相对运动的柔性部件构成的动力学系统的建模、计算和控制.多柔体系统不仅具有柔体大变形导致的几何非线性,更具有大范围刚体运动引起的几何非线性,其非线性程度远高于计算结构力学所研究的几何非线性问题.本文基于李群局部标架(local frame of Lie group, LFLG),讨论如何发展一套新的多柔体系统动力学建模和计算方法体系, 具体内容包括:基于局部标架的梁、板壳单元,适用于长时间历程计算的多柔体系统碰撞动力学积分算法,结合区域分解技术的大规模多柔体系统动力学并行求解器, 以及若干验证性算例.上述基于李群局部标架的方法体系可在计算中消除刚体运动带来的几何非线性问题,使柔体系统的广义惯性力、广义弹性力及其雅可比矩阵满足刚体运动的不变性,使多柔体系统动力学与大变形结构力学相互统一,有望推动新一代多柔体系统动力学建模和计算软件的发展.      

动力刚化与多体系统刚—柔耦合动力学

首先指出当前柔性多体系统动力学的大量工程研究背景,在回顾柔性多体系统动力学研究进展后指出动力刚化的现象揭示了刚－柔耦合的零次建模方法的局限,认为进一步深入进行柔性多体系统刚－柔耦合动力学的研究是多体系统动力学研究的新阶段,文末提出了刚－柔耦合动力学的研究任务。     

基于高斯原理的多体系统动力学建模

基于高斯最小拘束原理,以释放中的绳系卫星为背景,建立地球引力场内变长度大变形柔索联系的多体系统动力学模型. 利用基尔霍夫动力学比拟方法将柔索的变形转化为刚性截面沿中心线的转动,使包含刚性分体与变形体的刚柔耦合系统转化为由柔索的刚性截面与刚性分体组成的广义多刚体系统. 由于刚性截面的局部小变形沿弧坐标的积累不受限制,适合描述柔索的超大变形. 文中对此刚柔耦合多体系统导出其在地球引力场中的拘束函数,考虑各分体在空间中相对位置的几何约束条件,利用拉格朗日乘子构成以条件极值问题为特征的数学模型. 将高斯原理用于多体系统动力学的建模,其特点是以寻求函数极值的变分方法代替微分方程,通过数值计算直接得出运动规律. 其形式统一,不随系统拓扑结构的变化而改变,也无需区分树系统或非树系统.对于带控制的多体系统,动力学分析还可根据技术需要与系统的优化结合进行.      

柔性机械臂系统逆动力学及驱动规律的研究

研究了柔性机械臂系统的逆动力学问题及其联接铰驱规律。在柔性多体系统动力学单向递推组集建模方法的基础上,建立了树形及含闭环的柔性多体系统正逆动力学问题同时计算的等价公式。通过一空间机械臂的数值仿真,讨论了构件的柔性效应对系统的驱动力（矩）及实际运动规律的影响。     

弹性杆-刚性体系统动力学分析的广义逆矩阵方法

将多刚体系统的广义逆矩阵方法推广到含弹性杆与刚性体的混合系统的动力学分析中,建立了以节点坐标表示的基于全局惯性坐标系的刚体-柔性体混合系统动力学方程.首先以两端节点坐标为变量推导了弹性杆的动力学方程,以刚性体节点坐标为变量推导了刚性体节点速度约束方程和刚性体动力学方程,最后得到弹性杆与刚性体混合系统的动力学方程和速度约束方程.本方法在同一个惯性坐标系对刚柔多体系统进行描述,具有方法简洁、便于计算建模的特点.论文最后给出两个数值算例,检验了方法的有效性.     

基于李群局部标架的多柔体系统动力学建模与计算

多柔体系统动力学主要研究由多个具有运动学约束、存在大范围相对运动的柔性部件构成的动力学系统的建模、计算和控制.多柔体系统不仅具有柔体大变形导致的几何非线性,更具有大范围刚体运动引起的几何非线性,其非线性程度远高于计算结构力学所研究的几何非线性问题.本文基于李群局部标架(local frame of Lie group, LFLG),讨论如何发展一套新的多柔体系统动力学建模和计算方法体系,具体内容包括:基于局部标架的梁、板壳单元,适用于长时间历程计算的多柔体系统碰撞动力学积分算法,结合区域分解技术的大规模多柔体系统动力学并行求解器,以及若干验证性算例.上述基于李群局部标架的方法体系可在计算中消除刚体运动带来的几何非线性问题,使柔体系统的广义惯性力、广义弹性力及其雅可比矩阵满足刚体运动的不变性,使多柔体系统动力学与大变形结构力学相互统一,有望推动新一代多柔体系统动力学建模和计算软件的发展.     

