金瓷双材料力学行为的现代光力学实验研究

金瓷修复体兼具金属强度及陶瓷美观的优点,在口腔医学上得到了广泛应用,但临床上时有发生脱瓷并且又多发生在界面处,针对这种情况,通过研究不同层厚比的金瓷修复体试件梁的界面力学行为,以分析其破坏机理。采用云纹干涉法和电子散斑法对界面具有缺陷形式的试件进行了实验研究。得到裂纹尖端及界面处的位移场,计算了界面断裂强度等参量,并给出了试件制备、实验方法。实验结果表明不同层厚比的试件以及不同界面缺陷形式的试件对抵抗破坏能力均有不同影响;现代光力学实验方法对研究具有小变形的双材料结构力学行为可行、有效。     

集中力作用下铝合金材料内部柱状缺陷检测的研究

工程中,构件的内部会因为各种原因不可避免地存在各种损伤或缺陷。本文通过弹性力学理论给出含柱状缺陷的铝合金材料在受到集中力作用下的离面位移场。同时运用电子散斑干涉方法成功地测量出试件缺陷覆盖层在受到集中力情况下的离面位移。理论和实验结果对比表明,利用电子散斑干涉术技术能够精确地测量含缺陷材料表面的离面位移。此实验方法可以作为一种新型的探测物体内部缺陷所处的位置和大小的评估办法。     

竹材层合板弯曲破坏机理的实验研究

竹材层合板是为了满足一定的使用要求，由多层单向板按同一方向整齐排列、胶合、加热固化处理而成的复合结构体。由于竹材层合板的各向异性和非均匀性，它的力学行为十分复杂，特别是弯曲时不仅各个单层产生损伤破坏，而且伴随着层间胶接层的开裂。本文对竹材层合板的弯曲破坏特征进行实验研究；一系列包含变形信息的数字散斑图像被记录；采用数字散斑相关技术(DSCM)提取了三点弯曲变形过程中的面内位移场信息，分析了不同变形阶段的位移场；给出了不同弯曲变形阶段试件的应变场分布和应变集中现象；分析了中性轴在胶层开裂、层内纤维撕裂等复杂应力情况下的演化过程及规律。最终一些宏微观破坏机制被分析，例如基体开裂，界面损伤与撕裂，界面与裂纹作用等。这些研究结果将为竹材层合板的破坏机理等力学行为的研究和工程应用开发提供实验依据。     

用电子散斑干涉法进行结构内部微小缺陷检测的研究

本文应用电子散斑干涉法和相移技术对结构内部缺陷测试进行了试验研究,研究中采用气压加载,获得了相同气压载荷作用下不同试件的变形图,由此计算得到的结果表明,有缺陷的试件和无缺陷的试件在相同的气压载荷作用下变形不同,同时,相同载荷作用下,缺陷尺寸不同时,试件的变形不同.该试验证明了电子散斑干涉法在研究结构内部缺陷在气压载荷作用下的微小变形的有效性,进一步对缺陷影响的定量研究将为预知缺陷的尺寸及位置,结构的安全和检测提供帮助,同时将该方法应用进一步的推广和改进,将为结构无损检测提供依据.     

ESPI技术对外贴纤维混凝土加固承载的实验研究

采用电子散斑干涉技术,对外贴碳纤维加固混凝土梁的外贴材料位移的分布特征,进行了全场实时测量,通过实验获得的散斑干涉条纹图可以得到外贴材料与混凝土梁的粘结传力长度随粘结长度及初始载荷之间的关系;了解用于加固的碳纤维材料的应变分布特点和产生梁侧剥离破坏时的碳纤维表面位移(应变)的演化过程。实验还说明了电子散斑干涉技术不仅可用于位移的测量,而且也可用于结构安全监测和破坏预报。文中给出了对C20D、C25A和C60C侧贴碳纤维板加固在不同载荷作用直到构件破坏前的位移测试及对试件C60C轴线上的剪应力分析结果。     

电子错位散斑干涉术用于无损检测的探讨

本文叙述应用电子错位散斑干涉仪于各种缺陷的无损检测的装置原理、各种加载方式的特点.文中详细探讨了缺陷检测定量分析的理论依据,提出了对各种不同材料缺陷检测的限制并进行了实验验证;提出了提高条纹清晰度的方法.从而解决了电子错位散斑干涉术在无损检测实际应用中的各项具体问题.     

