冲击波反射压测量曲线的动态修正与补偿方法

为准确获取爆炸冲击波反射压测量曲线,分析了影响其峰值的三个因素:测压系统的带宽、压力测量方式和信号传输线长度;使用激波管对冲击波测压系统进行动态校准,获取其动态特性;采用改进的levy法对其动态特性进行参数化建模,设计巴特沃斯滤波器作为补偿后的系统,计算出动态补偿环节,拓宽了测压系统的工作频带,且降低了测压系统谐振频率处的幅值;对冲击波反射压测量曲线进行动态修正与补偿,发现该方法能够修正冲击波反射超压峰值,明显降低由于测压系统的动态特性不够带来的峰值误差。该研究成果能够显著提高冲击波反射压测量峰值的准确度,为武器毁伤威力评价提供技术支持。     

基于动态校准数据的压杆测试系统动态特性校正技术

针对应变式压杆测试系统在冲击波的超压测量中存在动态响应不足的问题,建立了激波管校准平台.采用系统辨识建模和动态补偿的方法,将时域分析和频域估计相结合,设计了一种动态补偿滤波器,改善了压杆测试系统的动态特性,使频带展宽,响应时间减少.     

一种薄膜式的光纤压力传感技术

提出了一种薄膜式的光纤压力传感技术，用于测量冲击波的反射超压峰值。该技术通过建立待测压力与薄膜加速度之间的正比例关系来获取压力。结合Fabry-Perot腔光学干涉测量技术，设计并加工实现了一种光纤压力传感器。开展数值模拟和激波管实验，结果证明，该压力获取技术可行，且该技术具有无须标定、制作简单、成本低廉、测量精度高、响应时间快的优点。     

新型薄膜式压力传感器的参数设计

利用待测压力与薄膜加速度之间的正比例关系来获取冲击波反射超压峰值的新型测量方法已经得到初步实验验证，该方法具有无需标定、制作简单、成本低廉、测量精度高等优点。为优选薄膜式压力传感器的主要参数，并获取压力测量的不确定度，开展了数值模拟，分析了薄膜厚度、待测压力、拟合参数等因素对压力测量的影响。对薄膜的位移或速度信号进行了拟合处理，获得了冲击起始时刻薄膜的加速度，进而得到了待测压力峰值；将获得的压力与标准压力进行比对，得到了拟合时长、拟合多项式阶次、薄膜厚度等因素的优选值，并获得了薄膜式压力传感器的主要技术指标。另外，开展了激波管比对实验，验证了数值模拟的相关结论。     

封装材料对压阻式加速度传感器性能的影响

通过实验测试的方法研究分析封装材料对压阻式高量程加速度传感器性能的影响。对使用陶瓷 材料和不锈钢材料封装的加速度传感器,利用拉曼光谱仪测试研究封装前后传感器结构中残余应力和压敏 电阻阻值的变化,采用落锤、Hopkinson杆测试分析传感器的灵敏度、高过载能力,并在实弹环境中测试不同 封装传感器的测试精度的差别。实验结果显示,与陶瓷材料封装的压阻式加速度传感器相比,不锈钢材料封 装的压阻式加速度传感器在封装后结构的残余应力和压敏电阻阻值的变化更大,但不锈钢封装传感器的灵 敏度更大、高过载能力更强,同时实弹环境中可靠性和测试精度更高。     

面内随机堆叠石墨烯复合材料压阻传感机理与压阻性能

面内随机堆叠石墨烯复合材料(graphene composites, GC)是可穿戴柔性传感器的基础材料之一, 但是其压阻传感机理与压阻性能仍然有待深入研究. 本文基于GC的微观结构特征, 利用0 $\sim$ 1间均匀分布随机数获得石墨烯在复合材料中的位置和方向, 建立了二维GC压阻传感器模型. 根据GC均匀变形的特点和有限单元法发展了GC压阻性能的计算方法, 计算得到了相对电阻、灵敏度系数、石墨烯片的微观形态与电流密度云图. 研究结果表明, GC中的压阻效应是由于在变形过程中石墨烯形态的改变, 包括GC中石墨烯片的密度随应变变化、石墨烯片滑移、分离导致电子迁移路径和无效片数量的改变, 而GC中石墨烯片密度随应变的变化是影响压阻效应的主要因素. 石墨烯片间的相对滑移产生线性传感特征, 分离反之. 高面分比GC与大尺寸石墨烯的GC拥有较大的感知范围, 低面分比GC和小尺寸石墨烯的GC具有更高的灵敏度系数. 最后将接触面的面内电阻率设为应变的函数, 研究了石墨烯片的接触效应对GC压阻性能影响, 解释了GC压阻性能的接触效应和影响机理. 研究结论可为GC生产方法的改进与创新、以及GC压阻传感器件的制备提供理论依据和技术参考.      