柔性多体系统动力学绝对节点坐标方法研究进展

阐述了多体系统动力学理论的研究背景,指出了多种传统的柔性多体系统动力学研究方法的不足.系统地从4个方面回顾了柔性多体系统动力学绝对节点坐标方法诞生十几年以来的研究进展,即:单元研究进展、系统动力学方程求解数值算法研究进展、非线性材料多体系统动力学研究进展以及相关的应用研究进展.最后提出了值得进一步研究的问题.      

DYNAMIC MODELING OF MULTI-BODY SYSTEM BASED ON GAUSS'S PRINCIPLE

基于高斯最小拘束原理,以释放中的绳系卫星为背景,建立地球引力场内变长度大变形柔索联系的多体系统动力学模型. 利用基尔霍夫动力学比拟方法将柔索的变形转化为刚性截面沿中心线的转动,使包含刚性分体与变形体的刚柔耦合系统转化为由柔索的刚性截面与刚性分体组成的广义多刚体系统. 由于刚性截面的局部小变形沿弧坐标的积累不受限制,适合描述柔索的超大变形. 文中对此刚柔耦合多体系统导出其在地球引力场中的拘束函数,考虑各分体在空间中相对位置的几何约束条件,利用拉格朗日乘子构成以条件极值问题为特征的数学模型. 将高斯原理用于多体系统动力学的建模,其特点是以寻求函数极值的变分方法代替微分方程,通过数值计算直接得出运动规律. 其形式统一,不随系统拓扑结构的变化而改变,也无需区分树系统或非树系统.对于带控制的多体系统,动力学分析还可根据技术需要与系统的优化结合进行.     

DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF STOCHASTIC SPATIAL FLEXIBLE MULTIBODY SYSTEM 1)

轻质、高精度的柔性多体系统被广泛应用于实际工程领域中.由于实际设计公差、制造误差及环境温度等多种不确定因素的存在,使得柔性多体系统的结构参数(物理参数和几何参数)表现出随机性.具有随机结构参数的动力学模型能够客观地反映出真实系统的动力学行为,且结构参数的不确定性对空间柔性多体系统动力学响应的影响是不容忽视的.针对具有多个随机参数的空间柔性多体系统,提出了一种基于广义alpha算法的非侵入式随机柔性多体系统动力学计算方法.采用绝对节点坐标公式(absolute node coordinate formulation, ANCF)来描述柔性体, 推导建立多体系统动力学模型.利用混沌多项式展开(polynomial chaos expansion, PCE)法构建系统随机动力学方程的代理模型,然后将随机响应面法(stochastic response surface method, SRSM)嵌入广义-alpha方法中,分别采用改进抽样的回归方法(regression method of improved sampling, RMIS)和单项求容积法则(Monte Carlo simulation, MCR)来确定样本点.将数值计算结果与蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo simulation, MCS)结果进行对比, 验证了所提算法的有效性.在相同的定积分精度的条件下,根据单项求容积法则确定的样本点的计算结果稳定性更强, 且其计算效率更高.     

随机空间柔性多体系统动力学分析

轻质、高精度的柔性多体系统被广泛应用于实际工程领域中.由于实际设计公差、制造误差及环境温度等多种不确定因素的存在,使得柔性多体系统的结构参数(物理参数和几何参数)表现出随机性.具有随机结构参数的动力学模型能够客观地反映出真实系统的动力学行为,且结构参数的不确定性对空间柔性多体系统动力学响应的影响是不容忽视的.针对具有多个随机参数的空间柔性多体系统,提出了一种基于广义alpha算法的非侵入式随机柔性多体系统动力学计算方法.采用绝对节点坐标公式(absolute node coordinate formulation, ANCF)来描述柔性体, 推导建立多体系统动力学模型.利用混沌多项式展开(polynomial chaos expansion, PCE)法构建系统随机动力学方程的代理模型,然后将随机响应面法(stochastic response surface method, SRSM)嵌入广义-alpha方法中,分别采用改进抽样的回归方法(regression method of improved sampling, RMIS)和单项求容积法则(Monte Carlo simulation, MCR)来确定样本点.将数值计算结果与蒙特卡洛模拟(Monte Carlo simulation, MCS)结果进行对比, 验证了所提算法的有效性.在相同的定积分精度的条件下,根据单项求容积法则确定的样本点的计算结果稳定性更强, 且其计算效率更高.      

