不同粒径PMMA粉尘云火焰温度特性研究

为揭示粒径分布对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（polymethyl methacrylate，PMMA）粉尘云火焰温度的影响，本文分别采用热电偶和高速比色测温法测量了开敞空间不同粒径PMMA粉尘云的火焰温度特性。结果表明:相比30 μm粉尘粒子，100 nm粉尘粒子热解/挥发速率较快，燃烧更加充分，粉尘云火焰的最高温度可达1 551℃，而30 μm粉尘云火焰最高温度仅为1 108℃；在微米尺度，随着PMMA粉尘粒径的增大，火焰最高温度和高温火焰区面积先增大后减小；20 μm粉尘粒子由于其分散性较好，裂解气化特征时间尺度与燃烧反应特征时间尺度较接近，燃烧反应充分，火焰最高温度和高温火焰区面积均最大。     

激波与沉积可燃粉尘相互作用的实验研究

在新建立的激波管中实现了激波对沉积可燃粉尘的卷扬与点火。利用自行设计的瞬态阴影摄影系统和高空间分辨率的新型红外光敏二极管成功拍摄了激波后燃烧粉尘云的阴影图像和测量了激波后可燃粉尘的点火诱导时间。通过对实验结果的较深入的分析，揭示了激波与可燃粉尘床相互作用的基本特征     

煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰的传播特性

为了揭示煤粉尘爆炸过程中火焰传播特征,采用2种不同质量分数挥发分的煤粉在半封闭竖直燃烧管中进行实验。分别使用高速摄影装置和红外热成像装置记录火焰传播过程和空间的温度分布情况,并分析2种煤粉尘云的火焰传播速度和温度曲线。结果表明:在同等条件下,火焰在挥发分质量分数高的煤粉尘云中的传播速度和火焰温度要高于其在挥发分质量分数较低的煤粉尘云中的。煤粉尘云的体积质量和点火能量也影响着火焰的传播过程,随着煤粉尘云体积质量的增大,火焰的传播速度和火焰温度整体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在传播的后半段火焰速度出现震荡现象;随着点火能量的增大,火焰在煤粉尘云中的传播速度和最高温度也相应升高。通过大量的实验数据计算得到特定条件下火焰传播速度和温度的经验公式。     

激波诱导含灰气体边界层中的粒子分布

本文研究当激波沿着一个固体表面等速地穿越含灰气体运动时所诱导的层流边界层特性。考虑了作用在气体边界层中球形粒子的 Saffman 升力,建议了一种计算近壁区中弥散相密度剖面的方法,并给出了数值计算结果。本文结果表明:在激波后方存在着一个弯曲的薄层区域,其中的粒子密度可以比其波前原始值增加许多倍。这种粒子聚集效应对于工业中粉尘爆炸等实际问题具有重要意义。     

一种新的运动激波--非定常边界层相互干扰现象

本文探讨了一种新的激波－非定常边界层相互干扰现象，这种激波－边界层干扰现象既不同于定常激波－边界层干扰现象，又不同于激波在端面反射后与该激波所诱导的边界层之间的干扰现象，而是运动激波与稀疏波和第一激波所诱导的非这常边界层之间的干扰现象，本文对这种现象用微波动力学理论进行分析，并把这种干扰现象看成激波的绕射现象，同时在稀疏波破膜的双驱动激波管中进行实验观察，最后把理论分析与实验观察进行了比较。     

铝粉湍流火焰诱导激波现象的实验研究

粉尘湍流火焰诱导激波问题是工业灾害研究中的重要课题．本文在自行设计的大型卧式燃烧管内，对铝粉火焰诱导激波现象进行了实验研究，测试了湍流火焰阵面前压缩波到激波的转捩过程，并将实验结果与数值模拟结果进行了比较．     

粉尘空气混合物层流燃烧速度的实验测定

给出了计算粉尘层流火焰速度的直接方法,此法简便易行,在粉尘浓度较低时,计算精度较高。实验结果表明:粉尘浓度对火焰传播速度和燃烧速度有很大的影响,粉尘浓度过大时,粒子运动轨迹就难观测,用直接法计算层流火焰速度的误差增大;管径大小也对燃烧速度有很大影响;小管径中的所得值比大管径中的所得值约低８％。     

激波卷扬的气体粉尘边界层的实验与数值研究

采用瞬态阴影技术和激光消光技术对激波卷扬粉尘的现象进行了实验研究，理论研究采用ＰＳＩＣ（ＰａｒｔｉｃｌｅＳｏｕｒｃｅｉｎＣｅｌｌ）模型，模型同时考虑了湍流效应及气固两相间的输运效应。结果表明，激波卷扬的粉尘颗粒在壁面附近湍流区内先被加速，一定高度后减速，从而在边界层内形成一个高颗粒浓度的区域。数值结果与实验结果基本一致。     

