激波点燃粉尘的数值模拟研究

建立了用于模拟入射激波后可燃粉尘颗粒点火的一维非定常两相化学反应流模型，该模型考虑了气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热和化学反应。粉尘颗粒着火前的化学反应用发生在颗粒外表面和内孔表面的非均相反应描述，颗粒内部的温度变化用一含有化学反应源项的非稳态热传导方程来描述，以颗粒外表面温度的突跃上升作为可燃粉尘颗粒点燃的着火条件。我们用该模型和ＰＳＩＣ方法，对由中等强度激波从纯气相传入煤粉－氧气混合物而引起的非定常两相流动现象，包括气固两相间的相互作用、粉尘颗粒的加速、加热以及点火过程进行了数值研究，计算了对应于不同载荷比、马赫数为４～５的入射激波后煤尘颗粒的点火延迟时间，分析了由于可燃粉尘颗粒的存在，入射激波及波后气固两相流动参数的变化规律。数值计算结果与实验数据符合较好。文中建立的模型和所用的基于ＰＳＩＣ算法的数值方法，用最自然的方式描述气固两相流动，即用连续流模型（欧拉方程）描述输运相（气相）的流动，用轨道颗粒模型（拉格朗日方程）描述分散相（颗粒相）的运动。用这种方法模拟含尘介质中激波后颗粒的点火是很有效的，它可以清楚地确定哪一个颗粒群最先着火，它的初始位置以及在整个点火延迟时间内     

粉尘云激波点火现象实验研究

利用新型两相激波管成功地研究了中等强度入射激波诱导的均匀悬浮粉尘间断面点火现象。平均直径为１０ｍ的玉米粉尘由流化床均匀地分散在氧气或空气中。悬浮粉尘间断面激波点火过程由纹影法连续拍摄。结果表明:颗粒浓度对点火延迟时间影响不大，空气中的玉米粉尘点火延迟大于氧气中的值，低马赫数激波条件下尤为明显。     

激波与沉积可燃粉尘相互作用的实验研究

在新建立的激波管中实现了激波对沉积可燃粉尘的卷扬与点火。利用自行设计的瞬态阴影摄影系统和高空间分辨率的新型红外光敏二极管成功拍摄了激波后燃烧粉尘云的阴影图像和测量了激波后可燃粉尘的点火诱导时间。通过对实验结果的较深入的分析，揭示了激波与可燃粉尘床相互作用的基本特征     

激波卷扬的气体粉尘边界层的实验与数值研究

采用瞬态阴影技术和激光消光技术对激波卷扬粉尘的现象进行了实验研究，理论研究采用ＰＳＩＣ（ＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅＳｏｕｒｃｅｉｎＣｅｌｌ）模型，模型同时考虑了湍流效应及气固两相间的输运效应。结果表明，激波卷扬的粉尘颗粒在壁面附近湍流区内先被加速，一定高度后减速，从而在边界层内形成一个高颗粒浓度的区域。数值结果与实验结果基本一致。     

锆金属粉尘云的爆炸特性

采用20 L近球形爆炸实验系统对锆粉尘云的爆炸特性开展了实验研究,分别分析了初始点火能量、点火延迟时间、粉尘云浓度3种因素对锆粉尘云爆炸强度的影响,揭示了锆粉尘云在密闭容器中的爆炸特性。在本实验条件下,结果表明:初始点火能量对锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力有显著影响,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力随初始点火能量的增大而增大;随点火延迟时间的增加,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳点火延迟时间;随粉尘云浓度的增大,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳锆粉尘云浓度,得到锆粉尘云的爆炸下限为18~20 g/m3。     

矩形管道中微米级铝粉爆炸实验

在矩形管道粉尘爆炸装置中开展系列实验,系统研究了点火延迟时间、粉尘粒度及粉尘浓度对铝粉尘爆炸过程中最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率的影响。研究结果表明:不同的点火延迟时间对铝粉尘爆炸压力有显著影响,随着点火延迟时间由小变大,最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且不同粒径的铝粉尘最大爆炸压力对应有不同点火延迟时间。随铝粉粒度的减小,最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率会呈现出先增大后减小的变化规律。铝粉最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率随浓度的增加均表现为先变大后减小的趋势,即铝粉浓度在特定数值时会使其爆炸威力最强。     