一种排气式膛压模拟装置

为了在实验室条件下简洁、高效地获得与实际相符的膛压曲线,进而开展典型结构和材料膛压载荷响应特性研究,提出了压力舱内发射药燃烧同时发射药气体由排气件排出的膛压模拟装置。结合发射药燃烧理论和等熵流动模型,建立了排气式膛压模拟过程的数学模型。基于理想气体假设,利用Fluent软件模拟泄压过程质量流量规律,并与理论结果对比,确定了流量系数。分别根据76和155 mm火炮膛压曲线特点及小型化设计原则,对模拟装置性能参数进行了优化设计。优化结果表明,获得的压力曲线的增压速率和降压速率基本满足要求,峰值压力达到300 MPa,压力大于30 MPa历时10 ms以上。验证实验结果表明:压力曲线有良好的重复性,且与理论结果一致,装置工作可靠性高;以排放发射药气体方式模拟膛压曲线是可行的。     

高g值加速度传感器的标定

利用Hopkinson压杆装置,采用石英晶体片压力传感器对高g值加速度传感器进行了标定,并给出了加速度传感器灵敏度系数的标定公式。实验结果表明,本文中研制的利用石英晶体片压力传感器对高g值加速度传感器进行标定的实验装置可满足标定的精度要求,而且整个校准系统结构简单,易于操作。     

激波与可运动颗粒群相互作用反射与透射机理实验研究

对水平圆柱形激波管内可压缩性气体与颗粒群的相互作用进行了实验研究与理论分析。利用由压力传感器、信号放大器、示波器和计算机组成的压力测量系统对激波与颗粒群作用时的动态压力进行了测量。发现激波管内发生的是一个复杂的过程,包括激波与颗粒群作用时伴随了激波和膨胀波的反射与透射现象、激波和膨胀波与接触面的干涉、以及激波从激波管端壁的反射等现象。当颗粒装载比α=1时,透射激波被直径为6mm的颗粒群衍射并且有膨胀波紧随其后,因此由透射激波引起的第一个压力峰急剧下降。颗粒装载比和颗粒直径影响透射激波的衍射和衰减。     

箔式高阻值低压锰铜压阻应力计的设计及动态标定

设计了低压锰铜压阻传感器 ,并通过平板撞击实验标定了该传感器在 0 .3～ 9.4GPa范围内的压阻关系。标定曲线在 0 .3～ 1.5GPa范围内是线性的 ,对应的是传感器的弹性状态 ,而在 1.5～ 9.4GPa范围内是二次曲线。标定曲线的拐点在 1.5GPa附近 ,这与理论分析和他人的实验结果相接近。     

Development of a PVDF sensor array for measurement of the impulsive pressure generated by cavitation bubble collapse

To study the impulsive pressure generated by cavitation bubble collapse, a PVDF piezoelectric array of pressure sensors is developed. The sensor array is fabricated directly on a 25 μm thick aluminum-metalized polarized PVDF film using a laser micro-machining technique. Dynamic calibration of the sensor array is accomplished in a gas shock tube. The average response time of the PVDF sensors to the fast-rising gas dynamic shock is found as fast as 31 ns. The array sensor is then attached on the solid boundary attacked by the collapse of the bubble. The features and the possible mechanisms of the impulsive pressure are discussed. The high sensitivity, low crosstalk, and low cost of the PVDF sensor array indicates its applicability in high amplitude impulsive field measurements.     

Destruction of mouse lymphoma cells with high pressure pulses generated by a diaphragmless shock tube

A high pressure pulse, which was produced by a shock tube, was hit repeatedly on a pellet of mouse EL-4 T-lymphoma cells packed in a small test tube which was filled up with culture medium. The pressure pulse measured at the conical bottom of the tube had about 30 μs width and up to 8.4 MPa height depending on the driver gas pressure of the shock tube. The lymphoma cells began to be destroyed by hitting with 100 pulses having a peak pressure around 3 MPa. The fraction of dead cells in the tube exposed to the shock wave of 100 pulses rose exponentially as the peak pressure was increased from 3 MPa to 8 MPa. The fraction of dead cells at 6.0 MPa of the peak pressure was around 10%. However, proliferative function of the cells survived after exposure to 6.0 MPa-peak-pressure pulses seemed intact because the cells which survived the exposure proliferated as well as the nonexposed control cells.     

The effect of diaphragm opening time on the feasibility of tuned operation in free piston shock tunnels

The effect of diaphragm opening time on the feasibility of tuned operation is analyzed by parametric calculations. The effect on the duration of pressure holding is also investigated. Characteristic parameters are defined to show the effects of dimensions, operation conditions and diaphragm opening time. It is shown that diaphragm opening time needs to be less than a certain limit to achieve tuned operation. The limit depends on pressure at diaphragm rupture and the ratio of diameters between a downstream shock tube and a compression tube. The permissible diaphragm opening time is also proportional to the length of the compression tube. The existence of the limit required for tuned operation is shown to be caused by the increase of pressure in the driver gas during the diaphragm opening. Moreover, the effect of diaphragm opening time on the duration of the pressure holding is shown to be weak once tuned operation becomes feasible.

