CTS试样Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型断裂特性数值计算研究

采用CTS试样研究Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型断裂特性计算裂纹前缘应力强度因子时可采用解析公式,一旦裂纹发生扩展,解析公式便不再适用.文中采用有限元法研究紧凑拉伸剪切(CTS)试样在Ⅰ/Ⅱ平面混合型加载下的裂纹扩展行为.采用ANSYS建立CTS试样Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型测试系统有限元模型,为模拟真实受力状态,在CTS试样-销-扇型夹具以及扇型夹具-销-U型夹具之间分别建立接触对进行接触力学分析.通过与解析公式结果进行对比验证了该数值方法的可靠性.采用最大环向应力准则(MTS),模拟了CTS试样不同加载角度下的裂纹扩展路径,获得了裂纹扩展路径中应力强度因子随裂纹长度的变化曲线,解释了裂纹扩展路径不与外载荷方向垂直的原因.结合文中计算结果,在CTS试样Ⅰ/Ⅱ混合型裂纹扩展速率实验测得裂纹长度与寿命的关系曲线a-N的基础上,便可得到材料Ⅰ/Ⅱ型混合型裂纹扩展速率曲线.     

CTS试样I/II混合型断裂特性数值计算研究

采用CTS试样研究I/II混合型断裂特性计算裂纹前缘应力强度因子时可采用解析公式,一旦裂纹发生扩展,解析公式便不再适用。文中采用有限元法研究紧凑拉伸剪切（CTS）试样在I/II平面混合型加载下的裂纹扩展行为。采用ANSYS建立CTS试样I/II混合型测试系统有限元模型,为模拟真实受力状态,在CTS试样-销-扇型夹具以及扇型夹具-销-U型夹具之间分别建立接触对进行接触力学分析。通过与解析公式结果进行对比验证了该数值方法的可靠性。采用最大环向应力准则（MTS）,模拟了CTS试样不同加载角度下的裂纹扩展路径,获得了裂纹扩展路径中应力强度因子随裂纹长度的变化曲线,解释了裂纹扩展路径不与外载荷方向垂直的原因。结合文中计算结果,在CTS试样I/II混合型裂纹扩展速率实验测得裂纹长度与寿命的关系曲线a-N的基础上,便可得到材料I/II型混合型裂纹扩展速率曲线。     

平面应变下紧凑拉伸试样的动态断裂韧性的实验研究

材料的动态断裂韧性是衡量材料在动载荷作用下抵杭裂纹扩展能力的重要指标,以往的材料动态断裂韧性测试多采用三点弯曲试样,而针对紧凑拉伸试样的动态断裂韧性研究很少.本文将紧凑拉伸试样(即CT试样)简化成等效弹簧质量模型,得到了CT试样动态应力强度因子的近似表达式.对Hopkinson压杆装置进行了改进,利用改进后的实验装置进...     

加载速率对40Cr钢Ⅱ型动态断裂特性的影响

采用新型Ⅱ型动态断裂测试技术,对高强钢40Cr在高加载速率下的Ⅱ型动态断裂特性进行了测试研究。基于新设计的Ⅱ型动态断裂试样和分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）技术,通过实验-数值方法确定了裂尖在加载过程中的应力强度因子曲线。采用应变片法确定了试样的起裂时间,最终得到40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性值,并对其加载速率相关性和材料的失效机理进行了研究。结果表明,在1.08～5.53 TPa·m1/2/s的加载速率范围内,40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性基本表现为与加载速率成正相关的变化趋势。通过对试样断口形貌的分析,确定了材料的失效模式及机理,发现随着加载速率的增加,存在拉伸型失效向绝热剪切型失效模式转变的现象。     

中心直裂纹平台巴西圆盘复合型动态断裂实验研究

制作了中心直裂纹平台巴西圆盘（cracked straight through flattened Brazilian disc-CSTFBD）试样,利用分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar-SHPB）加载,进行了岩石纯Ⅰ型和复合型（Ⅰ＋Ⅱ型）动态断裂实验。由于加载角（载荷方向与裂纹线的夹角）在制作试样时已经通过裂纹线与试样平台的位置关系确定,因此在实验中可以方便而准确地实施加栽。比较了纯Ⅰ型加载和复合型加载下压杆上记录的入射波、反射波和透射波的波形。采用实验与数值相结合的方法,将实验得到的动态载荷输入有限元程序,得到了纯Ⅰ型试样的动态断裂韧度和复合型试样的两种动态应力强度因子的时间历程。计算了加载角为15°的试样应力强度因子的复合比（KI（t）／KⅡ（t））,此计算值与文献结果吻合较好,验证了实验方法的有效性。     

