沉积粉尘的激波点火

采用瞬态阴影技术及红外光电传感器技术实验研究了沉积玉米粉的激波点火过程，并对此进行了理论分析。实验与理论分析结果表明，激波掠射沉积粉尘床后，粉尘颗粒先上扬到一定高度后才点火，颗粒的点火延迟时间与激波波前马赫数、气相氧气含量等因素有关。另外，沉积粉尘的激波点火延迟时间比相同条件下的悬浮粉尘激波点火延迟时间长。     

激波点燃粉尘的数值模拟研究

建立了用于模拟入射激波后可燃粉尘颗粒点火的一维非定常两相化学反应流模型，该模型考虑了气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热和化学反应。粉尘颗粒着火前的化学反应用发生在颗粒外表面和内孔表面的非均相反应描述，颗粒内部的温度变化用一含有化学反应源项的非稳态热传导方程来描述，以颗粒外表面温度的突跃上升作为可燃粉尘颗粒点燃的着火条件。我们用该模型和ＰＳＩＣ方法，对由中等强度激波从纯气相传入煤粉－氧气混合物而引起的非定常两相流动现象，包括气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热以及点火过程进行了数值研究，计算了对应于不同载荷比、马赫数为４～５的入射激波后煤尘颗粒的点火延迟时间，分析了由于可燃粉尘颗粒的存在，入射激波及波后气固两相流动参数的变化规律。数值计算结果与实验数据符合较好。文中建立的模型和所用的基于ＰＳＩＣ算法的数值方法，用最自然的方式描述气固两相流动，即用连续流模型（欧拉方程）描述输运相（气相）的流动，用轨道颗粒模型（拉格朗日方程）描述分散相（颗粒相）的运动。用这种方法模拟含尘介质中激波后颗粒的点火是很有效的，它可以清楚地确定哪一个颗粒群最先着火，它的初始位置以及在整个点火延迟时间内     

激波诱导的燃烧粉尘云边界层的结构

足够强的激波扫过铺有可燃粉尘的界面时，波后形成燃烧的粉尘云边界层。为揭示其内部结构，本文对该现象进行了实验和理论两个方面的研究。理论计算表明燃烧粉云边界层可分为三个区域：诱导区、反应区和扩散区，诱导区的粉尘浓度最高，计算获得的粉尘云轮廓和点火延迟与实验结果基本吻合．     

激波与超细堆积粉尘相互作用的流场实验显示

本文在水平激波管中研究激波与堆积粉尘的相互作用。利用带示踪粒子的X光脉冲摄影和阴影摄影,成功拍摄了反映激波作用后堆积粉尘内部波系结构的X光照片和反映入射激波阵面和波后卷扬粉尘云形状的阴影照片,进而测得与注场结构有关的特征参数。本文还对入射激波强度对流场的影响进行了实验和理论方面的研究,两者符合较好。     

粉尘云激波点火现象实验研究

利用新型两相激波管成功地研究了中等强度入射激波诱导的均匀悬浮粉尘间断面点火现象。平均直径为１０ｍ的玉米粉尘由流化床均匀地分散在氧气或空气中。悬浮粉尘间断面激波点火过程由纹影法连续拍摄。结果表明:颗粒浓度对点火延迟时间影响不大，空气中的玉米粉尘点火延迟大于氧气中的值，低马赫数激波条件下尤为明显。     

铝粉尘激波点火的实验研究

介绍了用铝粉氧化反应所生成的中间产物的特征光谱来测量铝粉尘受激波点火延迟的新的测量方法．测量了三种不同形状和粒度的铝粉尘激波点火延迟。由实验证实，当环境温度在Ａｌ２Ｏ３的熔点左右时，铝粒都可以被点火；由于机制的不同，点火延迟相差很大；点火延迟与铝粉颗粒的比表面积和活性铝的含量有关，而与环境的氧含量基本无关；但当氧含量小于１％时，铝粉尘不能被点火。     

可燃气体中激波聚焦的点火特性

数值模拟了二维平面激波从抛物面上反射在可燃气体中聚焦的过程，研究了形 成爆轰波的点火特性. 对理想化学当量比氢气/空气混合气体，在初始压强20kPa的条件下， 马赫数2.6-2.8的激波聚焦能产生两个点火区：第1个点火区是反射激波会聚引起的，第 2个点火区是由入射激波在抛物面上发生马赫反射引起的. 这种条件下流场中会出现爆燃转 爆轰，起爆点分别分布在管道壁面、抛物反射面和第2点火区附近. 起爆机理分别为激波管 道壁面反射、点火诱导激波的抛物面反射和点火诱导的激波与第2点火区产生的爆燃波的相 互作用. 不同的点火和起爆过程导致了不同的流场波系结构，同时影响了爆轰波传播的波动 力学过程.     

