岩石动态巴西圆盘实验中的过载现象

巴西圆盘实验是国际岩石力学与工程学会（ISRM）推荐的测量岩石静态拉伸强度的方法之一,也是该学会推荐的唯一测量岩石动态拉伸强度的方法。但是巴西圆盘实验得到的静态或者动态拉伸强度往往较真实值偏大,其中一个原因是所谓的过载现象,而且其相应的过载效应在动态巴西圆盘测试中尤为明显。为探究岩石材料动态劈裂拉伸强度的过载效应机理及其率相关性,利用SHPB实验装置开展了不同加载率条件下的动态巴西圆盘实验,对岩石材料劈裂拉伸强度的过载特性进行了定量分析;结合颗粒流程序进行了相关实验的数值模拟,得到了圆盘破裂的微观过程。结果表明:（1）动态巴西圆盘实验得到的岩石拉伸强度存在明显的过载现象,圆盘试样拉伸强度的过载比随加载率增加呈对数形式增加;（2）依据动态拉伸强度实验结果对模型参数引入率相关性后,模拟观察到的过载效应更加贴近实验观测。这些结果表明巴西圆盘实验中拉伸强度的过载现象是客观存在的,其机理与试样的圆盘构型以及测试方法有关。结合实验和数值结果,解释了巴西圆盘实验的过载机理,证明了动态巴西圆盘实验修正的必要性并给出了相应的方案,以获取岩石材料的真实动态拉伸强度。     

大理岩动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的SHPB实验研究

提出了获取脆性材料动态拉伸强度及弹性模量的实验步骤及相关记录数据的分析方法。利用直径为100mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆径向冲击巴西圆盘和平台巴西圆盘试样,测试了大理岩在高应变率加载下的动态力学性能。应力波加载下动态劈裂拉伸圆盘在试样中心产生了约45/s的拉伸应变率。分析了实验的有效性并考虑了试样两个端面应力波波形差异的影响以提高实验结果的精度。结果表明准静态下的公式可适用于动态劈裂拉伸实验;大理岩的动态拉伸强度及弹性模量比静态时有明显的增加。     

大理岩的高应变率动态劈裂实验

首次把平台巴西圆盘试样引入动态劈裂试验。利用直径100mm的分离式Hopkinson杆对大理岩巴西圆盘和平台巴西圆盘试样进行了动态劈裂实验。结合有限元分析,得到了大理岩的动态劈裂破坏的拉伸强度。分析了巴西圆盘和平台巴西圆盘的典型破坏方式。结果表明,大理岩的动态拉伸强度随着应变率的提高而增加。利用圆盘中心粘贴的应变片来测大理岩等脆性材料的动态拉伸强度,是一种简便高效的试验方法。和巴西圆盘相比,平台巴西圆盘具有更大的优越性和更好的测量效果。     

岩石巴西圆盘动态劈裂的流形元法模拟

利用二阶流形元法,通过引入裂纹产生与扩展判据,对冲击载荷作用下岩石平台巴西圆盘的动态拉伸劈裂过程进行了数值模拟,再现拉伸波作用下圆盘被劈裂的过程。模拟现象与实验结果相符,动态平衡时的应力分布与有限元结果基本一致。从而验证了流形元在模拟冲击载荷作用下材料动态破坏过程的有效性和可行性。     

强角闪石化橄榄二辉岩的动态拉伸强度实验研究

对强角闪石化橄榄二辉岩的动态拉伸断裂强度进行了实验研究。设计了能在样品中产生持续时间大约为1.5 s拉伸应力脉冲的平板冲击回收实验。通过对回收样品的宏观和微观观察,确定了样品出现拉伸破坏开始阶段以及破坏裂纹的扩展阶段,进而确定了该岩石样品的动态拉伸强度约为265.6~315.3 MPa。同时,基于线弹性近似,导出了在一维应变条件下样品内拉伸应力和作用时间的估算公式。     

平面应变下紧凑拉伸试样的动态断裂韧性的实验研究

材料的动态断裂韧性是衡量材料在动载荷作用下抵杭裂纹扩展能力的重要指标,以往的材料动态断裂韧性测试多采用三点弯曲试样,而针对紧凑拉伸试样的动态断裂韧性研究很少.本文将紧凑拉伸试样(即CT试样)简化成等效弹簧质量模型,得到了CT试样动态应力强度因子的近似表达式.对Hopkinson压杆装置进行了改进,利用改进后的实验装置进...     