基于紧凑拉伸剪切结构的复合型疲劳裂纹扩展研究

针对含I-II型复合裂纹的紧凑拉伸剪切(CTS)试样,研究了不同加载角度下的裂纹扩展路径及裂纹扩展寿命,通过实验数据给出了适宜于CTS试样的等效应力强度因子关系式,并基于此提出了一种新的I-II型复合裂纹扩展模型。研究表明,CTS试样的裂纹沿与加载方向近垂直的方向扩展,基于Tanaka公式的等效应力强度因子更适合于本文CTS试件的裂纹扩展寿命评估。当加载角度处于0°~45°之间时,提出的复合型裂纹扩展模型预测误差控制在5.49%之内,验证了分析模型的可行性和准确性。     

压-剪复合应力波作用下材料动态断裂韧性研究

提出亚微秒单脉冲应力波载荷作用下Ⅱ型裂纹的平板冲击实验技术 .加载率为dK dt～ 10 8MPa·m1 2 ·s-1.实验中由锰铜应力片和弹性波理论分别测定和计算了压应力 ;通过微观分析确定了动态裂纹的平均扩展长度 ;引进等效应力强度因子 ,用动态断裂理论确定了 6 0 #钢的动态断裂韧性KⅠd和KⅡd ;建立了亚微秒冲击载荷作用下确定材料动态断裂韧性的方法     

SHPB冲击加载下四种岩石的复合型动态断裂实验研究

分别用绿砂岩、黄砂岩、灰砂岩、大理岩制作了三种几何相似的(φ80mm、φ122mm、φ155mm)中心直裂纹平台巴西圆盘(CSTFBD)试样;利用分离式霍普金森压杆加载,进行了I型和I-II型复合动态断裂实验,并由实验结合有限元分析得到了四种岩石材料的I、II型动态断裂韧度KId、KIId。研究表明:动态断裂韧度均存在尺寸效应,试样尺寸对I-II型复合比和纯II型加载角均会产生影响,复合比随尺寸的增大而减小,大尺寸试样II型加载的加载角比小尺寸试样的小。同时,由于负值的T应力显著减小了裂纹的起裂角,用广义最大拉应力准则预测的起裂角更符合实验结果。     

40CrNiMoA钢的动态剪切断裂行为研究

采用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ单压杆技术对４０ＣｒＮｉＭｏＡ钢单边平行双裂缝试样进行高速剪切加载,得到了在不同动态高加载率时的动态断裂起始韧性。实验表明,在实验的加载率范围内,沿原裂纹方向扩展的动态剪切型断裂存在两种不同的断裂模式,分别称为常规的韧性剪切断裂模式和绝热剪切型断裂模式。前者的断裂韧性随加载率的提高而增大,而后者的断裂韧性则随加载率的提高而减小。根据对这两种断裂行为及其相互转变的实验结果的分析探讨,认为存在一个临界应力强度因子率Ｋｃｄ,它表征两种断裂模式发生转变的条件。     

应力波载荷作用下线弹性断裂过程的动态分析方法研究

利用Hopkinson单压杆实验装置 ,对材料的线弹性动态断裂特性进行了研究 ,建立了应力波载荷作用下动态裂纹起裂及扩展过程的动态分析方法 ,采用该方法可同时测得材料的动态裂纹起裂时间、断裂韧性和裂纹扩展速度。40Cr钢三点弯曲试样的实验结果表明 :该钢的动态裂纹扩展过程主要是减速过程 ,在2 2 5TPam /s的加载速率下 ,起裂时间为 2 8 0 0 s,最大裂纹扩展速度为 478 91m/s ,动态断裂韧性为6 3 12MPam。     