锆金属粉尘云的爆炸特性

采用20 L近球形爆炸实验系统对锆粉尘云的爆炸特性开展了实验研究,分别分析了初始点火能量、点火延迟时间、粉尘云浓度3种因素对锆粉尘云爆炸强度的影响,揭示了锆粉尘云在密闭容器中的爆炸特性。在本实验条件下,结果表明:初始点火能量对锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力有显著影响,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力随初始点火能量的增大而增大;随点火延迟时间的增加,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳点火延迟时间;随粉尘云浓度的增大,锆粉尘云最大爆炸压力先增大后减小,存在最佳锆粉尘云浓度,得到锆粉尘云的爆炸下限为18~20 g/m3。     

基于交互正交实验的玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度的影响因素研究

采用Godbert-Greenwald (G-G)恒温炉装置，运用交互正交实验方法，研究了粉尘质量浓度、分散压力、CaCO₃质量分数及其交互作用对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度 (minimum ignition temperature of dust cloud，MITC)的影响规律。通过直观分析法和方差分析法考察了各因素及其交互作用对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度影响，2种分析方法得出的结论一致。结果表明:CaCO₃质量分数和粉尘质量浓度对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度影响高度显著；分散压力与粉尘质量浓度对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度的影响存在交互作用，分散压力与粉尘质量浓度的交互作用对玉米淀粉粉尘云最低着火温度的影响显著。     

The discrete heat source approach to dust cloud combustion

In the present paper, combustion of dust clouds from the discrete point heat source method has been addressed. Time-place temperature profile generated by single particle burning has been obtained to study the dust combustion. The summation of the temperature profiles of burned and burning particles predict the temperature in the preheating zone so that the ignition time of layer in flame front can be determined. Consequently the flame propagating speed was obtained based on the dust concentration corresponding to particles spacing and particle diameter. This method has been validated with aluminum dust cloud combustion. Decrease in the dust concentration leads to the lean limit of dust combustion. Increase in particles diameter or reduction in the dust concentration causes higher lean limit and also reduction in the flame propagating speed. Adding the ignition energy as igniter to this system, provides the path to study the effects of ignition energy in the dust combustion.     

Investigation over the recirculation influence on the combustion of micro organic dust particles

This paper investigates the role of recircnlation and non-unity Lewis number on the combustion of organic dust particles. Since recirculation effect is more noticeable in micro-combustors, it is necessary to propose a modeling approach of this phenomenon to better simulate the performance of micro-combustors. In this research, in order to model the combustion of organic dust particles, it is assumed that the dust particles va- porize first to yield a known chemical structure which is oxidized in the gas phase, and the chemical structure of this gaseous fuel is assumed methane. To study the flame structure and solve the governing equations, it is considered that the flame structure consists of three zones titled the preheat-vaporization zone, the narrow reaction zone and finally the post flame zone. The recirculation phenomenon is evaluated by entering the exhausted heat from the post flame zone into the preheat zone. The solution is based on the follow- ing approach. First, the governing equations in each zone are nondimensionalized. Then the needed boundary and matching conditions are applied in each zone. After that, these equations and the required boundary and matching conditions are simultaneously solved with the analytical model. Consequently, the remarkable effects of recirculation and non- unity Lewis number on the combustion characteristics of the organic dust particles such as burning velocity and temperature profiles for different particle radii are obtained. The results show reasonable agreement with published experimental data.     

甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播特性

为揭示甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰的传播机理,利用气粉两相混合爆炸实验系统,在低于甲烷爆炸下限条件下,采用高速摄影机记录火焰传播图像,通过热电偶采集火焰温度,研究了煤尘种类以及甲烷体积分数对甲烷/煤尘复合火焰传播特性的影响。结果表明:挥发分是衡量煤尘燃烧特性的主导因素;随着煤尘挥发分的升高,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度升高,火焰温度升高;挥发分含量差异较小时,水分含量越低,燃烧反应越剧烈;在相同条件下,焦煤的燃烧反应强度最高,其次为长焰煤,最后为褐煤;随着甲烷体积分数的增加,煤尘颗粒的燃烧可由释放挥发分的扩散燃烧转变为气相预混燃烧,燃烧反应增强,火焰传播速度和火焰温度显著升高;热辐射和热对流作用促进煤尘颗粒热解,释放挥发分进行燃烧反应,维持复合火焰的持续传播;随着混合体系中甲烷体积分数的增加,混合爆炸机制由粉尘驱动型爆炸转为气体驱动型爆炸,燃烧反应增强;甲烷/煤尘复合爆炸火焰可由未燃区、预热区、气相燃烧区、多相燃烧区和焦炭燃烧区5部分组成,湍流扰动导致燃烧介质空间分布存在差异,使得燃烧区无规则交错分布。     