Topology optimization of a flexible multibody system with variable-length bodies described by ALE–ANCF

Recent years have witnessed the application of topology optimization to flexible multibody systems (FMBS) so as to enhance their dynamic performances. In this study, an explicit topology optimization approach is proposed for an FMBS with variable-length bodies via the moving morphable components (MMC). Using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation, the thin plate elements of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) are used to describe the platelike bodies with variable length. For the thin plate element of ALE–ANCF, the elastic force and additional inertial force, as well as their Jacobians, are analytically deduced. In order to account for the variable design domain, the sets of equivalent static loads are reanalyzed by introducing the actual and virtual design domains so as to transform the topology optimization problem of dynamic response into a static one. Finally, the novel MMC-based topology optimization method is employed to solve the corresponding static topology optimization problem by explicitly evolving the shapes and orientations of a set of structural components. The effect of the minimum feature size on the optimization of an FMBS is studied. Three numerical examples are presented to validate the accuracy of the thin plate element of ALE–ANCF and the efficiency of the proposed topology optimization approach, respectively.     

Dynamics of flexible mechanical systems with contact-impact and plastic deformations

A computer based formulation for the analysis of mechanical systems is investigated as a feasible method to predict the impact response of complex structural systems. A general methodology for the dynamic analysis of rigid-flexible multibody systems using a number of redundant Cartesian coordinates and the method of the Lagrange multipliers is presented. The component mode synthesis is then used to reduce the number of flexible degrees of freedom. In many impact situations, the individual structural members are overloaded giving rise to plastic deformations in highly localized regions, called plastic hinges. This concept is used by associating revolute nonlinear actuators with constitutive relations corresponding to the collapse behavior of the structural components. The contact of the system components is described using a continuous force model based on the Hertz contact law with hysteresis damping. The effect and importance of structural damping schemes in flexible bodies are also addressed here. Finally, the validity of this methodology is assessed by comparing the results of the proposed models with those obtained in different experimental tests where: a beam collides transversally with a rigid block; a torque box impacts a rigid barrier.     

Modeling of joints with clearance in flexible multibody systems

This paper is concerned with the modeling of joints with clearance within the framework of finite element based dynamic analysis of nonlinear, flexible multibody systems. For actual joints, clearance, lubrication and friction phenomena can significantly affect the dynamic response of the system. In this work, the effects of clearance and lubrication are studied for revolute and spherical joints. The formulation is developed within the framework of energy preserving and decaying time integration schemes that provide unconditional stability for nonlinear, flexible multibody systems. Numerical examples are presented that demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach. The importance of modeling structural damping and limited driving power are discussed.     

Optimization of Vehicle Suspension Systems for Improved Comfort of Road Vehicles Using Flexible Multibody Dynamics

Methods that account for the flexibility of multibody systems extend the range of applications to areas such as flexible robots, precision machinery, vehicle dynamics or space satellites. The method proposed here for flexible multibody models allows for the representation of complex-shaped bodies using general finite-element discretizations which deform during the dynamic loading of the system, while the gross rigid body motion of these bodies is still captured using fixed-body coordinate frames. Components of the system for which the deformations are relatively unimportant are represented with rigid bodies. This method is applied to a road vehicle where flexibility plays an important role in its ride and handling dynamic behavior. Therefore, for the study of the limit behavior of the vehicles, the use of flexible multibody models is of high importance. The design process of these vehicles, very often based on intuition and experience, can be greatly enhanced through the use of generalized optimization techniques concurrently with multibody codes. The use of sparse matrix system solvers and modal superposition, to reduce the number of flexible coordinates, in a computer simulation, assures a fast and reliable analysis tool for the optimization process. The optimum design of the vehicle is achieved through the use of an optimization algorithm with finite-differencesensitivities, where the characteristics of the vehicle components are the design variables on which appropriate constraints are imposed. The ride optimization is achieved by finding the optimum of a ride index that results from a metric that accounts for the acceleration in several key points in the vehicle properly weighted in face of their importance for the comfort of the occupant. Simulations with different road profiles are performed for different speeds to account for diverse ride situations. The results are presented and discussed in view of the different methods usedwith emphasis on models and algorithms.     

柔性多体系统刚-柔耦合动力学

首先指出大量复杂系统动力学与控制性态分析与优化等工程问题对柔性多体系统动力学领域的进一步需求,在回顾柔性多体系统动力学研究的若干阶段与当前的研究现状后指出:柔性多体系统刚- 柔耦合动力学的研究是多体系统动力学的一个新的阶段．文末提出了刚- 柔耦合动力学的研究任务。      

考虑压电驱动元件布局的作动器拓扑优化设计

工程中常需要设计各种各样的作动器以满足一定的驱动要求。本文采用拓扑优化的方法设计以压电材料为驱动的作动器。通过拓扑描述方法和RAMP（Rational Approximation of Material Properties）材料插值模型相结合的建模方式,建立了压电驱动元件布局与柔性机构构型协同设计的优化模型;以电压的...