激波诱导的燃烧粉尘云边界层的结构

足够强的激波扫过铺有可燃粉尘的界面时，波后形成燃烧的粉尘云边界层。为揭示其内部结构，本文对该现象进行了实验和理论两个方面的研究。理论计算表明燃烧粉云边界层可分为三个区域：诱导区、反应区和扩散区，诱导区的粉尘浓度最高，计算获得的粉尘云轮廓和点火延迟与实验结果基本吻合．     

点火延迟时间对铝粉爆炸特性参数的影响

为了研究装置点火延迟时间对不同浓度粉尘爆炸压力和压力上升速率的影响,以铝粉为介质在5L圆柱形爆炸装置中进行系列爆炸实验。结果表明:装置点火延迟时间对铝粉爆炸压力和压力上升速率有十分显著的影响,且存在一个最佳点火延迟时间,此时最大爆炸压力最大;随着铝粉浓度的增加,最佳点火延迟时间先增加后保持不变。最佳点火延迟时间下的最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率明显高于点火延迟时间固定为60s时的。相对粉尘不同浓度均采用固定点火延迟时间,不同浓度时采用最佳点火延迟时间,所测得的粉尘最大爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率明显符合实际。     

激波与堆积粉尘相互作用的实验和理论研究

通过对激波与堆积粉尘相互作用的实验和理论分析，可得到堆积粉尘本构方程。基于该方程，本文对激波与堆积粉尘相互作用现象进行了数值模拟。计算所反映的流场结构与实验图像一致。     

铝粉尘激波点火的实验研究

介绍了用铝粉氧化反应所生成的中间产物的特征光谱来测量铝粉尘受激波点火延迟的新的测量方法．测量了三种不同形状和粒度的铝粉尘激波点火延迟。由实验证实，当环境温度在Ａｌ２Ｏ３的熔点左右时，铝粒都可以被点火；由于机制的不同，点火延迟相差很大；点火延迟与铝粉颗粒的比表面积和活性铝的含量有关，而与环境的氧含量基本无关；但当氧含量小于１％时，铝粉尘不能被点火。     

Comparative study of amorphous and crystalline Zr-based alloys in response to nanosecond pulse laser ablation

In shock tube experiments, the interaction between the reflected shock and boundary layer can induce shock bifurcation and weak ignition. The weak ignition can greatly affect the ignition delay time measurement in a shock tube experiment. In this work, two-dimensional simulations considering detailed chemistry and transport are conducted to investigate the shock bifurcation and non-uniform ignition behind a reflected shock. The objectives are to interpret the formation of shock bifurcation induced by the reflected shock and boundary layer interaction and to investigate the weak ignition and its transition to strong ignition for both hydrogen and dimethyl ether. It is found that the non-uniform reflection of the incident shock at the end wall produces a wedge-shaped oblique shock foot at the wall. The wedge-shaped structure results in strong interactions between reflected shock and boundary layer, which induces the shock bifurcation. It is demonstrated that the local high-temperature spots at the foot of the bifurcated shock is caused by viscous dissipation and pressure work. As the post-reflected shock temperature increases, the transition from weak ignition to strong ignition in a stoichiometric hydrogen/oxygen mixture is observed. The relative sensitivity of ignition delay time to the post-reflected shock temperature is introduced to characterize the appearance of weak ignition behind the reflected shock. Unlike in the hydrogen/oxygen mixture, weak ignition is not observed in the stoichiometric dimethylether/oxygen mixture since it has a relatively longer ignition delay time and smaller relative sensitivity.