垂直裂缝在砂泥岩层理界面上拐折扩展特性研究

首先以大庆油田薄差油藏的砂泥岩储层力学参数为基础,根据相似原理,制备了砂泥岩相似材料试件。然后通过三点弯曲实验构建了Ⅰ型裂缝扩展,并采用数字散斑相关方法,获得了裂缝扩展过程中试件表面散斑场的变化规律。由此给出了界面位置处裂尖的应力奇异性阶数及应力强度因子,了解了材料强度差异对裂缝在界面扩展特性的影响。分析表明,当垂直裂缝从高强度材料一侧扩展时,界面的应力奇异性阶数大,界面的应力集中效应高,KⅡ/KⅠ比值小,裂缝拐折程度小,反之亦然。     

金瓷界面力学特性的数值分析

建立不同金属厚度的金瓷试件梁有限元力学模型,分析界面处应力分布,利用真实口腔修复体的金属和瓷的力学参数,分别对常用的三种不同厚度为基底的金属梁试件进行了瓷层以0.2mm为梯度进行加厚,计算各梁的界面应力和位移,同时也对力学性能较好的金属层和瓷层一组进行了全瓷梁应力、位移计算分析.为了更加真实的反映计算结果,部分试件的数值分析与实验进行了比较.通过分析比较,结果显示金瓷界面处应力较大,是脱剥瓷常发生部位;金属层较薄的烤瓷体有更高的韧性,力学性能较金属基底厚的有更强的抗脱瓷能力;金属作为基底大大提高了试件的抗弯曲能力,比全瓷梁更增强了试件破坏能力.     

散斑全息干涉法测量面内位移和应变

测量面内位移和应变有很多方法,诸如莫尔条纹法、全息干涉法、激光散斑干涉法等属于近代光学方法。其中莫尔条纹法需要在试件表面布上极细的网格,这在工艺上较难;而全息干涉法又需沿不同方向进行全息照相,要求较高,数据处理的程序也较繁复.最近国外采用激光散斑干涉来测量面内位移和应变,发展很快。激光散斑干涉法亦有多种。成象散斑干涉是记录被相干光照明的物体经透镜成像后所形成的具有斑点图信息的物体象,照明光可用单光束或多光束:光栏也可以是单孔或多孔。我们曾采用单光束和单孔成象的散斑干涉法对游标盘的转动进行了定标试验。另一种散斑干涉法是直接将感光片和被测物表面贴近,并牢靠地固定其相对位置.再用一束准直激光直接从感光片背面射入。由于照明光与物体表面的漫反射光是从接近180°的方向射到感光层,因而感光片记录的信息中不仅有斑点图信息,而且还包含有能实现白光再现的全息图信息,我们暂且称其为散斑全息干涉法.本文主要介绍散斑全息干涉的物理原理和它的实验方法,并利用杨氏干涉法对游标盘转动后的位移量定标和对单向拉伸的矩形板中的圆孔应力集中系数进行了定标,取得了实验结果。此外,还指出了散斑干涉法的缺点和局限性。     

微薄梁三点弯曲的尺度效应研究

应用高灵敏度的力传感器以及时间序列电子散斑干涉法，同时测出了不同厚度纯镍薄片三点 弯曲试件的抗力与变形，得到薄梁中心点处的载荷与挠度曲线. 应用Fleck和Hutchinson 的偶应力理论，结合平面应变弯曲模型，建立了薄梁处于弹性状态和弹塑性状态的 控制方程, 应用Runge-Kutta法进行数值求解，并将计算得到的载荷-挠度曲线以及无量纲化弯矩-表面 应变曲线和实验结果进行了比较. 在理论计算过程中，没有拟合任何材料参数，所有的材料 参数均来自实验测量的结果，材料特征尺度也是根据Stolken和Evans的工作给出 的. 结果表明: 应用偶应力理论预测的结果和实验结果符合良好，而经典理论的预测结果与 实验不相符合.     

Investigation of stress-strain behavior of single walled carbon nanotube/rubber composites by a multi-scale finite element method

The excellent properties of carbon nanotubes have generated technological interests in the development of nanotube/rubber composites. This paper describes a finite element formulation that is appropriate for the numerical prediction of the mechanical behavior of rubber-like materials which are reinforced with single walled carbon nanotubes. The considered composite material consists of continuous aligned single walled carbon nanotubes which are uniformly distributed within the rubber material. It is assumed that the carbon nanotubes are imperfectly bonded with the matrix. Based on the micromechanical theory, the mechanical behavior of the composite may be predicted by utilizing a representative volume element. Within the representative volume element, the reinforcement is modeled according to its atomistic microstructure. Therefore, non-linear spring-based line elements are employed to simulate the discrete geometrical structure and behavior of the single-walled carbon nanotube. On the other hand, the matrix is modeled as a continuum medium by utilizing solid elements. In order to describe its behavior an appropriate constitutive material model is adopted. Finally, the interfacial region is simulated via the use of special joint elements of variable stiffness which interconnect the two materials in a discrete manner. Using the proposed multi-scale model, the stress-strain behavior for various values of reinforcement volume fraction and interfacial stiffness is extracted. The influence of the single walled carbon nanotube addition within the rubber is clearly illustrated and discussed.     

