新型薄膜式压力传感器的参数设计

利用待测压力与薄膜加速度之间的正比例关系来获取冲击波反射超压峰值的新型测量方法已经得到初步实验验证，该方法具有无需标定、制作简单、成本低廉、测量精度高等优点。为优选薄膜式压力传感器的主要参数，并获取压力测量的不确定度，开展了数值模拟，分析了薄膜厚度、待测压力、拟合参数等因素对压力测量的影响。对薄膜的位移或速度信号进行了拟合处理，获得了冲击起始时刻薄膜的加速度，进而得到了待测压力峰值；将获得的压力与标准压力进行比对，得到了拟合时长、拟合多项式阶次、薄膜厚度等因素的优选值，并获得了薄膜式压力传感器的主要技术指标。另外，开展了激波管比对实验，验证了数值模拟的相关结论。     

粉尘质量浓度的光纤光栅传感测量技术

粉尘质量浓度是粉尘爆炸的关键因素，针对目前对本质安全、可实时监测预警的粉尘质量浓度测量技术的迫切需求，提出一种基于光纤光栅和光纤准直器的新型测量技术，在阐述其测量理论的基础上，搭建测量和实验装置实物。对200、300和400目这3种粒径规格的小麦粉尘分别开展实验测量，结果表明:所提出的测量技术的光功率输出和粉尘质量浓度呈线性关系；并与标准的称重法得到的粉尘质量浓度开展对比，验证了光纤光栅测量技术的有效性。     

冲击作用下快响应光纤探针研究

为满足在特殊的环境条件下对冲击波速度、飞片速度等冲击波物理参数的精密测量要求 ,开发了一种快响应光纤探针技术。该光纤探针由一根一端镀膜的梯度石英光纤和一根金属套管构成。在测量爆轰波、飞片和冲击波到达时间的实验中 ,可达到纳秒甚至亚纳秒的时间响应。实验证明该技术是一种可靠的、高时间分辨率的测试手段。     

基于Bragg光纤光栅的位移-应变传感器分析

光纤光栅传感器技术应用于力学测试是国内外正在发展的一门新技术.本文基于光纤光栅传感的基本原理,介绍了一种用于位移测量的应变传感器,测得应变与位移变化具有良好的线性特点,重复性好;对该传感器的测量过程进行了有限元模拟,并与实验值进行了比较.     

数字标记点识别方法及其在材料性能测试中的应用

基于相关理论，提出了一种非接触性测量面内位移的数字标记点识别方法。该方法能应用于物体变形前后标记点的识别。相对于其它光学测量方法而言，该技术实验过程简单，能够应用于小变形、大变形等不同的变形范围。本文还将这一方法应用于高分子薄膜材料的时间特性实验测试，结果表明，此方法可有效用于柔度较大材料的变形测量。     

增益平坦滤波器在掺铒光纤光源中的应用

掺铒光纤光源的输出光谱有两个不对称峰,但光源的应用一般都要求有比较平坦的增益输出。借鉴EDFA的增益平坦技术,简述了几种增益平坦滤波器的工作原理及优缺点,包括电介质薄膜滤光片、光纤光栅滤波器、马赫-曾德尔滤波器、光子晶体光纤光栅滤波器和基于高双折射光纤环形镜的滤波器。指出目前采用长周期光纤光栅和电介质薄膜滤光片作为光纤光源的滤波器是比较适合的选择。最后以电介质薄膜滤光片为例,给出了C波段掺铒光纤光源增益平坦的实验结果,并与滤波前做了对比分析。实验表明,滤波器的加入使光纤光源获得了增益平坦的输出光谱。     

高精度光纤陀螺的分辨率测量

系统介绍了在单轴转台上测量高精度光纤陀螺分辨率的方法。该方法以GJB2426—95对光纤陀螺分辨率的定义为依据，以地球自转水平分量的余弦分量为陀螺的输入量，提出了一种正交三点寻北法。分析了光纤陀螺输出信号的特征，提出用对称测量法消除陀螺零偏并减小零漂对测量的影响。最后用IEEE推荐的测量不确定度评定方法对测量结果的不确定度进行了严格的评定。     

激光干涉测速中信号光纤色散测量

为对激光干涉测速系统(VISAR)中信号光纤的色散特性进行快速测量,搭建了一种基于时域法的 多模光纤色散测量装置。该装置由532nm 的皮秒激光器、快响应光电探测器以及宽带数字示波器组成,通 过对输入光纤前后的光脉冲时间宽度进行测量,来获得光纤的脉冲响应3dB脉宽(即色散时间)。利用该装 置分别对一根长度为123m 的国产梯度折射率光纤以及一根10m 长的阶跃折射率光纤在532nm 波长附近 的色散特性进行了测量。测得的梯度折射率光纤色散时间为(68316)ps,对应3dB频响带宽为646MHz; 阶跃折射率光纤色散时间为(163114)ps,对应频响带宽为271MHz。对实验结果进行了测量不确定度分 析,并与理论计算值进行了比较,获得了较好的一致性。研究表明,利用该实验装置,可对激光干涉测速应用 中信号光纤的色散特性进行迅速、准确的测量,从而为实验中信号光纤类型、长度等的合理选用提供参考。     