LY12铝疲劳裂纹在冲击载荷下的演化研究

对LY12铝合金在低周疲劳条件下的裂纹情况和随后进行的动态拉伸条件下裂纹的发展给予了观察和统计分析，发现裂纹的累积数密度分布在损伤演化过程中保持指数形式，用NAG模型对实验结果进行分析，得出该材料裂纹演化发展方程的各种参数。     

大直径SHTB实验装置数值模拟及混凝土细观骨料模型动态直拉研究

对混凝土材料在高应变率下的动态拉伸实验多以劈裂和层裂的形式进行，然而它们作为间接研究混凝土动态拉伸性能的实验技术具有一定的局限性，亟需使用大直径分离式Hopkinson拉杆（split Hopkinson tensile bar，SHTB）设备对混凝土进行动态直拉实验。因此，运用数值模拟方法对一种新型的霍普金森拉杆的入射波进行了研究，并对设备的局部构件进行改进，使其不仅具有对混凝土试件的胶粘连接方式，也可通过螺纹连接配套夹具以同时兼顾挂接等其他连接方式。针对改进后的SHTB装置，建立了圆环状三维混凝土细观骨料模型。通过数值模拟与实验结果的对比，验证了采用空心圆管式SHTB装置的有效性，并为混凝土细观骨料模型的动态拉伸模拟提供了思路。     

类岩石材料中表面裂纹扩展模式的实验研究

采用粘贴式轴拉方法实现了类岩石材料的直接拉伸实验,通过在类岩石材料试件中预制表面裂纹研究了类岩石材料中表面裂纹的扩展模式.研究发现,粘贴式轴拉方法可以满足一般类岩石材料的直接拉伸实验;类岩石材料中表面裂纹首先从试件正面开始扩展;表面裂纹的存在极大地影响着材料的破坏模式,类岩石材料在试件的正面上会表现出明显的二维穿透性裂纹的扩展形态,但是受其影响裂纹在厚度方向扩展会发生偏转,从而使得试件背面的最终贯通方向没有与加载方向垂直,而是呈一倾角,并且和表面裂纹的倾角和深度有关.     

一种基于SHTB的Ⅱ型动态断裂实验技术

冲击剪切载荷作用下动态断裂韧性的测定是材料力学性能和断裂行为研究中重要组成部分.为了测定材料的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性,许多学者采用不同的试样与实验方法进行了实验,但限于实验条件,裂纹断裂模式往往是I+Ⅱ复合型,而不是纯Ⅱ型,因而不能准确测得材料的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性.鉴于此,本文基于分离式霍普金森拉杆(split Hopkinson tension bar,SHTB)实验技术,提出一种改进的紧凑拉伸剪切(modified compact tension shear,MCTS)试样,通过夹具对MCTS试样施加约束,从而保证试样按照纯Ⅱ型模式断裂.采用实验-数值方法对MCTS试样动态加载过程进行分析,将实验测得的波形输入有限元软件ANSYS-LSDYNA,得到了裂纹尖端应力强度因子-时间曲线,并与紧凑拉伸剪切(compact tension shear,CTS)试样进行了对比.同时采用数字图像相关法进行了实验,验证了有限元分析结果.结果表明,MCTS试样在整个加载过程中K_I K_Ⅱ,裂纹没有张开;而CTS试样在同样的加载过程中K_IK_Ⅱ,出现裂纹张开现象.这说明MCTS试样能够准确地测定材料的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性,为材料动态力学测试提供了一种有效的实验技术.     

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).     

