基于边界约束、侧向力和体力调整的藏区地应力反演研究

针对藏区某水利工程,为准确地反演其所在区域地应力,建立了拟建坝址区的三维边坡模型,较全面地提出了8种应力施加方案,对提出的各种应力施加方案一一进行验算比较,找到各种方案中可利用的价值,最终较合理地提出了中、下坝址最佳的应力施加模型;对中、下坝址的模型进行的三维地应力反演结果与实测值进行对比,吻合性较好;利用测点所在剖面模型进行了3种应力施加方案下的二维地应力反演,将二维地应力反演结果与三维地应力反演结果进行对比,总体趋势较为一致;对自重和地应力情况进行了测点、不同深度和高度观察点、等值线的横向和纵向的对比,研究结果表明在高陡边坡、高地应力地区考虑地应力在工程实践中的影响具有很大的必要性.论文提出的地应力反演方法相比传统的地应力回归计算方法而言,具有简单适用、方便快捷、可信度高等特点,可为高地应力地区的地应力反演提供一定的参考.     

沙曲矿区地应力及采场地压的综合监测与分析

作为典型复合型顶板的矿山,沙曲矿区的工程地质条件受到多条构造带影响,采煤工作面顶底板均为不稳定性软岩,并含少量裂隙水。为了调查该矿区的地应力条件及地压规律,本文在沙曲矿区的主要开拓巷道中开展了6个地点的地应力测试,结果表明该矿区的地应力场比较均匀,属于准静水应力场。采用现场应力套孔解除和室内围压率测定的方法得到最大水平主应力数值在20.11～22.87(MPa)之间,侧压系数在2.25～2.85范围内,属较高应力; 针对24101等工作面的大采高综采巷道进行了煤柱支承压力的现场监测,结果表明24101工作面的巷道煤柱应力分布特点可以分为塑性破坏区、峰值应力区和原岩应力区; 同时,对南翼14204工作面顶板进行了离层监测和锚杆测力计载荷观测,结果进一步揭示了随着时间的推移,巷道顶板稳定性的衰减主要是由于离层数量的增加所造成的规律。该地应力及采场地压的综合监测及分析结果对沙曲矿区的支护设计和安全生产具有重要指导和实用价值。     

锦屏二级水电站引水工程区地应力场初步研究

本文以区域构造应力场的地质力学分析为基础, 结合声发射(AE)法对引水区探洞大理岩定向岩样的地应力实验测定, 对该区地应力场进行了初步研究, 比较了地质力学宏观分析与应力量测结果之间的关系, 探讨了AE法测定地应力存在的问题。     

高地应力下大型地下洞室拱形优化研究

高地应力区的大型洞室开挖会引起洞室拱周附近围岩应力集中和塑性区加大以及塑性应变的增加，但过高的应力集中会增加岩爆发生的几率，塑性区的加深会促使围岩失稳；洞室拱形形状会影响围岩应力集中和塑性区大小的分布，因此，以某高地应力下的大型发电洞岩体地质资料为依托，用弹塑性有限元分析高地应力地下大型发电洞室常采用的3种洞室拱形（即单心圆拱、三心圆拱和椭圆拱）对拱部围岩应力的影响，计算结果表明这种影响是非常明显的，有的应力集中系数达到3．33，无论采用哪种拱形，均避不开拱座附近应力集中现象。根据开挖后拱部围岩的塑性耗散能可以判断，无论初始地应力侧压系数是多少，椭圆拱是最优的，其次是三心圆拱。     

致密砂岩垂直裂缝井CO2混相驱试井模型研究

向地层注入CO2可以有效地提高致密砂岩原油采收率,常规的试井解释数学模型不能满足致密砂岩无限导流垂直裂缝井CO2混相驱试井解释的需求．因此,基于渗流力学基本原理建立考虑应力敏感影响的无限导流垂直裂缝井CO2混相驱试井解释数学模型,利用Laplace变换、摄动变换和Stehfest数值反演的方法进行求解,编程绘制典型特征曲线并进行敏感性分析．研究表明：该模型典型特征曲线共划分为八个流动阶段．由于应力敏感效应的影响,径向流阶段内、外区压力导数曲线不再是0.5和0.5M13水平线,而是呈“上翘”的曲线,并且应力敏感系数越大,曲线“上翘”越明显;混相区压力导数曲线符合幂律型变化指数规律且高于(1-n)/(3-n)斜率直线;内区、混相区半径和M12的变化都会使得外区压力曲线升高;通过该模型可以有效地对致密砂岩压裂井CO2混相驱试井资料进行解释．     

