相移数字云纹测量系统

介绍了一种相位移数字云纹变形测量系统．测试系统采用ＣＣＤ摄像系统记录光栅图像，控制采样的空间频率大约为光栅线密度的整数倍，对试件栅进行采样后用数字信号处理的方法，实现空间相位移及进行实时数字云纹条纹显示，并对相移误差及光栅信号的高阶谐波的影响进行了校正     

云纹／光栅测试技术的几点讨论

本文用信号处理的方法系统地阐述了云纹／光栅测试技术。以面内云纹／光栅测试为例，首先说明了光栅是位移和变形信息的空间载体；位移和应变分别是对载体的相位和频率调制；而云纹现象则是试件栅频谱向零频处平移的结果或说云纹是对光栅载体信号解调的过程；进而讨论了云纹技术与光栅技术的本质区别。其次分析了云纹／光栅测试系统的性能，讨论了条纹分析方法及数字图象处理手段对云纹／光栅系统的测试精度、灵敏度、空间分辨率的影响。     

用二维贴片云纹干涉法测定复合型应力强度因子

1.二维贴片云纹干涉法某些较复杂的具一般性的复合型应力强度因子,例如具有单边斜裂纹受三点弯曲的矩形梁(图1),测定一维位移难於确定其复合型应力强度因子,必须采用能提供二维位移的实验技术.本文采用图2所示光路,其中,准直镜5射出的两光束相干涉,形成铅垂y方向的虚光栅;经半透半反光镜6分束的准直光,一部分直接射向试件9,另一部分通过与试件表面垂直的全反镜8再反射到试件9.两者相干形成水平x方向的     

基于Bragg光纤光栅的位移-应变传感器分析

光纤光栅传感器技术应用于力学测试是国内外正在发展的一门新技术.本文基于光纤光栅传感的基本原理,介绍了一种用于位移测量的应变传感器,测得应变与位移变化具有良好的线性特点,重复性好;对该传感器的测量过程进行了有限元模拟,并与实验值进行了比较.     

二维变线距光栅密度的检测

变线距全息光栅平面单色仪由于具有自动聚焦、消像差、高分辨率以及减少杂散光等能力，因而在同步辐射装置、激光核聚变装置以及太空望远镜等设备中有着重要的应用。由于变线距全息光栅的制作及检测存在着相当的难度，制约了变线距全息光栅的推广应用。因此，变线距全息光栅的制作及检测研究，具有十分重要的理论及应用意义。变线距全息光栅的制作必须有高精度的密度检测技术相配合。比如，在变线距全息光栅的制作过程中，需要对用于形成变线距光栅的全息干涉条纹的线密度进行检测；对于已经制成的变线距全息光栅的线密度也需要进行检测，以检查光栅的制作质量。因此，变线距全息光栅线密度的检测，对提高变线距全息光栅的制作质量起着十分关键的作用。文中给出了二维变线距光栅的密度描述公式，讨论了干涉条纹的物理意义；应用干涉云纹法和条纹图像处理技术，对二维变线距光栅的密度分布进行了检测研究，给出了光栅密度的全场分布，并讨论了检测精度。     

Indentation tests investigation of mechanical behavior of two-dimensional materials

准确了解二维材料的力学性能对于推动其应用具有重要意义, 无基底压痕技术是目前最广泛采用的二维材料力学性能测试方法之一, 本文综述了二维材料压痕研究的最新进展以及所面临的问题, 并对将来的研究工作进行了展望.无基底压痕技术是将二维材料转移到带有沟槽或柱形孔的基底上, 制备二维材料"梁"和"鼓"模型, 然后利用原子力显微镜测量其在压针作用下的载荷--位移关系, 最后通过基于连续介质薄膜导出的压痕响应分析模型拟合实验结果, 估算出二维材料的弹性模量和本征强度.由于二维材料的厚度远小于连续介质薄膜, 来自于压头以及基底孔侧壁的范德华力对二维材料的压痕响应具有显著影响, 造成二维材料与传统压痕分析模型中的基本假设不符, 导致不能准确预测二维材料的弹性模量; 另外, 由于传统压痕模型无法准确描述二维材料在大变形下的非线性行为, 以及由缺陷等引起的应力集中, 导致由压痕测试表征的二维材料(特别是多晶二维材料)本征强度具有较大的偏差. 因此, 一方面需要正确了解由压痕技术获得的二维材料力学性能, 另一方面还需对目前的研究方法做进一步的改进和完善.     