一种预测颗粒增强复合材料界面力学性能的新方法

界面在颗粒增强复合材料中起到传递载荷的关键作用, 界面性能对复合材料整体力学行为产生重要影响. 然而由于复合材料内部结构较为复杂, 颗粒与基体间的界面强度和界面断裂韧性难以确定, 尤其是法向与切向界面强度的分别预测缺乏有效方法. 本文以氧化锆颗粒增强聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)复合材料为研究对象, 提出一种预测颗粒增强复合材料界面力学性能的新方法. 首先, 实验获得纯PDMS基体材料及单颗粒填充PDMS试样的单轴拉伸应力$\!-\!$应变曲线, 标定出PDMS基体材料的单轴拉伸超弹性本构关系; 其次, 建立与单颗粒填充试样一致的有限元模型, 选择特定的黏结区模型描述界面力学行为, 通过样品不同阶段拉伸力学响应的实验与数值结果对比, 分别给出颗粒与基体界面的法向强度、切向强度及界面断裂韧性; 进一步应用标定的界面力学参数, 开展不同尺寸及不同数目颗粒填充试样的实验与数值结果比较, 验证界面性能预测结果的合理性. 本文提出的界面力学性能预测方法简便、易操作、精度高, 对定量预测颗粒增强复合材料的力学性能具有一定帮助, 亦对定量预测纤维增强复合材料的界面性能具有一定参考意义.      

植物纤维增强复合材料力学高性能化与多功能化研究

论文从植物纤维的微观结构、化学组成以及力学性能入手,针对植物纤维增强复合材料的界面性能,综述了国内外采用植物纤维表面处理方法来提升复合材料力学性能的研究进展,分析了所遇到的瓶颈,并进一步从复合材料结构设计的角度出发,充分利用植物纤维独特的多层次、多尺度的微观结构特点,通过揭示植物纤维增强复合材料多层次、多尺度的界面力学损伤破坏机制,实现了植物纤维增强复合材料的界面调控和力学高性能化。在此基础上,提出了植物纤维增强复合材料兼顾阻燃和声学性能的结构设计原则和特有的界面力学研究方法。此外,也介绍了相关基础研究成果在航空、轨道交通等领域的示范应用,并针对实现绿色复合材料的结构功能一体化的应用提出了未来研究方向。     

Multi-Scale Experiments and Interfacial Mechanical Modeling of Carbon Nanotube Fiber

The multi-scale deformation and interfacial mechanical behavior of carbon nanotube fibers with multi-level structures are investigated by experimental and theoretical methods. Multi-scale experiments including uniaxial tensile testing, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy are conducted to measure the mechanical response of multi-level structures within the fiber under tension. A two-level interfacial mechanical model is then presented to analyze the interfacial bonding strength of mesoscopic bundles and microscopic nanotubes. The evolution characteristics of multi-scale deformation of the fiber are described based on experimental characterization and interfacial strength analysis. The strengthening mechanism of the fiber is further studied. Comprehensive analysis shows that the property of multi-level interfaces is a critical factor for the fiber strength and toughness. Finally, the method of improving the mechanical properties of fiber-based materials is discussed. The result can be used to guide multi-level interface engineering of carbon nanotube fibers and fiber-based composites to produce high performance materials.     

Finite element analysis of interfacial stresses in FRP–RC hybrid beams

The interfacial stresses in fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)–reinforced concrete (RC) hybrid beams were studied by the finite element method. The mesh sensitivity test shows that the finite element results for interfacial stresses are not sensitive to the finite element mesh. The finite element analysis then is used to calculate the interfacial stress distribution and evaluate the effect of the structural parameters on the interfacial behavior. It is shown that both the normal and shear stresses at the interface are influenced by the material and geometry parameters of the composite beam. This research is helpful for the understanding on mechanical behavior of the interface and design of the FRP–RC hybrid structures.     

