一种高性能抗辐照掺铒光子晶体光纤光源

为满足空间环境应用高精度光纤陀螺的需求,基于掺铒光子晶体光纤设计了一种抗辐照掺铒光纤光源。首先设计了一种高浓度掺铒光子晶体光纤,通过优化Er3+/Al3+的掺杂浓度,改善了掺铒光纤的荧光特性。然后通过调节光纤长度优化光源输出光谱接近掺铒光纤本征荧光谱,降低了辐照条件下掺铒光纤光源的光谱损耗;结合"平坦谱光谱滤波"和"泵浦光功率闭环反馈控制"技术设计出适合空间辐照环境应用的掺铒光子晶体光纤光源。辐照试验结果表明,光源在200 krad辐照剂量下输出光谱宽度大于40 nm,平均波长稳定性2.6′10~(-6)/krad,功率损耗小于0.2 dB,表现出较好的抗辐照效果。     

双程前向结构掺铒光纤光源稳定性的实验研究

为了获得高稳定的光纤陀螺掺铒光纤光源,理论分析了平均波长受温度变化的影响因素,实验研究了双程前向(DPF)结构掺铒光纤光源平均波长温度稳定性。主要通过优化铒纤长度来减小铒纤的本征温度系数对光源稳定性的影响,优化泵浦功率使其引起平均波长的变化达到最小。最终获得了掺铒光纤光源在双程前向结构下的优化铒纤长度12.2m和优化泵浦功率150mW,对比分析了包括优化铒纤长度在内的三个长度下,不同泵浦功率对光源的平均波长、输出功率和谱宽的影响;测量了不同长度铒纤的本征温度系数,获得了平均波长稳定性为-0.452ppm/°C的双程前向光纤光源。     

光源稳定性对光纤陀螺性能的影响及解决方案

分析了光源出纤功率和波长波动对陀螺性能的影响，并理论研究了双程后向结构掺铒光纤超荧光光源的特性。结果表明，在任意反射镜参数下，只要选取适当的掺铒光纤长度，该结构光源总能实现不依赖于泵浦功率的平均波长高稳定性运行；在高稳定性的前提下，反射镜参数优化后的该结构光源有较宽的频带宽度和较高的输出功率。得出了该结构光源可以满足高精度惯导级光纤陀螺对光源稳定性要求的结论。     

应用于三轴光纤陀螺中的双程后向ASE光源

根据三轴光纤陀螺的高精度需求,采用大功率高稳定性的高精度双程后向方案掺铒光纤光源。通过对ASE光源的理论分析建立数学模型,并根据所用掺铒光纤及泵浦光源的参数对光源进行谱型分析,确定光路方案。再以掺铒光纤和泵浦激光器的温度特性和补偿为研究重点,对掺铒光纤的长度和掺杂浓度以及泵浦功率和铒纤的匹配性进行试验,最终采用铒纤长度19 m,泵浦波长974.6 nm,泵浦功率140 m A,得到光源光功率为20 m W,平均波长变化量小于0.5′10~(-6)/℃,满足光纤陀螺对ASE光源的要求。     

使用滤波器和探测器阵列的光纤陀螺光源平均波长漂移监测

为了提升光纤陀螺在工作温度范围内的标度因数稳定性,提出了一种使用滤波器和探测器阵列对光源光谱平均波长漂移进行实时监测的技术方案。光纤陀螺光源光谱通常为平滑的类高斯函数,理论上可以借助少数采样点在较小的误差范围内计算其积分值,因此可以测量光源几个特定波长处的光强,结合适当的数值积分算法,计算其平均波长漂移。以掺铒光纤光源的左峰(中心波长约1530 nm)为例,分析了滤波器参数以及积分方法对监测精度的影响,结果表明当初级滤波器带宽为5 nm,次级滤波器带宽为1 nm,采用Gauss-Legendre积分法时,计算值与测量值的误差小于0.2×10~(-6)。实时监测结果可用于波长反馈控制或标度因数补偿,进一步提升光纤陀螺的环境适应性。     