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Static and dynamic response of a multiplexed-array piezoresistive contact sensor

Multiplexed piezoresistive sensor arrays hold great potential for measuring contact stress distributions for orthopedic research applications. However, their acceptance has been handicapped by output drift and the fact that their dynamic response has not been well characterized. In this report, the static and dynamic responses of one device of this class (the K-Scan piezoresistive contact stress sensor) are formally characterized using a specially made pressure vessel that provides spatially homogeneous contact stress. Drift was predominant early in static loading, reaching relationtive errors of approximately 30 percent over a 10-min period. During loading, first-order dynamic analysis showed that the time constant (and time lag) was nearly zero and there was little attenuation of the output up to 20 Hz. A deconvolution algorithm proved capable of compensating for the great majority of static drift.     

Diaphragm opening effects on shock wave formation and acceleration in a rectangular cross section channel

Shock wave formation and acceleration in a high-aspect ratio cross section shock tube were studied experimentally and numerically. The relative importance of geometric effects and diaphragm opening time on shock formation are assessed. The diaphragm opening time was controlled through the use of slit-type (fast opening time) and petal-type (slow opening time) diaphragms. A novel method of fabricating the petal-type diaphragms, which results in a consistent burst pressure and symmetric opening without fragmentation, is presented. High-speed schlieren photography was used to visualize the unsteady propagation of the lead shock wave and trailing gas dynamic structures. Surface-mounted pressure sensors were used to capture the spatial and temporal development of the pressure field. Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes simulation predictions using the shear-stress-transport turbulence model are compared to the experimental data. Simulation results are used to explain the presence of high-frequency pressure oscillations observed experimentally in the driver section as well as the cause of the initial acceleration and subsequent rapid decay of shock velocity measured along the top and bottom channel surfaces. A one-dimensional theoretical model predicting the effect of the finite opening time of the diaphragm on the rate of driver depressurization and shock acceleration is proposed. The model removes the large amount of empiricism that accompanies existing models published in the literature. Model accuracy is assessed through comparisons with experiments and simulations. Limitations of and potential improvements in the model are discussed.     

Propagation of pressure waves in two-phase flow

We deal with a pressure wave of finite amplitude propagating in a gas and liquid medium or in the fluid in an elastic tube. We study the effects of pipe elasticity on the propagation velocity of the pressure wave. Pressure waves of finite amplitude progressing in the two-phase flow are treated considering the void fraction change due to pressure rise. The propagation velocity of the two-phase shock wave is also investigated, and the behavior of the reflection of the pressure wave at the rigid wall is analyzed and compared to that in a pure gas or liquid. The results are compared to experimental data of a pressure wave propagating in the two-phase flow in a vertical shock tube.     

激波风洞高低压段钢膜片破裂特性研究

激波风洞是用于高超声速飞行器气动外形设计和优化的常用地面试验装置,基于爆轰驱动技术,激波风洞能够在短时间(毫秒级)内产生高温、高压的驱动气体来模拟高超声速试验气流.主膜片位于激波风洞中的爆轰驱动段和激波管段之间,试验时膜片在爆轰脉冲压力下打开,膜片的打开状态和脱落情况对激波风洞气流品质有很大的影响. 同时,膜片也是形成激波的先决条件. 传统的风洞采用铝质膜片进行试验,在激波风洞中需要承压能力更强的膜片, 此时铝质膜片不再适用, 需要采用钢质膜片.因此, 对激波风洞中的钢膜片破裂特性进行研究很有必要.将数值计算结果与试验结果进行比较, 发现数值计算结果与试验结果吻合得比较理想,计算结果具有可靠性. 基于膜片的应力-应变模型, 建立了膜片打开的动力学模型,根据CJ爆轰理论, 采用有限元软件计算模拟了膜片破裂的过程,分析总结了膜片破裂的机制和力学特性规律.采用控制变量法对不同厚度和凹槽长度的膜片进行分析研究,得到了膜片破膜压力和有效破膜时间的变化规律. 在激波风洞试验中,根据膜片总破膜时间设计了适用于JF-12复现风洞的膜片参数.      

Simulation of a complete reflected shock tunnel showing a vortex mechanism for flow contamination

Simulations of a complete reflected shock tunnel facility have been performed with the aim of providing a better understanding of the flow through these facilities. In particular, the analysis is focused on the premature contamination of the test flow with the driver gas. The axisymmetric simulations model the full geometry of the shock tunnel and incorporate an iris-based model of the primary diaphragm rupture mechanics, an ideal secondary diaphragm and account for turbulence in the shock tube boundary layer with the Baldwin-Lomax eddy viscosity model. Two operating conditions were examined: one resulting in an over-tailored mode of operation and the other resulting in approximately tailored operation. The accuracy of the simulations is assessed through comparison with experimental measurements of static pressure, pitot pressure and stagnation temperature. It is shown that the widely-accepted driver gas contamination mechanism in which driver gas ‘jets’ along the walls through action of the bifurcated foot of the reflected shock, does not directly transport the driver gas to the nozzle at these conditions. Instead, driver gas laden vortices are generated by the bifurcated reflected shock. These vortices prevent jetting of the driver gas along the walls and convect driver gas away from the shock tube wall and downstream into the nozzle. Additional vorticity generated by the interaction of the reflected shock and the contact surface enhances the process in the over-tailored case. However, the basic mechanism appears to operate in a similar way for both the over-tailored and the approximately tailored conditions.Communicated by R. R. Boyce