二维材料力学行为的压痕测试

准确了解二维材料的力学性能对于推动其应用具有重要意义, 无基底压痕技术是目前最广泛采用的二维材料力学性能测试方法之一, 本文综述了二维材料压痕研究的最新进展以及所面临的问题, 并对将来的研究工作进行了展望.无基底压痕技术是将二维材料转移到带有沟槽或柱形孔的基底上, 制备二维材料"梁"和"鼓"模型, 然后利用原子力显微镜测量其在压针作用下的载荷--位移关系, 最后通过基于连续介质薄膜导出的压痕响应分析模型拟合实验结果, 估算出二维材料的弹性模量和本征强度.由于二维材料的厚度远小于连续介质薄膜, 来自于压头以及基底孔侧壁的范德华力对二维材料的压痕响应具有显著影响, 造成二维材料与传统压痕分析模型中的基本假设不符, 导致不能准确预测二维材料的弹性模量; 另外, 由于传统压痕模型无法准确描述二维材料在大变形下的非线性行为, 以及由缺陷等引起的应力集中, 导致由压痕测试表征的二维材料(特别是多晶二维材料)本征强度具有较大的偏差. 因此, 一方面需要正确了解由压痕技术获得的二维材料力学性能, 另一方面还需对目前的研究方法做进一步的改进和完善.      

高压驱动研究方法的改进及其对质点运动的研究

从分析二维运动的测试原理入手 ,利用高速狭缝扫描摄影技术建立了测试系统 ,该系统能获得二维运动的轨迹和速度 ,从而把高速狭缝扫描摄影的研究领域由一维拓展到了二维 ,并对不同种测试系统进行了比较。利用新的测试系统获得了物体运动的照片 ,研究了质点高压下的运动 ,同时 ,获得了变形速度和变形角。     

二维材料力学行为的压痕测试

准确了解二维材料的力学性能对于推动其应用具有重要意义,无基底压痕技术是目前最广泛采用的二维材料力学性能测试方法之一,本文综述了二维材料压痕研究的最新进展以及所面临的问题,并对将来的研究工作进行了展望.无基底压痕技术是将二维材料转移到带有沟槽或柱形孔的基底上,制备二维材料"梁"和"鼓"模型,然后利用原子力显微镜测量其在压针作用下的载荷–位移关系,最后通过基于连续介质薄膜导出的压痕响应分析模型拟合实验结果,估算出二维材料的弹性模量和本征强度.由于二维材料的厚度远小于连续介质薄膜,来自于压头以及基底孔侧壁的范德华力对二维材料的压痕响应具有显著影响,造成二维材料与传统压痕分析模型中的基本假设不符,导致不能准确预测二维材料的弹性模量;另外,由于传统压痕模型无法准确描述二维材料在大变形下的非线性行为,以及由缺陷等引起的应力集中,导致由压痕测试表征的二维材料(特别是多晶二维材料)本征强度具有较大的偏差.因此,一方面需要正确了解由压痕技术获得的二维材料力学性能,另一方面还需对目前的研究方法做进一步的改进和完善.     

遥测自动云纹引伸仪——实时位移测量系统

云纹法是一种新的位移场或应变场测试技术，本文采用云纹法论述的遥测自动云纹引伸仪系统包括云纹引伸仪、位移信息转换和传输装置以及显示接收监测台。由于采用了轮形光栅从而使引伸仪突破了传统的测量限制，从理论上讲，量程可达无穷大。     

Centrosymmetric 3D Deformation Measurement using Grid Method with a Single-Camera

This study proposes an effective method to measure centrosymmetric 3D static and dynamic deformations from the microscale to macroscale using grid method with a single camera. The camera was tilted at a particular angle and used to observe specimen grids in order to acquire coupling fields of both in-plane and out-of-plane displacement. This study also analyzes the decoupling methods of these two displacement types, and a systematic deduction of a theoretical equation for 3D deformation analysis was conducted based on the method. The sensitivity of morphology measurement was then evaluated and the elimination of noise and rotational errors was discussed. The efficiency and accuracy of this technique was verified through a microscale static feasibility test and a high-speed impact experiment that simulated an underwater explosion. The proposed approach uses minimal equipment, is simple and convenient, and can be used to measure centrosymmetric 3D deformation in multi-scale both statically and dynamically. In addition, this method avoids the non-synchronization problem of a pair of high-speed cameras in high-speed 3D measurements.     

大视场双目投影条纹方法中的相机参数标定与优化研究

投影条纹法具有高精度、高分辨的特点,且实验设备简单,对实验环境要求低,适宜于不同尺度的三维形貌测量。双目投影条纹法通常采用有标准参照物的相机标定方法获取相机参数,以实现物体表面三维形貌重建。然而,在大型结构的三维形貌测量中参照物的相对尺度较小,传统的基于重投影的相机标定方法在特征检测中引入的误差会被放大,从而影响三维表面形貌测量的稳定性和准确性。本文结合双目投影条纹成像原理,提出了一种适用于大面积形貌测量的投影条纹系统标定方法。该方法利用投影条纹控制点以及对极几何约束对张氏标定法结果进行优化,从而可以在大视场标定中保持较高的精度。实验表明,在标定板与测量物大小相当时,本文提出的标定方法与传统标定方法的测量结果基本一致;当标定板远小于待测物时,本文方法的测量精度和稳定性明显优于传统方法。     

Diffraction Assisted Image Correlation: A Novel Method for Measuring Three-Dimensional Deformation using Two-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) provides a full-field non-contact optical method for accurate deformation measurement of materials, devices and structures. The measurement of three-dimensional (3D) deformation using DIC in general requires imaging with two cameras and a 3D-DIC code. In the present work, a new experimental technique, namely, Diffraction Assisted Image Correlation (DAIC) for 3D displacement measurement using a single camera and 2D-DIC algorithm is presented. A transmission diffraction grating is placed between the specimen and the camera, resulting in multiple images which are then used to obtain apparent in-plane displacements using 2D-DIC. The true in-plane and out-of-plane displacements of the specimen are obtained from the apparent in-plane displacements and the diffraction angle of the grating. The validity and accuracy of the DAIC method are demonstrated through 3D displacement measurement of a small thin membrane. This technique provides new avenues for performing 3D deformation measurements at small length scales and/or dynamic loading conditions.     