新型陀螺仪转子表面的测量及对陀螺性能的影响

提出了一种新的陀螺转子表面测量技术，它采用光强调制式的单光纤传感器作为测量元件。系统测试(0～100μ)结果显示：相应的灵敏度为2．5mV／μm，精度等级优于1％，重复性优于0．5％。设计了一种适用于陀螺转子表面测量的系统，其测量精度达到0．005μm。以直径38mm的实心陀螺转子球为例介绍了整个系统的组成及其工作过程，给出了两种转子表面图形绘制法(墨克脱投影法和三维表面重现法)和该陀螺转子的三维表面测量图；最后分析了图形的存在引起的转子表面不规则对陀螺性能的负影响，这些参数可以用来预测陀螺漂移性能。陀螺；转子表面测量；光纤传感器；二维旋转台；表面图的绘制     

电子散斑干涉三维变形测量技术研究

电子散斑干涉技术是一种非接触式,高精度的变形测量方法,适用于许多工业领域。由于其位移灵敏度与光学布置密切相关,因此难以在一次加载条件下实现三个方向的变形测量。针对这一问题,本文开发出一套能够同时测量面内和离面位移的测量装置。该装置采用波长为473nm、532nm和671nm的三种激光为光源,分别构建三组测量光路,使用一台3CCD彩色相机作为感光元件,一次记录三种光路获得的散斑干涉图像。通过对彩色相机的图像进行R、G、B通道分离,结合四步相移法可以同时获取物体的三维位移场。运用光纤技术优化光路设计,研制了集成化的电子散斑三维变形测量仪。通过相关的实验验证,评估了该装置测量物体三维变形的可行性和可靠性。     

高g值加速度传感器的标定

利用Hopkinson压杆装置,采用石英晶体片压力传感器对高g值加速度传感器进行了标定,并给出了加速度传感器灵敏度系数的标定公式。实验结果表明,本文中研制的利用石英晶体片压力传感器对高g值加速度传感器进行标定的实验装置可满足标定的精度要求,而且整个校准系统结构简单,易于操作。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of solid particles�� acceleration by shock waves

In this study, the interaction of a planar shock wave with a group of particles has been investigated using high-speed photography and dynamic pressure measurements. Experiments were carried out in a horizontal circular shock tube. The influence of the particle loading ratio, particle diameter, driving gas and shock wave Mach number on the acceleration was studied. It was found that the higher the particle loading ratio, the greater was the particle velocity. This is due to the higher driving pressure. Helium and nitrogen gases play quite different roles in acceleration. Pressure multiplication during shock wave interaction with particles also appears. Based on the experimental results, the discussion regarding partial quantitative velocities and accelerations of particle groups, as well as the attenuation factors when shock waves pass through the particles, is given.     

Diaphragm opening effects on shock wave formation and acceleration in a rectangular cross section channel

Shock wave formation and acceleration in a high-aspect ratio cross section shock tube were studied experimentally and numerically. The relative importance of geometric effects and diaphragm opening time on shock formation are assessed. The diaphragm opening time was controlled through the use of slit-type (fast opening time) and petal-type (slow opening time) diaphragms. A novel method of fabricating the petal-type diaphragms, which results in a consistent burst pressure and symmetric opening without fragmentation, is presented. High-speed schlieren photography was used to visualize the unsteady propagation of the lead shock wave and trailing gas dynamic structures. Surface-mounted pressure sensors were used to capture the spatial and temporal development of the pressure field. Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes simulation predictions using the shear-stress-transport turbulence model are compared to the experimental data. Simulation results are used to explain the presence of high-frequency pressure oscillations observed experimentally in the driver section as well as the cause of the initial acceleration and subsequent rapid decay of shock velocity measured along the top and bottom channel surfaces. A one-dimensional theoretical model predicting the effect of the finite opening time of the diaphragm on the rate of driver depressurization and shock acceleration is proposed. The model removes the large amount of empiricism that accompanies existing models published in the literature. Model accuracy is assessed through comparisons with experiments and simulations. Limitations of and potential improvements in the model are discussed.     

Diagnostic modelling of an expansion tube operating condition

Computational simulations of an expansion tube were conducted to estimate flow parameters and verify experimental uncertainties. Two types of simulations of the complete facility were undertaken: a one-dimensional simulation, and a hybrid simulation where a one-dimensional simulation of the shock tube section was coupled with a two-dimensional simulation of the acceleration tube. Good agreement between the one-dimensional simulations and experiments were obtained in the shock tube portion of the facility. In the acceleration section, initial two-dimensional simulations did not match the experimentally measured pitot pressure and showed a discrepancy in the shock speed. Further studies examined how the accelerator gas composition affected shock speed, static pressure and pitot pressure levels in expansion tube operation. Subsequent two-dimensional simulations, using an 8% level of air contamination in helium, showed reasonable agreement with experimental data. This prediction of air contamination was later confirmed with experimental measurements of the air partial pressure before operation.      