偏压条件下大型地下厂房围岩变形稳定性分析

根据下坂地水库协力波斯电站工程建设实际,在现场调查和电站区勘探、测试资料基础上深入分析地下厂房地质条件,建立了能够反映厂区地形地貌、岩体结构和地应力状态的三维数值模型。根据地应力实测资料反演拟合初始地应力场背景值,采用三维弹塑性有限差分法模拟了在偏压条件下地下厂房、主变室开挖过程中围岩变形和稳定性状况,揭示了各开挖阶段应力的集中部位和围岩潜在破坏部位,这对于工程具有重要的指导意义。     

基于返回映射的铝合金激光焊缝的弹塑性参数反演

激光焊接局部高温会退化航空铝合金的力学性能,降低航空铝合金加筋壁板结构的承载能力。基于铝合金激光焊接件焊缝附近在单轴拉伸载荷下的全场位移数据,本文提出一种用于等向强化弹塑性应力增量更新的单变量返回映射方法,并将这种应力更新策略应用于非线性虚拟场方法中,结合应变场数据反演了距离焊缝不同位置子区处的弹塑性参数,建立了各个子区材料在弹塑性阶段的应力-应变关系。经反演实验结果显示,激光焊接接头局部区域的力学性质明显弱化,热影响区的塑性应变累积较快,是激光焊缝弹塑性力学性能退化最严重的区域。     

瑞典爱斯泼硬岩实验场地应力研究

爱斯泼 (A..sp o..)硬岩实验场 (HRL)是瑞典拟建的永久储放核废料的场地。实测地应力结果表明, 应力的大小和方位变化较为复杂。通过初步分析认为, 场地附近地应力的变化与断裂构造的发育有关。应用离散元方法, 分别选择平面模型和剖面模型模拟了应力场。模拟结果表明, 地应力的量值和方位在断裂附近均发生明显变化, 且与实测结果较吻合。主应力在断裂附近发生不同程度的偏转, 偏转的幅度与断裂走向和区域应力方向之间的夹角有关。应力的量值在断裂附近也有明显变化。在剖面模型中, 较缓倾角断裂模型的模拟结果最接近实测结果。文中还探讨了断裂带法向刚度和切向刚度的计算方法。     

三山岛金矿矿区地应力场特性研究

三山岛金矿位于山东省莱州湾畔，矿区的工程地质条件及水文地质条件比较复杂，因此对于矿山地下开采存在某些特殊的地质工程问题。本文分别来用地质力学构造线分析方法，现场地应力量测及声发射凯萨尔效应实验方法，研究了矿区的地应力场特性。结果表明，矿区的地质构造应力为Ｎ４０°Ｅ左右，σＮＥ＝１１０ｂａｒ左右，σＮＥ：σＶ：σＮｗ＝１：０．９：０．６５。这为矿山地下开采的稳定性评价提供了基本的力学参数。     

深部花岗岩钻孔卸荷三维数值模拟

为了解决深部岩体掘进效率低、能耗大的问题,提出一种三维模拟的方法对深部岩石钻孔分析。采用ABAQUS软件建立动力学模型,结合切片法针对钻孔卸荷形成应力集中区域沿深度分布规律模拟分析;分析深部高应力花岗岩钻孔卸荷后形成的应力集中区沿深度变化的规律,研究在不同地应力的环境下不同钻孔深度及直径条件下应力的变化规律。结果表明:在50MPa地应力下钻孔直径为80mm和钻孔深度为120cm时,形成的应力集中区最大,成孔后岩体内部最大应力最小,卸荷效果显著。对于不同地应力的最佳钻孔卸荷参数不同,但都达到明显卸荷效果。研究结果为深部硬岩破岩机理和提高破岩效率提供了方法和理论依据。     

Geothermal energy — problems in heat and fluid flow

A brief general introduction is given to the subject of geothermal energy. Reviewing those papers from a recent conference involving problems of heat and fluid flow provides a convenient framework for discussion under the broad headings: reservoir engineering, wellbore flow, prime movers, hot dry rock, waste heat disposal, geothermal convector, surface transmission of geofluid, space heating and district heating, agriculture and miscellaneous.     