碳纤维/环氧树脂仿贝壳珍珠层结构强韧机制与性能优化的实验研究

材料的轻量化设计在生产实践中具有重大意义,将天然贝壳珍珠层结构应用到现有的高性能人工合成材料上,能够获得性能更加优异的轻质高强结构材料。本文采用碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料,设计出了多种具有规则"砖-泥"交错叠层结构的仿贝壳珍珠层复合材料,通过力学性能测试实验、微观结构表征及力学原理分析等对不同片层单元长度及不同单元搭接形式的材料在拉伸载荷下的力学行为进行了研究,探索了其微观结构对材料强度和韧性的影响机制。结果表明,"砖-泥"交错叠层结构中"砖块"单元长度是影响材料强度和韧性的关键因素,而在此基础上通过对片层搭接形式的优化设计,可进一步改善其内部的应力分布与载荷传递机制,从而实现其强度和韧性的进一步提升与有效调控。     

The effect of interfacial properties on the cohesion of highly filled composite materials

It has long been recognized that the cohesion of composite materials, in low confinement, is strongly affected by the properties of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between inclusions and matrix. While the effect of the ITZ on the elasticity properties of composites has been studied by many authors in the context of linear homogenization methods, the upscaling of the cohesion strength of highly filled composite materials has not been addressed. This is the focus of the non-linear homogenization procedure developed in this paper, which is based on the separation of the heterogeneous material system in phases of constant strength properties, a non-linear elastic representation of the limit stress state in each phase, and the definition of appropriate effective strain quantities that capture the morphological features of the microstructure. Applied to a three phase composite model composed of rigid inclusion, interface zone and matrix, the model provides a quantitative means of studying the effect of the interface cohesion and the interface volume fraction on the composite cohesion. In particular, we identify a critical interface-to-matrix cohesion ratio, below which the composite cohesion is smaller than the one of the matrix. Furthermore, the model lends itself readily to the study of the degradation of the interfacial properties in composite materials. This is shown for non-degraded and chemically softened cement-based materials, for which we provide conclusive evidence (1) that the interface strength properties of mortar are far more affected by chemical degradation than the one of the cement paste matrix; and (2) that chemical degradation does affect the mechanical strength performance of the cement paste not only through a change of volume proportions (i.e. increase of porosity), but as well through a pure chemical softening of the solid’s cohesion.     

软材料粘接结构界面破坏研究综述

软材料已经在软机器人、生物医学及柔性电子等各个领域得到广泛的应用. 实际应用中, 软材料多需要粘附于不同类型的基底上, 与之共同组成工程构件进而实现特定的功能, 粘接界面性能对构件的结构完整性与功能可靠性起着关键性作用. 本文对目前软材料粘接结构界面破坏行为方面的研究进行了系统总结. 首先通过与传统粘接结构的对比, 指出了“软界面”与“软基体”两种软材料粘接结构界面破坏行为的独特性及其物理本质. 接着分别总结了“软界面”与“软基体”两种粘接结构界面破坏行为的实验表征方面的研究成果, 对界面及基体黏弹性耗散对界面破坏机理的影响分别进行了分析. 然后从理论角度, 介绍了针对两种软材料粘接结构界面破坏行为的理论分析方法, 并对已建立的相关理论模型进行了总结. 之后以内聚力模型方法为基础, 介绍了软材料粘接结构界面破坏行为数值模拟方面的相关研究进展. 最后基于已有的研究成果, 提出了目前研究所面临的挑战, 并对可能的软材料粘接结构界面破坏的未来研究方向进行了讨论和展望.      

Impact of thermal loads on interfacial debonding in FRP strengthened beams

The effect of thermal loads on the debonding mechanisms in beams strengthened with externally bonded composite materials is analytically investigated. The analytical approach adopts a high-order stress analysis model and a fracture mechanics model that uses the concept of the energy release rate through the thermo-mechanical form of the J-integral. The two models are combined to synthesize the relation between the energy release rate, the mechanical loads, the thermal loads, and the interfacial crack length simulating the thermo-mechanical debonding process. The model is supported through comparison with experimental results taken from the literature. The comparison quantifies and explains various phenomena observed in the experiments and mainly the non-monotonic dependency of the debonding failure load on the temperature. The impact of the temperature on the interfacial stresses and on the stability of the debonding process is also studied. Finally, the effect of an uniform thermal load on the debonding behavior of a strengthened beam is studied revealing the impact of the thermal load on the debonding stability and strength characteristics.     

NONLINEAR BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF DAMAGED COMPOSITE SANDWICH PLATES CONSIDERING THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

On the basis of the first-order shear deformation plate theory and the zig-zag deformation assumption, an incremental finite element formulation for nonlinear buckling analysis of the composite sandwich plate is deduced and the temperature-dependent thermal and mechanical properties of composite is considered. A finite element method for thermal or thermo-mechanical coupling nonlinear buckling analysis of the composite sandwich plate with an interfacial crack damage between face and core is also developed. Numerical results and discussions concerning some typical examples show that the effects of the variation of the thermal and mechanical properties with temperature, external compressive loading, size of the damage zone and ply angle of the faces on the thermal buckling behavior are significant. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59975013).