A novel method in determination of dynamic fracture toughness under mixed mode I/II impact loading

The objective of this paper is to propose a novel methodology for determining dynamic fracture toughness (DFT) of materials under mixed mode I/II impact loading. Previous experimental investigations on mixed mode fracture have been largely limited to qusi-static conditions, due to difficulties in the generation of mixed mode dynamic loading and the precise control of mode mixity at crack tip, in absence of sophisticated experimental techniques. In this study, a hybrid experimental–numerical approach is employed to measure mixed mode DFT of 40Cr high strength steel, with the aid of the split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) apparatus and finite element analysis (FEA). A fixture device and a series of tensile specimens with an inclined center crack are designed for the tests to generate the components of mode I and mode II dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIF). Through the change of the crack inclination angle β (=90°, 60°, 45°, and 30°), the K_II/K_I ratio is successfully controlled in the range from 0 to 1.14. A mixed mode I/II dynamic fracture plane, which can also exhibit the information of crack inclination angle and loading rate at the same time, is obtained based on the experimental results. A safety zone is determined in this plane according to the characteristic line. Through observation of the fracture surfaces, different fracture mechanisms are found for pure mode I and mixed mode fractures.     

40Cr材料动态起裂韧性KId（）的实验测试

描述了利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试４０Ｃｒ，材料动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）的试验方法。试样上的动态载荷历程由Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ杆直接测得，并分别代入动态有限元程序及近似公式求得动态应力强度因子历史；由贴在试样裂尖附近的应变片确定起裂时间，最终确定起裂时的动态应力强度因子值，即动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）。试验结果表明:利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试材料动态起裂韧性的方法是可行的，起裂时，动态有限元的位移法、应力法及近似公式法求得的动态应力强度因子值比较吻合；在本文的载荷速率下，４０Ｃｒ材料动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）与准静态裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）相比，降低了约２８％。     

Application of split Hopkinson tension bar technique to the study of dynamic fracture properties of materials

A novel approach is proposed in determining dynamic fracture toughness(DFT) of high strength steel,using the split Hopkinson tension bar(SHTB) apparatus,combined with a hybrid experimental-numerical method.The center-cracked tension specimen is connected between the bars with a specially designed fixture device.The fracture initiation time is measured by the strain gage method,and dynamic stress intensity factors(DSIF) are obtained with the aid of 3D finite element analysis(FEA).In this approach,the dimensions of the specimen are not restricted by the connection strength or the stress-state equilibrium conditions,and hence plane strain state can be attained conveniently at the crack tip.Through comparison between the obtained results and those in open publication,it is concluded that the experimental data are valid,and the method proposed here is reliable.The validity of the obtained DFT is checked with the ASTM criteria,and fracture surfaces are examined at the end of paper.     

Mixed-mode crack initiation at a v-notch in presence of an adhesive joint

The failure criterion for v-notched specimens developed for mixed-mode loadings by Yosibash et al. [Yosibash, Z., Priel, E., Leguillon, D., 2006. A failure criterion for brittle elastic materials under mixed mode loading. Int. J. Fract. 141(1), 289–310.] is generalised in order to consider the influence of the shear stresses and the mode-dependence of the toughness. This is demonstrated to be important in some cases with adhesive joints under complex loadings for instance. The original criterion assumes that an abrupt onset of a crack with a finite extension occurs when two conditions are fulfilled simultaneously: first the normal traction all along the presupposed crack path reaches a critical value, and second the onset is energetically allowed. The influence of the shear stresses is now considered through a mixed law involving critical shear and tensile stresses as well as the mode-dependent toughness introducing a new equivalent SIF. This extended criterion is applied to the simulation of an Arcan test on v-notched compact tension shear (CTS) specimens made of two parts bonded together along the geometric plane of symmetry of the specimen. The competition between two modes of failure is studied: crack initiation along the weak joint which may constitute a privileged fracture surface and initiation in the homogeneous material at an optimum angle that minimizes the critical load to failure.     