     

点火延迟时间影响粉尘爆炸泄放压力的试验研究

本文报导了在1m~3和30m~3粉尘爆炸泄压试验装置内完成的一系列点火延迟时间t_V对粉尘爆炸泄放压力P影响的试验。试验结果表明t_V对P有很大的影响,t_V0.52秒时,P值最高,而t_V1.0秒时,P已降到很低。有些实际工业环境可能根本不会产生点火延迟时间很短的播散可燃粉尘的工况,这种情况下,要求的泄压面积可以小一些。所以无论是进行粉尘爆炸泄压试验研究,还是有粉尘爆炸危险性的受限空间泄压面积的计算中,都应当考虑点火延迟时间对爆炸泄放压力的影响。     

铝颗粒在激波后气流作用下的点火

对铝颗粒在激波后气流作用下的点火进行了理论分析 ,用三个不同的判据得到铝颗粒点火的延时曲线并与实验进行了比较。理论分析结果表明 ,铝颗粒可以在远低于Al2 O3 的熔点被点火 ,甚至只要在铝的熔点时就被点火。提出的铝颗粒在温度达到铝的熔点且铝完全熔化时被点火这个判据在一些条件下与实验符合很好。如果铝颗粒表面的氧化层较厚 ,则点火温度为氧化铝的熔点。     

Ignition of liquid and dust fuel layers by gaseous detonation

Abstract. Ignition of a liquid layer and dust fuel layer by a detonation wave propagating in hydrogen-oxygen and acetylene-oxygen mixtures is reported. Experiments were carried out using a shock tube equipped with optical-quality observation windows. A schlieren system and a high-speed camera were used for measurements of ignition delay. Pressure transducers provided data necessary for measurements of the detonation wave velocity and pressure variation within the front of the interacted detonation wave and fuel layer. Kerosene, nitroglycerin and PETN were used as fuels. Investigation shows that the layer of liquid fuel can be efficiently ignited by detonation wave. It was found that the ignition delay of the fuel layer depends mostly on the detonation wave velocity and sensitivity of igniting fuels, and slightly on the layer thickness. Received 12 August 2001 / Accepted 1 July 2002 Published online 4 February 2003 Correspondence to: P. Wolanski (e-mail: wolanski@itc.pw.edu.pl) An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 18th Int. Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Seattle, USA, from July 29 to August 3, 2001     

20L近球形容器中微米级铝粉的爆炸特性

采用20 L近球形粉尘爆炸实验系统,探究微米级铝粉在不同点火延迟时间、粉尘粒径及粉尘浓度下的爆炸特性规律。结果表明:当点火延迟时间在20~120 ms范围内,铝粉最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率先增大后减小,随铝粉粒径增大,最佳点火延迟时间增大;在任一点火延迟时间下,粒径大于8.12 μm的铝粉最大爆炸压力随粉尘粒径的减小呈增大的变化趋势;粒径大于8.12 μm的铝粉,在80~440 g/m3粉尘浓度范围内,铝粉最大爆炸压力和最大爆炸压力上升速率先增大后减小,且铝粉粒径越小,对应的最猛烈爆炸粉尘浓度越低。     

Combustion tube studies of dust flame acceleration

A new pneumatic dispersion system for obtaining a good quality uniform dust suspension in a horizontal dust combustion tube was developed. The effect of three different dispersion techniques on self-sustained dust flame acceleration in such a combustion tube was examined. The importance of the dispersion quality in the test tube for maintaining a self-sustained dust flame acceleration was demonstrated. A combustion tube for studies of flame acceleration in fine aluminum dust-air mixture and its transition to detonation under industrial ignition conditions was constructed in the course of the present study. It consists mainly of an initiation section and a test section. The initiation section must be equipped in a well-developed dispersion system for creating a good dispersion condition in the test tube. The length of this section is 3 meters. The test tube requires only to distribute uniformly the dust over the bottom of the tube prior to the experiment. The aluminum dust spherical in shape with 6 μm in diameter was used for tests. Experimental results demonstrated that the increase in flame velocity is roughly linear through the entire length of the test tube. The highest flame propagation velocity in fine aluminum dust-air mixture approaches some 1200m/s at a distance of 4.8m from the ignition plane.