STUDY OF CREEP PARAMETERS OF GRANITE IN STEADY STATE UNDER CONDITIONS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

高温高压花岗岩钻孔实验表明,温度低于500℃,静水应力低于150MPa 状态下,岩体的钻孔变形均属于稳态蠕变变形阶段. 该文选取了广义开尔文模型来反映其特征,通过拉普拉斯变换及逆变换,详细推演出了钻孔径向位移解析解,并且考虑温度-应力的耦合效应,给出了模型参数随温度及应力变化的关系式. 利用该关系进行拟合计算,说明广义开尔文模型来表达高温高压环境中的花岗岩稳态蠕变变形特性,寻求蠕变参数是合理可靠的. 该文对于高温岩体地热资源开发中的钻孔施工与维护、钻孔变形量预测等方面,具有实际的指导意义.     

Estimation of Temperatures in Geothermal Wells During Circulation and Shut-in in the Presence of Lost Circulation

The estimation of temperatures in and around a geothermal well during circulation, and during shut-in conditions in the presence of lost circulation is presented in this work. Estimated temperatures are compared with temperature logs measured during drilling stoppages. Temperatures were estimatted using a computer code specifically developed to account for the transient convective heat transfer due to lost circulation in the rock surrounding a well. This feature of the present code is important since wellbore simulators normally consider the heat transfer process in the rock as a merely conductive problem. The code is capable of accounting for these losses at any point in the well and application was made to the study of two Mexican geothermal wells(well LV-3 from the Las Tres Vírgenes field and well EAZ-2 from the Los Azufres field). The results show that the effect of lost circulation on the shut-in temperature profiles can be modelled satisfactorily. Research is under way to improve the present methodology.     

深部岩体圆形巷道围岩松动圈形成机理数值试验研究

采用损伤力学和统计理论的单元本构模型,探讨深部岩体巷道围岩破坏规律, 利用岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA$^{\rm 2D}$, 对深部 岩体中的圆形巷道的变形及非线性渐进破坏特征、巷道周边关键部位的位移和应力变化进行 了分析,研究了圆形巷道围岩松动圈的形成机理. 研究表明：巷道开挖后,其周边形成应力 集中带,随着围岩压力的持续作用,巷道周边产生塑性变形区,并沿径向形成裂纹;随着裂 纹的不断扩展,巷道周边出现松动破裂区,即松动圈. 产生破裂区后,应力集中程度减弱, 应力高峰点向远处转移.     

生产井井间距离对增强型地热系统影响分析

为揭示生产井井间距离对增强型地热系统(EGS)的影响，以中国青海共和盆地增强型地热系统为研究对象，采用数值模拟方法，建立了考虑生产井井间距离不同的三维热-固-流耦合热采模型。分析得到生产井井间距离为600 m, 700 m, 800 m, 900 m, 1000 m对EGS温度场、产出流体温度、储层寿命、总产热量、最大主应力以及最大主应变影响规律。研究结果表明，随着热开采进行，储层裂隙周围岩体温度下降，产出温度随开采年限增加而降低；从产出温度、储层寿命和总产热量三方面考虑，最优生产井井间距离为800 m;生产井井间距离对第一主应力及第一主应变影响显著，应结合实际情况选择最优生产井井间距离。     

Experimental Study and Fractal Analysis of Heterogeneity in Naturally Fractured Rocks

Capillary pressure curves of six low porosity and low permeability core samples from The Geysers geothermal field were measured using the mercury-intrusion approach to characterize the heterogeneity of rock. One high permeability Berea sandstone core sample was analyzed similarly, for comparison. The maximum pressure of mercury intruded into the rock was about 200 MPa to reach the extremely small pores. Experimental data showed that the capillary pressure curves of The Geysers rock are very different from that of the Berea sandstone. It was found that the frequently used capillary pressure models could not be used to represent the data from The Geysers rock samples. This might be because of the fractures in the rock. To this end, a fractal technique was proposed to model the features of the capillary pressure curves and to characterize the difference in heterogeneity between The Geysers rock and Berea sandstone. The results demonstrated that the rock from The Geysers geothermal field was fractal over a scaling range of about five orders of magnitude. The values of the fractal dimension of all the core samples (six from The Geysers and one Berea sandstone) calculated using the proposed approach were in the range from 2 to 3. The results showed that The Geysers rock with a high density of fractures had a greater fractal dimension than Berea sandstone which is almost without fractures. This shows that The Geysers rock has greater heterogeneity, as expected.     