光强外调制法抑制相对强度噪声

针对高精度光纤陀螺超荧光光纤光源的相对强度噪声（RIN），阐述了光强外调制法抑制RIN系统构成。系统利用集成光学强度调制器及其反馈控制回路将光纤光源的强度变化作为调制信号，通过负反馈消除光源的RIN。文中给出了反馈回路中增益非平坦型带通滤波器的实现方法。实验结果表明，在10kHz～800kHz范围内，光强外调制法使单位带宽内信噪比改善了15～5dB。     

高精度光纤陀螺光源强度噪声的抑制

掺铒超荧光光纤光源的光源强度噪声是影响高精度光纤陀螺随机游走系数的主要因素。为了降低陀螺随机游走系数,进一步提高陀螺精度,提出了一种抑制光纤陀螺光源强度噪声的方法。利用耦合器两个输出端输出光的相关性,将两束光转换为电信号送入FPGA中,用数字电路相减法实现光源强度噪声的抑制。通过Allan方差法对抑制前后陀螺输出数据的分析结果可以看出,采用数字相减法可以有效的抑制光纤陀螺的光源强度噪声,角随机游走系数与抑制前相比减小33%。该方法与以往的方法相比,具有工程实现简便、可靠性高、维护容易等优点。     

太空单粒子效应光纤陀螺输出地面模拟分析

为了研究在地面环境下模拟分析空间用光纤陀螺输出特性,对光纤陀螺静态高速输出连续相同数据的特性展开了研究。通过对光纤陀螺系统建模,研究了前向增益与两种陀螺输出滤波器的特性。提出了一种计算光纤陀螺静态条件下输出连续相同数据概率的方法。通过理论计算、仿真、实验相结合的研究方法,相互验证了其正确性,发现陀螺输出连续五次相同的概率的量级为10-11,发生的概率极小,为空间应用光纤陀螺系统时钟故障诊断提供了参考。通过研究发现陀螺前向增益越小,越容易导致陀螺输出连续相同的数据;陀螺滤波器对陀螺输出连续相同数据的固有特性有重要的影响;平滑滤波器较FIR滤波器更容易导致输出连续相同的数据。     

消除消偏光纤陀螺克尔效应的一种方法

研究了非线性克尔效应对光纤陀螺噪声的贡献,得到了可以通过采用宽谱光源和调制光路中的光功率来减小甚至消除克尔效应引起的非互易相位差的结果。采用调制光功率的方法消除克尔效应。为了避免因调制光功率降低探测器信噪比,通过分析探测器的噪声原理得到了保证足够信噪比的最小功率输入。设计了光纤放大器光源来实现这种光功率的调制。分别分析了泵浦光功率和泵浦方式对光源的影响,进一步协调了光纤放大器光源的输出功率和放大增益,首次证明了光纤放大器光源的优越性。在实验中,采用了光纤放大器光源的光纤陀螺的随机游走系数被减小到了原来的0.8。     

宽带光源光谱不对称性对光纤陀螺性能的影响

光谱不对称性是宽带光源的非理想特性之一,这种特性对标度因数的影响在中高精度光纤陀螺中会逐渐显现出来。为了分析光谱不对称性及其对光纤陀螺的影响,结合光纤陀螺所用宽带光源的典型光谱参数,对宽带光源的光谱不对称性进行了理论计算,分析了传统量化光谱不对称性方法存在的问题和局限性,并在此基础上提出了一种更加准确合理的光谱不对称性的量化指标。研究表明,光谱不对称性会产生相对相位误差,并在调制通道中产生视在增益误差,导致陀螺第二反馈回路"错误"调整调制通道的增益,引起光纤陀螺标度因数的非线性误差。对于类矩形光谱当不对称度小于10~(-2)时,视在增益误差引起的标度因数非线性误差会达到25′10~(-6)。因此在进行光源设计时需要将光谱不对称性作为一个定量考虑的指标。     

A posteriori analysis of low-pass spatial filters for approximate deconvolution large eddy simulations of homogeneous incompressible flows