采用压缩单裂纹圆孔板确定岩石动态起裂、扩展和止裂韧度

爆炸、冲击、地震等人为或自然灾害不可避免,经常造成大量土木工程设施的破坏,因此岩石在动态载荷作用下的行为受到特别关注.岩石动态断裂韧度是评价岩石抵抗裂纹动态起裂、扩展和止裂性能的材料参数,开展岩石动态断裂韧度测试方法的研究对相关理论基础和实验技术的要求较高.岩石动态断裂韧度分为动态起裂、动态扩展、动态止裂三种,虽然关于动态起裂和动态扩展的研究已有一些成果,对岩石动态止裂的研究仍是一个难题,至今几乎无人问津.研究表明,在分离式霍普金森压杆撞击压缩单裂纹圆孔板岩石试样的I型动态断裂试验中,动态起裂、扩展、止裂的全过程可以由黏贴在压缩单裂纹圆孔板试样上的裂纹扩展计监测,岩石的动态起裂、扩展、止裂韧度可以用实验-数值-解析法确定.特别值得一提的是首次测出了岩石的动态止裂韧度.裂纹扩展计信号还显示,压缩单裂纹圆孔板在止裂后,停止的裂纹还会再次动态起裂、扩展并超出裂纹扩展计的检测范围.从能量的角度分析了动态止裂的过程,指出测试动态止裂韧度时要注意的一些问题.结果显示,岩石动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的增大而增大,岩石动态起裂韧度略大于动态止裂韧度.      

冻融循环对含纯Ⅰ型裂隙围岩的动态起裂特性影响规律

以寒区隧道为工程背景研究在冻融循环作用下围岩内Ⅰ型裂纹的动态起裂特性演化规律,采用隧道模型试件作为研究对象,开展冻融循环试验与大尺度落锤冲击试验,得到岩石试件经历不同冻融循环次数后的相关力学参数,并在裂纹尖端粘贴裂纹扩展计(crack propagation gauge, CPG)测量预制裂纹的动态起裂时间。采用有限元软件建立相应的数值模型计算裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子,采用试验-数值法计算动态起裂韧度,随后采用电镜对冻融循环后的试样进行扫描,研究冻融循环对岩石材料的细观损伤机制。研究结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩石材料的纵波、横波波速与弹性模量逐渐减小,而泊松比逐渐增大;砂岩材料的动态起裂韧度随着冻融循环次数的增加逐渐减小,表征线性反比例的特性;材料内部的胶结物质会由于冻融循环的影响而流失,材料的孔隙和裂纹也随着冻融循环次数的增加而变多变大。     

Brittle fracture: Variation of fracture toughness with constraint and crack curving under mode I conditions

The effect of constraint on brittle fracture of solids under predominantly elastic deformation and mode I loading conditions is studied. Using different cracked specimen geometry, the variation of constraint is achieved in this work. Fracture tests of polymethyl methacrylate were performed using single edge notch, compact tension and double cantilever beam specimens to cover a bread range of constraint. The test data demonstrate that the apparent fracture toughness of the material varies with the specimen geometry or the constraint level. Theory is developed using the critical stress (strain) as the fracture criterion to show that this variation can be interpreted using the critical stress intensity factorK _Cand a second parameterT orA ₃,whereT andA ₃are the amplitudes of the second and the third term in the Williams series solution, respectively. The implication of this constraint effect to the ASTM fracture toughness value, crack tip opening displacement fracture criterion and energy release rateG _Cis discussed. Using the same critical stress (strain) as the fracture criterion, the theory further predicts crack curving or instability under mode I loading conditions. Experimental data are presented and compared with the theory.     

Hopkinson拉杆的入射波波形整形实验研究

目前,分离式Hopkinson杆实验技术已经被广泛用于测试材料在10~2~10~4s~(-1)应变率范围内的动态力学特性。为了抑制入射波的高频振荡,实现恒定应变率加载,本文利用分离式Hopkinson拉杆(SHTB)实验装置,研究了加载金属短杆(2A12T4铝合金)及整形垫片(纸板、PVC软塑料及带磁性胶皮)对入射波波形的影响。实验结果表明,整形垫片降低了入射应力脉冲的高频振荡,获得了比较平滑的入射应力脉冲,延长了上升时间。同时,利用所得的波形整形结果,对2A12T4铝合金进行了拉伸应力波脉冲加载的拉伸和断裂实验测试。