生石灰和水泥混合处理吹填土的试验研究

随着中国东南沿海地区经济的迅速发展,土地资源不足的问题显得日益突出,人工吹填造地技术为解决这一问题提供了新的思路。吹填造地关键问题之一是要缩短吹填泥浆的固结的时间,为此在室内进行了沉降柱模拟试验,试图寻找一种在吹填的同时进行加固的方法。在沉降柱试验中发现,用水泥作为添加剂对吹填泥浆进行加固处理,其加固效果不如用水泥和石灰混合材料添加剂的加固效果。通过对两种添加方式的土样进行工程地质性质对比和结构性分析及其他一些物理化学试验结果分析,初步找出了加固效果差异的原因。     

预排水动力固结法处理吹填粉土地基的试验研究

为加固新近吹填的处于流塑状态的粉土地基,首先采用轻型井点降水和动力碾压的方法使地基具有一定的初始承载力。然后,施加较大的强夯动力荷载,从而使地基承载力得到显著提高。这一新的综合加固技术称之为“预排水动力固结法”。通过现场测试,研究了施工过程中诸如井点降水的影响范围、强夯时孔隙水压力的变化范围、深层沉降的变化等问题。同时,对强夯夯击遍数、每点夯击次数、遍与遍之间的间隙时间等有关问题进行讨论。研究表明,预排水动力固结法可显著提高吹填粉土地基的承载力。     

夯击能应用于高填土地基的一些探讨

大量工程实践表明 ,对填土及软土地基进行夯击加固时 ,夯击能的选取不仅与填土层的厚度有关 ,而且与填土层下覆土质的工程地质条件等因素密切相关。本文结合南方某港口填土地基加固工程实例 ,对在高填土地层中夯击能的使用问题进行了探讨 ,分析了当填土层的下卧层分别为坚硬土层和软弱土层、以及当填土层的填料分别为粗颗粒料和含水量较高的粘性土等细粒填料时 ,填土层加固的机理 ,制定了在不同条件下选取夯击能的标准 ,并根据现场检测资料 ,评价了该场地的地基加固效果 ,进一步验证了所确定夯击能标准的可靠性。     

外掺剂加固吹填泥浆的机理分析

以吹填土的粒度成分、化学成分、物理化学性质测试为基础,从物理化学角度出发,对混合体系中的物理化学反应进行分类阐述,结合加固后土体结构强度的测算和微观结构特征分析,对外掺剂加固吹填泥浆的机理加以探讨。     

基于正交试验的复合地基沉降影响因素分析

结合苏北滨海平原连云港地区海相沉积的软土粘粒含量大、海侵海退、多夹层等特点及某高速公路沉降观测资料,考虑复合地基段沉降效果良好、固结显著, 对水泥搅拌桩处理海相软土地基实测累计沉降的影响因素进行单因素和多因素分析。在正交设计理论的基础上, 提出似正交设计方法并重点对软土厚度、预压方式、填土高度、桩长和桩间距进行多因素分析, 计算证明了预压方式和填土高度对水泥土桩复合地基加固软土地基的实测累计沉降的显著影响, 建议在该工程软土厚度范围变化不大的地段, 应优先调整预压方式并控制填土高度。     

动力排水固结法加固吹填黏性土的模型试验研究

为了研究动力排水固结法加固吹填土地基的效果,研发了大比例尺的室内模拟试验装置并开展了试验。重点对夯沉量、土体内孔隙水压力的瞬时和长期变化进行了监测和分析,得到如下结论:夯击产生的能量以波的形式向土体内部传播,由于波的作用造成土体拉伸形成裂隙,这些裂隙成为初期的排水通道; 孔隙水压力的动态变化具有明显的脉动特性,夯击瞬间出现负增长,然后再累积增长; 不同深度土体的孔隙水压力增幅不一样; 土体表面铺设的砂垫层不仅可以用做排水,还可以作为静力荷载,有助于土体的排水固结。     

粉煤灰处理软土地基的试验研究

利用淤泥质粘土掺入不同比例的粉煤灰, 分别进行了渗透、固结、直接剪切及三轴剪切试验, 详细研究了粘土掺入粉煤灰后其工程力学性能变化的特征以及粉煤灰加固软土的机理。试验结果证实, 利用粉煤灰处理软土地基是-种所需投资较少且有明显效果的方法, 并可带来良好的环境效益和社会效益。     

高性能固化剂在天津软弱地基加固的应用

通过对高性能 (AS系列 )固化剂与水泥的对比试验 ,研究其在天津软弱地基加固中适用性和优越性 ,并得出一套实用的固化剂加固软土地基的施工设计参数     

水泥加固(改良)软土地基的研究

利用水泥作为固化剂以提高软土地基的强度和减少软土地基的变形, 已经为沿海软土地区建设中较为普遍地采用。一般通过粉喷或深层搅拌法, 把水泥掺加拌和到软土地基中, 使它和软土中的物质组分发生物理化学反应, 以收到加固效应。通过对现场和室内的水泥土样品进行对比试验及宏观和微观的对比分析研究, 搞清了水泥土加固软土的作用机理, 提出了用水泥加固提高地基强度和节约水泥用量的建议。     

长江河口滨海地区冲填土对地面沉降效应——以上海市临港新城为例

长江河口滨海地区广泛分布有大量的冲填土,由于其形成时间短,具有欠固结特性,因此对地面沉降影响较大。本文首先阐述上海市临港新城区冲填土分布特征,并按其填料不同将其分类后计算出不同种类冲填土大面积堆载所引起下部土层的地面沉降量和冲填土本身固结产生的沉降量,并与总的地面沉降量相比较,得出结论,并对进一步开展工作提出建议。     