激波在不同三角楔面内传播特性的数值研究

激波在收缩管内的反射与聚焦会形成高温高压区,点燃可燃混合气并诱导爆轰,因此对爆轰发动机的点火具有重要意义。本文基于二维N-S方程,结合五阶WENO格式,对马赫数为6的正激波在三角形楔面内的反射与聚焦现象进行了数值研究。结果表明,楔面顶角的变化对激波的反射类型以及聚焦均有明显的影响:随着顶角的增加,激波的反射类型从马赫反射向过渡马赫反射和双马赫反射转变,且壁面上的前向射流更加明显;三波点第一次碰撞产生的高温高压区足够满足可燃混合气体的点火条件,且其温度与压力值随顶角的增加而增大;当激波在楔面上发生临界双马赫反射时,温度与压力达到最大;当顶角增加到一定值时,激波在楔面反射转变为常规反射,不会产生激波对碰,因而没有高温高压区。     

可燃颗粒悬浮流中的正激波

本文讨论了激波后可燃颗粒点火、燃烧的机制和波后流场的松弛结构,结果表明,点火阶段颗粒外层浓度梯度极大,燃烧速率由非均相化学反应速率决定,而在燃烧阶段,外层的浓度梯度极大,燃烧速率由气体的扩散速率所决定。在考虑管壁效应时,对守恒方程中的能量耗散项作了说明。     

激波卷扬的气体粉尘边界层的实验与数值研究

采用瞬态阴影技术和激光消光技术对激波卷扬粉尘的现象进行了实验研究，理论研究采用ＰＳＩＣ（ＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅＳｏｕｒｃｅｉｎＣｅｌｌ）模型，模型同时考虑了湍流效应及气固两相间的输运效应。结果表明，激波卷扬的粉尘颗粒在壁面附近湍流区内先被加速，一定高度后减速，从而在边界层内形成一个高颗粒浓度的区域。数值结果与实验结果基本一致。     

激波诱导含灰气体边界层中的粒子分布

本文研究当激波沿着一个固体表面等速地穿越含灰气体运动时所诱导的层流边界层特性。考虑了作用在气体边界层中球形粒子的 Saffman 升力,建议了一种计算近壁区中弥散相密度剖面的方法,并给出了数值计算结果。本文结果表明:在激波后方存在着一个弯曲的薄层区域,其中的粒子密度可以比其波前原始值增加许多倍。这种粒子聚集效应对于工业中粉尘爆炸等实际问题具有重要意义。     

Experimental and numerical investigation into the dynamics of dust lifting up from the layer behind the propagating shock wave

In a number of industrial facilities and factory buildings dust layers cover floors, walls, ceilings and various installations. The dust can be easily dispersed by pressure waves generated by weak explosions or as a result of damage of a compressed gas systems. If the obtained explosive dust-air mixture is ignited, a devastating explosion may occur. The aim of the work was to study the dust lifting process from the layer behind the propagating shock wave and to determine some important parameters, which later could be used for development and validation of the numerical model of the process. The experiments were conducted with the use of a shock tube. For measuring the dust concentration in the mixture with air, a special five-channel optical device was constructed, enabling measurements at five positions located in one vertical plane along the height of the tube. The delay in lifting of the dust from the layer and the vertical velocity of the dust cloud were calculated from the dust concentration measurements. The research was carried out for various initial conditions and for various types of dusts. The results obtained in tests with black coal dust are presented in the paper. Three shock wave velocities: 450, 490 and 518 m/s and three dust layer thicknesses, equal to 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm, were taken into consideration. Measurements results of the mean vertical component of the dust cloud velocity between the layer and the first laser beam were used in a new model, where the dust dispersing process is modeled as an injection of the dust from the layer. The numerical simulations were based on the Euler or Lagrange model of the dust phase. In case of Euler model, the dust layer was replaced by injection of dust from the bottom of the channel. The calculations were performed for two models of the investigated process. In the first model, correlation was worked out for all tested dusts and in the new model, the individual correlations for every tested dust were prepared. The results obtained with use of the second model proved to be closer to the experimental results. It appeared, however, that lifting up of the dust from the thick layers, thicker than 1 mm, is a more complex process than that from a thin layers and still requires more research. Probably the problem is, that the shock wave action upon the thick layer causes its aggregation in the first stage of the dispersing process, what makes the dust lifting process more difficult.     