三峡工程坝址花岗岩体缓倾角结构面成因综合研究

本文对长江三峡工程坝址花岗岩体中缓倾角结构面成因进行了全面的综合研究。从野外地质调查人手,在大量野外勘测的基础上进行宏观分析,同时辅之以扫描电镜、透射电镜、包体温度测定等方法进行微观构造组构、差异应力等的研究。在地质力学宏观分析的基础上,利用地质力学物理模拟进行相似条件下的反演,并利用非线性有限元数值模拟进行验证。同类研究在国内外均未见先例,可为同类工程研究借鉴。     

On Vaporizing Water Flow in Hot Sub-Vertical Rock Fractures

Water injection into unsaturated fractured rock at above-boiling temperatures gives rise to complex fluid flow and heat transfer processes. Examples include water injection into depleted vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs, and emplacement of heat-generating nuclear wastes in unsaturated fractured rock. We conceptualize fractures as two-dimensional heterogeneous porous media, and use geostatistical techniques to generate synthetic permeability distributions in the fracture plane. Water flow in hot high-angle fractures is simulated numerically, taking into account the combined action of gravity, capillary, and pressure forces, and conductive heat transfer from the wall rocks which gives rise to strong vaporization. In heterogeneous fractures boiling plumes are found to have dendritic shapes, and to be subject to strong lateral flow effects. Fractures with spatially-averaged homogeneous permeabilities tend to give poor approximations for vaporization behavior and liquid migration patterns. Depending on water flow rates, rock temperature, and fracture permeability, liquid water can migrate considerable distances through fractured rock that is at above-boiling temperatures and be only partially vaporized.     

Long-term Petrophysical Investigations on Geothermal Reservoir Rocks at Simulated In Situ Conditions

In the course of stimulation and fluid production, the chemical fluid–rock equilibrium of a geothermal reservoir may become disturbed by either temperature changes and/or an alteration of the fluid chemistry. Consequently, dissolution and precipitation reactions might be induced that result in permeability damage. In connection with the field investigations at a deep geothermal doublet, complementary laboratory-based research is performed to address these effects. The reservoir is located at a depth of 4100 to 4200 m near Groß Schönebeck within the Northeast German Basin, 50 km north of Berlin, Germany. Within the reservoir horizon, an effective pressure of approximately 45 MPa and a temperature of 150°C are encountered. Furthermore, the Lower Permian (Rotliegend) reservoir rock is saturated with a highly saline Ca–Na–Cl type formation fluid (TDS ≈ 255 g/l). Under these conditions we performed two sets of long-term flow-through experiments. The pore fluid used during the first and the second experiment was a 0.1 molar NaCl-solution and a synthetic Ca–Na–Cl type fluid with the specifications as above, respectively. The maximum run duration was 186 days. In detail, we experimentally addressed: (1) the effect of long-term flow on rock permeability in connection with possible changes in fluid chemistry and saturation; (2) the occurrence and consequences of baryte precipitation; and (3) potential precipitations related to oxygen-rich well water invasion during water-frac stimulation. In all substudies petrophysical experiments related to the evolution of rock permeability and electrical conductivity were complemented with microstructural investigations and a chemical fluid analysis. We also report the technical challenges encountered when corrosive fluids are used in long-term in situ petrophysical experiments. After it was assured that experimental artifacts can be excluded, it is demonstrated that the sample permeability remained approximately constant within margins of  ±50 % for nearly six months. Furthermore, an effect of baryte precipitation on the rock permeability was not observed. Finally, the fluid exchange procedure did not alter the rock transport properties. The results of the chemical fluid analysis are in support of these observations. In both experiments the electrical conductivity of the samples remained unchanged for a given fluid composition and constant p-T conditions. This emphasizes its valuable complementary character in determining changes in rock transport properties during long-term flow-through experiments when the risk of experimental artifacts is high.