The goal of this paper is twofold: first, it investigates the effect of low-pass spatial filters for approximate deconvolution large eddy simulation (AD-LES) of turbulent incompressible flows. Second, it proposes the hyper-differential filter as a means of increasing the accuracy of the AD-LES model without increasing the computational cost. Box filters, Padé filters, and differential filters with a wide range of parameters are studied in the AD-LES framework. The AD-LES model, in conjunction with these spatial filters, is tested in the numerical simulation of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional Taylor–Green vortex problems. We show that the most accurate results are obtained with the hyper-differential filter, followed by the differential filter. We also demonstrate that the results highly depend on the selection of the filtering procedure. It seems that filters whose transfer function resembles that of the Fourier cut-off filter (such as the hyper-differential filters) tend to perform the best.     

Embedded optical fiber Bragg grating sensor in a nonuniform strain field: Measurements and simulations

This paper investigates the use of embedded optical fiber Bragg gratings to measure strain near a stress concentration within a solid structure. Due to the nature of a stress concentration (i.e., the strong nonuniformity of the strain field), the assumption that the grating spectrum in reflection remains a single peak with a constant bandwidth is not valid. Compact tension specimens including a controlled notch shape are fabricated, and optical fiber Bragg gratings with different gage lengths are embedded near the notch tip. The form of the spectra in transmission varies between gages that are at different distances from the notch tip under given loading conditions. This variation is shown to be due to the difference in the distribution of strain along the gage length. By using the strain field measured using electronic speckle pattern interferometry on the specimen surface and a discretized model of the grating, the spectra in transmission are then calculated analytically. For a known strain distribution, it is then shown that one can determine the magnitude of the applied force on the specimen. Thus, by considering the nonuniformity of the strain field, the optical fiber Bragg gage functions well as an embedded strain gage near the stress concentration.     

光纤陀螺随机漂移补偿中的数据融合方法（英文）

为提高光电平台的控制性能和稳定性,以平台反馈回路所用的光纤陀螺传感器为研究对象,对光纤陀螺角速率的历史输出、当前量测以及随机漂移进行融合补偿。采用双自回归模型确定了光纤陀螺时间序列输出的自回归多项式和光纤陀螺随机漂移的自回归关系。以陀螺当前输出为量测量,结合卡尔曼滤波算法将陀螺历史输出和历史随机漂移融合进状态方程,并进行随机漂移在线估计补偿。实验结果表明,光纤陀螺随机漂移的AR模型能达到90%拟合效果,经卡尔曼滤波补偿后随机漂移能降到1/10。该方法能很好地抑制光电平台三个框架轴光纤陀螺的随机漂移,补偿率为80%~90%。     

A mathematical model for cylindrical,fiber reinforced electro-pneumatic actuators

In recent years, dielectric elastomers have received increasing attention due to their unparalleled large strain actuation response (>100%). The force output, however, has remained a major limiting factor for many applications. To address this limitation, a model for a fiber reinforced dielectric elastomer actuator based on the deformation mechanism of McKibben actuators is presented. In this novel configuration, the outer cylindrical surface of a dielectric elastomer is enclosed by a network of helical fibers that are thin, flexible and inextensible. This configuration yields an axially contractile actuator, in contrast to unreinforced actuators which extend. The role of the fiber network is twofold: (i) to serve as reinforcement to improve the load-bearing capability of dielectric elastomers, and (ii) to render the actuator inextensible in the axial direction such that the only free deformation path is simultaneous radial expansion and axial contraction. In this paper, a mathematical model of the electromechanical response of fiber reinforced dielectric elastomers is derived. The model is developed within a continuum mechanics framework for large deformations. The cylindrical electro-pneumatic actuator is modeled by adapting Green and Adkins’ theory of reinforced cylinders to account for the applied electric field. Using this approach, numerical solutions are obtained assuming a Mooney–Rivlin material model. The results indicate that the relationship between the contractile force and axial shortening is bilinear within the voltage range considered. The characteristic response as a function of various system parameters such as the fiber angle, inflation pressure, and the applied voltage are reported. In this paper, the elastic portion of the modeling approach is validated using experimental data for McKibben actuators.     