真空预压法加固吹填土的孔隙水压力试验研究

利用真空预压法处理吹填土时,孔隙水压力变化常常反映土体固结程度的好坏。通过6个模型箱试验,监测不同排水系统下孔隙水压力变化,确定有效排水体间距。研究发现0.4m间距的土内孔压下降效果比0.8m间距的土内孔压下降效果好; 排水体内的孔隙水压力与排水体类型有关,且距离排水体10cm处土体内的孔隙水压力仅为排水体内孔隙水压力的1/2弱; 滤膜排水系统中的吹填土孔隙水压力下降幅度最快,B型排水板系统次之,而砂井系统最慢。另外,对于吹填土而言,排水体有效间距介于0.4m与0.8m之间,其中滤膜的有效间距最大,B型排水板次之,砂井远小于前两者。     

Modelling die filling with charged particles using DEM/CFD

The effects of electrostatic charge on powder flow behaviour during die filling in a vacuum and in air were analysed using a coupled discrete element method and computational fluid dynamics (DEM/CFD) code, in which long range electrostatic interactions were implemented. The present 2D simulations revealed that both electrostatic charge and the presence of air can affect the powder flow behaviour during die filling. It was found that the electrostatic charge inhibited the flow of powders into the die and induced a loose packing structure. At the same filling speed, increasing the electrostatic charge led to a decrease in the fill ratio which quantifies the volumetric occupancy of powder in the die. In addition, increasing the shoe speed caused a further decrease in the fill ratio, which was characterised using the concept of critical filling speed. When the electrostatic charge was low, the air/particle interaction was strong so that a lower critical filling speed was obtained for die filling in air than in a vacuum. With high electrostatic charge, the electrostatic interactions became dominant. Consequently, similar fill ratio and critical filling speed were obtained for die filling in air and in a vacuum.     

动力排水固结模型试验装置的研制

为了实现大尺度室内模拟动力排水固结法来加固吹填粘性土,本文特设计了室内试验装置。该装置由模型槽、动力装置、夯锤以及监测和数据采集系统等4部分组成,其主要特点有：(1)可同时实现半模和全模试验,可模拟单点夯和全夯,弥补了目前只有半模或1/4模和单点夯等小尺度模型试验的缺陷;(2)可实现实时观察立面裂隙、特征点的变化,对孔压、位移、动应力等进行实时监测和采集;(3)可实现自动起吊和自动脱锤,可以很好地模拟现场施工工况;(4)可实现以下加固工况的模拟实验：不同的夯击参数、不同的加固土层厚度、不同的排水方式等,从而达到不同加固方案的对比,优化加固方案;(5)拆装方便,还可用于模拟边坡、路基、挡墙、滑坡等,适用性较广。目前利用该模型装置已进行了两组不同排水系统的模型夯击试验,试验设备运行良好,可满足试验要求。     

爆炸荷载作用下软土地基的变形特性

通过现场实验和数值模拟分析了软土地基在爆炸荷载作用下长期和瞬间的变形特性,分析了影响爆炸效果的主要因素和条形药包爆炸后冲击波的显著影响范围,并讨论了爆炸固结法处理软土地基的作用机理,表明该法具有加快固结速度的特点,有利于提高施工速度,缩短工期。     

DEM simulations of die filling during pharmaceutical tabletting

The flow behaviour of powders from a stationary shoe into a moving die, which mimics the die filling process in a rotary tablet press, was analysed using a discrete element method (DEM), in which 2D irregular shaped particles were considered. The influence of the particle shape,size and size distribution, the number of particles used in the simulation, the initial height of powder bed in the shoe, and the filling speed on the average mass flow rate and the critical filling speed (the highest speed at which the die can be completely filled) were explored. It has been found that a maximum flow rate is obtained at the critical filling speed for all systems investigated and poly-disperse systems have higher mass flow rates and higher critical filling speeds than mono-disperse systems. In addition, the powder with particles which can tessellate generally has a lower filling rate and a lower critical filling speed.     

DEM simulations of die filling during pharmaceutical tabletting

The flow behaviour of powders from a stationary shoe into a moving die, which mimics the die filling process in a rotary tablet press, was analysed using a discrete element method （DEM）, in which 2D irregular shaped particles were considered. The influence of the particle shape, size and size distribution, the number of particles used in the simulation, the initial height of powder bed in the shoe, and the filling speed on the average mass flow rate and the critical filling speed （the highest speed at which the die can be completely filled） were explored. It has been found that a maximum flow rate is obtained at the critical filling speed for all systems investigated and poly-disperse systems have higher mass flow rates and higher critical filling speeds than mono-disperse systems. In addition, the powder with particles which can tessellate generally has a lower filling rate and a lower critical titling speed.     

Numerical analysis of one-dimensional nonlinear large-strain consolidation by the finite element method

The nonlinear partial differential equation model of Gibson et al. which governs one-dimensional large-strain consolidation is solved numerically using a semi-discrete formulation involving a Galerkin weighted residual approach. The use of quadratic Lagrange basis functions usually complicates the task of solving the system of time-dependent ordinary differential equations that are obtained with the semi-discrete Galerkin procedure. However, an efficient algorithm has been discovered yielding the advantages of quadratic interpolation without undue computational burden.Although considerable effort has already been made to solve the PDE of large-strain consolidation by numerical methods, a satisfactory set of benchmarks is still needed to assess accuracy. To fill this need, three procedures are reported which allow numerical solutions of the large-strain model to be reliably evaluated. One involves the use of perturbation methodology to provide a solution when only self-weight effects are present. A second utilizes an analytical solution developed by Philip when self-weight effects are absent and the third involves the exact calculation of the discharge flux through the upper boundary of a deposit consolidating through self-weight effects alone. All three are restricted to early-time consolidation and are illustrated in the context of the finite element method.