The distribution of particles in a shock-induced boundary layer of a dusty gas over a solid surface

The laminar boundary layer behind a constant-speed shock wave moving through a dusty gas along a solid surface is studied. The Saffman lift force acting on a spherical particle in a gas boundary layer is taken into account. A method for calculating the density profile of dispersed phase near the wall is proposed and some numerical results are given. It is shown that behind the shock wave, there exists a curved thin layer where the density of particles is many times higher than the original one. This dust collection effect may be of essential importance to the problem of dust explosion in industry.     

Dust entrainment in a shock-induced,turbulent air flow

Dust from a layer on the floor of a shock tube is entrained by the air flow behind the unsteady shock wave. The development of the dust mass concentration profiles is measured by means of an optical extinction method. The concentration profiles which can be described by an exponential law approach a stationary limit consistent with the results of pneumatic transport theory. A theoretical model simulating the dust entrainment by a diffusion process is evaluated numerically and compared with the experimental results.     

The erosion of dust by a shock wave in air: initial stages with laminar flow

The erosion of dust by a shock wave in air and by the subsequent air flow was investigated theoretically and experimentally. The paths of single particles were calculated for the initial state of erosion when the flow in the shock tube boundary layer was still laminar. High-speed cinematographic experiments performed with a shock tube yielded mapping of the development of the dust cloud. From the agreement between the measured height of the cloud and the calculated height of flight of the particles one can conclude that the assumed model for the motion of the particles adequately describes the removal of particles from the wall.     

A new facility for studying shock-wave passage over dust layers

Dust explosion hazards in areas where coal and other flammable materials are found have caused unnecessary loss of life and halted business operations in some instances. The elimination of secondary dust explosion hazards, i.e., reducing dust dispersion, can be characterized in shock tubes to understand shock–dust interactions. For this reason, a new shock-tube test section was developed and integrated into an existing shock-tube facility. The test section has large windows to allow for the use of the shadowgraph technique to track dust-layer growth behind a passing normal shock wave, and it is designed to handle an initial pressure of 1 atm with an incident shock wave Mach number as high as 2 to mimic real-world conditions. The test section features an easily removable dust pan with inserts to allow for adjustment of the dust-layer thickness. The design also allows for changing the experimental variables such as initial pressure, shock Mach number \((M_{\mathrm{s}})\), dust-layer thickness, and the characteristics of the dust itself. The characterization experiments presented herein demonstrate the advantages of the authors’ test techniques toward providing new physical insights over a wider range of data than what have been available heretofore in the literature. Limestone dust with a layer thickness of 3.2 mm was subjected to \(M_{\mathrm{s}} = 1.23,\, 1.32\), and 1.6 shock waves, and dust-layer rise height was mapped with respect to time after shock passage. Dust particles subjected to a \(M_{\mathrm{s}} = 1.6\) shock wave rose more rapidly and to a greater height with respect to shock wave propagation than particles subjected to \(M_{\mathrm{s}} = 1.23\) and 1.32 shock waves. Although these results are in general agreement with the literature, the new data also highlight physical trends for dust-layer growth that have not been recorded previously, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. For example, the dust-layer height rises linearly until a certain time where the growth rate is dramatically reduced, and in this second regime there is clear evidence of surface vertical structures at the dust–air interface.     

Deflagration to detonation transition fueled by dust layers

The roles which dust layers play in severe dust explosions were investigated in a 70 m long and 30 cm inside diameter horizontal Flame Acceleration Tube (FAT) with one end closed and the other end open to the atmosphere. A variety of dusts such as corn dust, cornstarch, Mira Gel starch, wheat dust, and wood flour were layered on the bottom half of the FAT. To initiate the combustion process, a detonation tube filled with a stoichiometric H₂/O₂ mixture at room temperature and 1 atm pressure was used to ignite a short presuspended dust cloud with a dust concentration of 500–600 g/m³. Combustion waves generated by this dust cloud travel toward the open end of the FAT and are continuously fueled by the dust/air mixtures. Flame propagation processes in the FAT were closely monitored by a variety of measuring instruments at different locations. The study demonstrates that stable quasi-detonation were reached in some runs, but self-sustained Chapman-Jouguet detonations were not observed possibly due to the limitation of the tube length. Attempts were made to determine the structure of dust detonations fueled by a dust layer. Preliminary evidence indicates that for Mira Gel starch the leading shock is essentially a triple shock configuration which involves a Mach stem and for wheat and wood dusts there possibly exists a multi-headed spin structure.     

Mathematical modeling of two problems of wave dynamics in heterogeneous media

Two problems of heterogeneous media mechanics are investigated in the paper. The first one, concerned with the shock wave/dust layer interaction, is solved within the framework of the equilibrium model of heterogeneous media mechanics. The second problem deals with the simulation of a Riemann problem for a stratified layer of solid particles.This paper is based on work that was presented at the 20th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Montreal, Canada, July 31–August 5, 2005