Evaluation of steerable filter for detection of fibers in flowing suspensions

Steerable filters are concluded to be useful in order to determine the orientation of fibers captured in digital images. The fiber orientation is a key variable in the study of flowing fiber suspensions. Here, digital image analysis based on a filter within the class of steerable filters is evaluated for suitability of finding the position and orientation of fibers suspended in flowing suspensions. In sharp images with small noise levels, the steerable filter succeeds in determining the orientation of artificially generated fibers with well-defined angles. The influence of reduced image quality on the orientation has been quantified. The effect of unsharpness and noise is studied and the results show that the error in orientation is less than 1° for moderate levels. Images from two flow cases, one laminar shear flow and one turbulent, are also analyzed. The fiber orientation distribution is determined in the flow-vorticity plane. For the laminar case a comparison is made to a robust, but computationally more expensive, method involving convolutions with an oriented elliptic filter. A good agreement is found when comparing the resulting fiber orientation distributions obtained with the two methods. For the turbulent case, it is demonstrated that correct results are obtained and that the method can handle overlapping fibers.     

Two-dimensional equations for electromagnetic waves in multi-layered thin dielectric films

Two-dimensional equations for electromagnetic fields in a multi-layered thin dielectric film are derived from the three-dimensional equations of electrodynamics by expanding the vector potential of the electromagnetic fields into trigonometric series expansions of the film thickness coordinate. The lower order equations are examined. It is shown that they can describe certain long waves in the film. The equations are useful for modeling thin film devices.     

原位微拉曼测试技术在碳纳米管纤维和薄膜材料力学性能研究中的应用

利用宏观应力联合原位微拉曼测试技术对双壁碳纳米管(Carbon Nanotube,CNT)纤维和薄膜材料的力学性能进行了实验分析,探讨了拉伸加载期间纤维和薄膜内CNT的载荷响应及其与宏观力学性能的关联,揭示了两种材料力学性能差异性的微观机理。实验分析表明,CNT纤维和薄膜的拉伸变形呈现弹性、强化和损伤断裂三个阶段,但其内的CNT只发生弹性变形,没有塑性形变,且没有明显的损伤或键的断裂,纤维和薄膜呈现阶段性拉伸变形的原因可归结为滑移。纤维的弹性模量显著高于薄膜,是薄膜的4.7倍,原因是弹性阶段纤维中CNT的轴向伸长对宏观应变的贡献较大。纤维和薄膜的拉伸强度相差较小,原因是强化阶段薄膜内不断有大量CNT进入承载队伍,这也使得薄膜具有比纤维更高的韧性。     

一种三轴光纤陀螺时分复用方案的设计与分析

目前三轴一体化已成为国内光纤陀螺一个新的研究热点。提出一种光学敏感部分共用光源与探测器,信号处理部分采用单信号处理电路分时处理的三轴光纤陀螺组合技术方案。分析了信号处理中前放滤波、三轴控制时序和反馈电路中的通道选择。测试结果表明,其指标达到了低精度光纤陀螺的性能要求,适用于小型化、低成本应用背景。     

Micron-scale channel formation by the release and bond-back of pre-stressed thin films: A finite element analysis

Buckling of thin films on a rigid substrate during use or fabrication is a well-known but unwanted phenomenon. However, this phenomenon can also be exploited to generate well-controlled patterns at the micro and nano-scale. These patterned surfaces find various technological applications such as optical gratings or micro/nano-fluidic channels. In this article, we present a numerical model that accounts for the buckling-up of pre-strained thin films by a reduction of the interface toughness and the subsequent bond-back. Channels are formed whose dimensions can be controlled by tuning the film dimensions, film thickness and stiffness, the eigenstrain in the film and the cohesive interface energy between the film and the substrate. We will show how the buckling-up and draping back processes can be captured in terms of a limited set of dimensionless parameters, providing quantitative insight on how these parameters should be tuned to generate a specified channel geometry.