昆虫自由飞行参数的双棱镜虚拟双目测量

通过像机前加一个双棱镜实现单像机的虚拟双目拍摄,根据立体视觉原理可以获取空间点三维信息,该装置被用于测量昆虫自由飞行运动参数。如果双棱镜和像机摆放得当,可以简化立体视觉测量中对应点匹配这一最难步骤。实验获得了蜻蜓直飞过程中的一系列运动参数,将这些参数结合起来考察对于研究昆虫飞行机理非常有意义。特别地,我们对昆虫飞行中翅膀的柔性效应进行了初步讨论。     

Accurate measurement of three-dimensional deformations in deformable and rigid bodies using computer vision

Recently, digital-image-correlation techniques have been used to accurately determine two-dimensional in-plane displacements and strains. An extension of the two-dimensional method to the acquisition of accurate, three-dimensional surfacedisplacement data from a stereo pair of CCD cameras is presented in this paper. A pin-hole camera model is used to express the transformation relating three-dimensional world coordinates to two-dimensional computer-image coordinates by the use of camera extrinsic and intrinsic parameters. Accurate camera model parameters are obtained for each camera independently by (a) using several points which have three-dimensional world coordinates that are accurate within 0.001 mm and (b) using two-dimensional image-correlation methods that are accurate to within 0.05 pixels to obtain the computer-image coordinates of various object positions. A nonlinear, least-squares method is used to select the optimal camera parameters such that the deviations between the measured and estimated image positions are minimized. Using multiple orientations of the cameras, the accuracy of the methodology is tested by performing translation tests. Using theoretical error estimates, error analyses are presented. To verify the methodology for actual tests both the displacement field for a cantilever beam and also the surface, three-dimensional displacement and strain fields for a 304L stainless-steel compact-tension specimen were experimentally obtained using stereo vision. Results indicate that the three-dimensional measurement methodology, when combined with two-dimensional digital correlation for subpixel accuracy, is a viable tool for the accurate measurement of surface displacements and strains. Paper was presented at the 1989 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in Cambridge, MA on May 29–June 1.     

Image reconstruction of three dimensional temperature field from projections in optical tomography

It is well known that determination of temperature fields by holographic interferometry is a successful method in the measurement of thermophysics. In this paper, some practical algorithms for image reconstruction from projections are presented to produce the temperature field. Algorithms being developed include that the Radon transform integral equation is directly solved by a grid method, and that the Radon inversion formula is numerically evaluated by two-dimensional Fourier transform technique. Some examples are given to verify the validity of the above methods in practice. A heat air flow above conbustor with a rectangular hole is investigated by holographic interferometric system, and temperature distributions of two sections in the air flow field have been reconstructed by this methods.     

DLT-Lines Based Camera Calibration with Lens Radial and Tangential Distortion

Background

Camera calibration is an essential step for the optical measurement method used in the experimental mechanics. Most plumb line methods focus on solving lens distortions without considering camera intrinsic and extrinsic parameters.

Objective

In this paper, we propose a full camera calibration method to estimate the camera parameters, including camera intrinsic parameters, extrinsic parameters and lens distortion parameters, from a single image with six or more non-coplanar lines.

Methods

We parameterize the 3D lines with the intersection of two planes that allow the direct linear transformation of the lines(DLT-Lines). Based on the DLT-Lines, the projection matrix is estimated linearly, and then the camera intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are extracted from the matrix. The relationship between the distorted 2D lines and the distortion coefficients is derived, based on which the distortion coefficients can be solved linearly. In the last step, a non-linear optimization algorithm is used to jointly refine all the camera parameters, including the distortion coefficients.

Results

Both synthetic and real data are used to evaluate the performance of our method, which demonstrates that the proposed method can calibrate the cameras with radial and tangential distortions accurately.

Conclusions

We propose a DLT-lines based camera calibration method for experimental mechanics. The proposed method can calibrate all the camera parameters from a single image.

     

应用自动网格法测量带孔洞大样品的变形

为了能在现场检测带孔洞大样品的变形，本文提出了运用环形编码法的改进自动网格法。文中还研究了适用于大样品测量的网格制作技术，编制了网格自动处理及分析软件，进行了计算机模拟和实验标定，并分析了测试精度。     

应用自动网格法测量带孔洞大样品的变形

为了能在现场检测带孔洞大样品的变形,本文提出了运用环形编码法的改进自动网格法。文中还研究了适用于大样品测量的网格制作技术,编制了网格自动处理及分析软件,进行了计算机模拟和实验标定,并分析了测试精度。