A sharp interface Cartesian grid method for viscous simulation of shocked particle-laden flows

A Cartesian grid-based sharp interface method is presented for viscous simulations of shocked particle-laden flows. The moving solid–fluid interfaces are represented using level sets. A moving least-squares reconstruction is developed to apply the no-slip boundary condition at solid–fluid interfaces and to supply viscous stresses to the fluid. The algorithms developed in this paper are benchmarked against similarity solutions for the boundary layer over a fixed flat plate and against numerical solutions for moving interface problems such as shock-induced lift-off of a cylinder in a channel. The framework is extended to 3D and applied to calculate low Reynolds number steady supersonic flow over a sphere. Viscous simulation of the interaction of a particle cloud with an incident planar shock is demonstrated; the average drag on the particles and the vorticity field in the cloud are compared to the inviscid case to elucidate the effects of viscosity on momentum transfer between the particle and fluid phases. The methods developed will be useful for obtaining accurate momentum and heat transfer closure models for macro-scale shocked particulate flow applications such as blast waves and dust explosions.     

The distribution of particles in a shock-induced boundary layer of a dusty gas over a solid surface

The laminar boundary layer behind a constant-speed shock wave moving through a dusty gas along a solid surface is studied. The Saffman lift force acting on a spherical particle in a gas boundary layer is taken into account. A method for calculating the density profile of dispersed phase near the wall is proposed and some numerical results are given. It is shown that behind the shock wave, there exists a curved thin layer where the density of particles is many times higher than the original one. This dust collection effect may be of essential importance to the problem of dust explosion in industry.     

Numerical study of the lift force influence on two-phase shock tube boundary layer characteristics

The importance of the lift force acting on the dispersed phase in the boundary layer of a laminar gas-particle dilute mixture flow generated by a shock wave is investigated numerically. The particle phase is supposed to form a continuum and is described by an Eulerian approach. The ability of the Eulerian model to simulate particle flows and the importance of the two-way coupling are proven by comparison with experimental data as well as with the numerical results from schemes based on a Lagrangian approach. The models used for the lift force are discussed through comparisons between numerical and experimental results found in the literature. Some results about the formation of a dust cloud are numerically reproduced and show the major role of the lift force. Simulations of two-dimensional two-phase shock tube flows are also performed including the lift force effects. Although the wave propagation is weakly influenced by the lift force, the force modifies substantially the dynamics of the flow near the wall. Received 17 February 2000 / Accepted 30 November 2000     

月桂酸与硬脂酸粉尘爆炸过程热解动力学与火焰传播特性关系

综合应用同步热分析仪、改进的哈特曼爆炸测试装置及高速摄影系统,对月桂酸与硬脂酸粉尘的热解氧化特性及其在半封闭竖直管道内的火焰传播特性开展了实验研究,并分析讨论了月桂酸与硬脂酸粉尘爆炸燃烧过程中热解动力学与火焰传播特性的关系。结果表明,当粉尘云质量浓度为125 g/m3时,月桂酸粉尘云的火焰锋面结构比硬脂酸平滑,但硬脂酸粉尘的火焰传播速度明显大于月桂酸;随着质量浓度的增加,月桂酸和硬脂酸粉尘的火焰前锋逐渐变得离散,火焰传播速度逐渐增加,但速度差值逐渐减小;月桂酸粉尘的平均火焰传播速度在750 g/m3的粉尘云质量浓度下高于硬脂酸,火焰结构连续性显着降低。低质量浓度条件下月桂酸与硬脂酸粉尘云火焰传播特性差异主要由快速热解阶段的氧化放热特性决定,指前因子越大,参与热解和氧化反应的活性中心越多,氧化放热量越大,放热速率越快,火焰传播速度越快,火焰锋面结构由光滑连续向不规则离散的转变越快。随着粉尘云质量浓度的增加,火焰传播特性差异逐渐由活化能及火焰前锋预热区内氧气的质量输运过程控制,活化能越大,耗氧量越大,耗氧速率越快,越易导致火焰传播速度下降,火焰锋面趋于复杂,火焰结构连续性降低。