The unsteadiness of shock waves propagating through gas-particle mixtures

A shock wave which is incident onto a gas-particle mixture or initiated within such a mixture needs a certain distance to reach a constant velocity. This effect is due to the inertia and the heat capacity of the particles. In general the shock wave is decelerated and the frozen pressure jump is decaying. A vertical shock tube was used in order to produce a plane shock wave incident onto a homogeneous gas-particle mixture. In addition to measurements of the shock velocity and the pressure history along the total low pressure section, the particle velocity was measured within the relaxation zone far downstream of the diaphragm using a laser-Doppler-velocimeter. Thus a drag law describing the particle acceleration within the relaxation zone was derived from the measurements. To compare the experiments with theoretical results, calculations were performed by the random-choice method.     

塑性减震技术在地下强爆炸环境下的应用研究

本文介绍了地下封闭爆炸中利用塑性减震技术对参试的重要测试仪器进行减震防护研究的基本原理和设计的基本思路，根据振动冲击理论计算和模拟实验实测结果研制的减震装置将63kg重的摄像装置的切向峰值加速度由地表激励的1695m/s^2减至在减震装置上的98m/s^2；将23.5kg重的摄像装置的垂向峰值加速度由地表激励的400m/s^2减至147m/s^2，实测结果表明，本文所研制的塑性减震装置，其减震效果与预计的结果相一致，增强了摄像装置在强冲击、大位移特殊环境下的物理生存能力，保证了拍摄图像的清晰完整，达到了设计的要求，满足了试验研究工作的需要。     

Dynamics of oblique detonations in ram accelerators

Time-accurate numerical simulations are used to study the dynamic development of oblique detonations on accelerating projectiles in ram accelerators. These simulations show that the oblique detonation can be stabilized on the projectile. The high pressure generated behind the detonation can result in accelerations up to 10⁶G and propel the projectile to velocities higher than 4.0 km/s. The detonation structure on the projectile is sensitive to the projectile geometry. A small change in the projectile shape is sufficient to alter the overall detonation structure and significantly affect the pressure distribution on the projectile. In order to maximize the thrust, an appropriate projectile shape has to be chosen to generate the detonation structure just behind the widest part of the projectile body. The projectile acceleration also has strong effects on the flow field and the detonation structure. During the acceleration, the location of the oblique detonation moves upstream from one reflected shock to another. However, one the detonation is stabilized behind the upstream shock, it remains at the new location until the transition to the next upstream shock occurs. In the simulations, the Non-Inertial-Source (NIS) technique was used to accurately represent of the projectile acceleration. Also, the Virtual-Cell-Embedding (VCE) method was employed to efficiently treat the complex projectile geometry on cartesian grids.     

介质与静压对激波管校准压阻式绝压传感器动态特性的影响

激波管通常用于动态压力传感器的校准，压阻式绝压传感器在激波管校准过程当中，会出现谐振频率等动态性能指标随着激波管静态压力环境、气体介质变化而改变的情况，影响传感器动态特性的校准。基于压阻式传感器的工作原理，对传感器的敏感膜片结构进行了机理分析，建立了膜片结构与校准环境中介质和静压关系的动态模型；通过ANSYS与SIMULINK软件开展了数值模拟验证工作，模拟结果与理论推导一致。通过激波管校准实验验证了气体介质与静压的影响关系，结果表明:传感器的谐振频率与静压间存在非线性关系，并且随着敏感膜片径厚比的增大而显著增大；系统阻尼比大小与气体介质有关，随着气体密度的降低而升高；传感器的灵敏度与气体介质和静压无太大直接关系。在使用激波管校准压阻式绝压传感器时，应当考虑介质与静压参数对校准结果的影响。     

Specific features of incident and reflected blast waves

On the basis of numerical modeling specific features of shock wave reflections were analyzed. It was found, that after diaphragm rupture self-modeling pressure and velocity distributions nearby the shock front establish. But in some special cases the temperature behind the shock front can rise. This peculiarity should be taken into account when performing experiments with high reactive gaseous mixtures. The temperature on the shock front and the velocity gradient behind it are uniform in the case of strong blast wave reflections. This effect is observed in the zone with an elevated temperature profile behind the incident blast wave. The reflected triangular waves conserve a quasi-self-modeling character by pressure. Typical experiments were carried out to verify the theoretical predictions. The effects of reflected wave acceleration in the case of triangular waves and the self-similar character of the pressure profiles were observed.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

水中爆炸冲击波作用下混凝土墩动态响应初步分析

用水下爆炸冲击分析（ＵＳＡ）方法,在假设条件下,数值模拟了混凝土结构物水中爆炸冲击波作用下的加速度及压力响应,是对浅层水中爆炸流－固耦合动力学问题数值解的初步尝试。