Flow birefringence and rheological measurements on shear induced micellar structures

Aqueous solutions of cationic surfactant systems with strongly binding counterions show the striking phenomenon of shear induced phase transitions. At low shear rates or angular frequencies, the solutions exhibit Newtonian flow. At high rates of shear, however, the rheological properties change dramatically. Above a well defined threshold value of the velocity gradient, a supermolecular structure can be formed from micellar aggregates. This shear induced structure (SIS) behaves like a gel and exhibits strong flow birefringence. The formation of the shear induced structure is very complicated and depends on the specific conditions of the surfactant system. In this paper we discuss new results which have been obtained from rheological measurements and from flow birefringence data. We examine the stability of the shear induced state as a function of temperature, surfactant concentration and salt concentration and we analyse the effect of solubilisation of alcohols and hydrocarbons. The results are interpreted in terms of a kinetic model which accounts for the observed behavior.Dedicated to the 60. birthday of Prof. H. Harnisch, Hoechst AGPartly presented at the 2nd Conference of European Rheologists, Prague, June 17–20, 1986     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Interaction of a spherical shockwave and an elastic circular cylindrical shell

The paper studies the interaction of a spherical shock wave with an elastic circular cylindrical shell immersed in an infinite acoustic medium. The shell is assumed infinitely long. The wave source is quite close to the shell, causing deformation of just a small portion of the shell, which makes it possible to represent the solution by a double Fourier series. The method allows the exact determination of the hydrodynamic forces acting on the shell and analysis of its stress state. Some characteristic features of the stress state are described for different distances to the wave source. Formulas are proposed for establishing the safety conditions of the shell.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 40, No. 9, pp. 94–104, September 2004.     

Non-linear stresses in a rubber cylinder sheared by pressure at one end

Normal stresses are set up by shearing a rubber block or tube. They depend strongly on the end conditions, even for relatively long specimens [A.N. Gent, J.B. Suh, S.G. Kelly III, Mechanics of rubber shear springs, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 42 (2007) 241-249; J.B. Suh, A.N. Gent, S.G. Kelly III, Shear of rubber tube springs, Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 42 (2007) 1116-1126]. We have now examined a solid rubber cylinder bonded within a rigid cylindrical tube and subjected to pressure at one end. In this case, the correct end conditions for a simple shear deformation are met, at least approximately. Theoretical analysis and finite element calculations show that inwardly directed second-order stresses are set up at the wall, in contrast to the outwardly directed stresses generated by shearing a block or tube. However, for the particular geometry considered, the stresses were rather small in comparison with the applied pressure. Conditions are described under which they would be significantly larger. Stresses in a non-linearly viscous fluid under steady shear flows are expected to be similar, depending strongly on the geometry, end shapes and stress conditions.     

Scale shifting laws from pico to macro in consecutive segments by use of transitional functions

Systems with parts that vary in size from pico to macro inclusive are vulnerable of being incapacitated when a single part fails owing to deterioration of material properties. The majority of system failure can be attributed to incompatibility of integrated parts that were designed individually for general purpose. Total reliability calls for all parts, small and large, to be compatible in life spans. Mass, when regarded as energized matter, can vary as a function of time. This, in retrospect, explains why non-equilibrium and non-homogeneity cannot be avoided for multiscale shifting laws. A consistent and scale invariant definition of energy dissipation gives rise to mass pulsation, a common mechanism that seems to be applicable to living and non-living organisms.Scale shifting laws are developed from the use of transitional functions that stand for the mass ratios related to absorption energies and dissipation energies . The notations j and j + 1 stand for two successive scales: pi-na, na-mi, and mi-ma. Hence, the mass ratios , and can be referred to as the transitional inhomogeneity coefficients. They make up the scale shifting laws . Connection of the accelerated test data at the different scales, say from pico to nano to micro to macro, can be made by application of the definition of a scale invariant energy density dissipation function.On physical grounds, the segmented non-equilibrium and non-homogeneous test data can be connected through a velocity dependent mass and energy relation. Energy and power efficiency are defined to explore the macroscopic experiences to those at the lower scales. The time evolution properties of the material can also be derived as a package to include the accelerated test data, a procedure normally referred to as validation. The separation of derive-first and test-later, can never be abridged without ambiguities. Hence, total reliability of a system with many parts is advocated by judiciously matching the nine primary variables consisting of the initial disorder sizes, the time rates, and increments of the absorbed and dissipated energy density. The nine controllable variables consisting of life span distribution, energy, and power efficiencies for the three scale ranges are of secondary consideration.