A new method for solving Biot＇s consolidation of a finite soil layer in the cylindrical coordinate system

A new method is developed to solve Biot＇s consolidation of a finite soil layer in the cylindrical coordinate system. Based on the governing equations of Biot＇s consolidation and the technique of Laplace transform, Fourier expansions and Hankel transform with respect to time t, coordinate θ and coordinate r, respectively, a relationship of displacements, stresses, excess pore water pressure and flux is established between the ground surface （z = 0） and an arbitrary depth z in the Laplace and Hankel transform domain. By referring to proper boundary conditions of the finite soil layer, the solutions for displacements, stresses, excess pore water pressure and flux of any point in the transform domain can be obtained. The actual solutions in the physical domain can be acquired by inverting the Laplace and the Hankel transforms.     

Plane strain consolidation of soil layer with anisotropic permeability

This paper presents an alternative analytical technique to study a plane strain consolidation of a poroelastic soil by taking into account the anisotropy of permeability. From the governing equations of a saturated poroelastic soil, the relationship of basic variables for a point of a soil layer is established between the ground surface （z=0） and the depth z in the Laplace-Fourier transform domain. Combined with the boundary conditions, an exact solution is derived for plane strain Biot＇s consolidation of a finite soil layer with anisotropic permeability in the transform domain. Numerical inversions of the Laplace transform and the Fourier transform are adopted to obtain the actual solution in the physical domain. Numerical results of plane strain Biot＇s consolidation for a single soil layer show that the anisotropic of permeability has a great influence on the consolidation behavior of the soils.     

Analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils

This paper presents an analytical solution of the one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soil with a finite thickness under vertical loading and confinements in the lateral directions. The boundary contains the top surface permeable to water and air and the bottom impermeable to water and air. The analytical solution is for Fredlund＇s one-dimensional consolidation equation in unsaturated soils. The transfer relationship between the state vectors at top surface and any depth is obtained by using the Laplace transform and Cayley-Hamilton mathematical methods to the governing equations of water and air, Darcy＇s law and Fick＇s law. Excess pore-air pressure, excess pore-water pressure and settlement in the Laplace-transformed domain are obtained by using the Laplace transform with the initial conditions and boundary conditions. By performing inverse Laplace transforms, the analytical solutions are obtained in the time domain. A typical example illustrates the consolidation characteristics of unsaturated soil from an- alytical results. Finally, comparisons between the analytical solutions and results of the finite difference method indicate that the analytical solution is correct.     

3-D CONSOLIDATION ANALYSIS OF LAYERED SOIL WITH ANISOTROPIC PERMEABILITY USING ANALYTICAL LAYER-ELEMENT METHOD

Starting with governing equations of a saturated soil with anisotropic permeability and based on multiple integral transforms,an analytical layer-element equation is established explicitly in the Laplace-Fourier transformed domain.A global matrix of layered soil can be obtained by assembling a set of analytical layer-elements,which is further solved in the transformed domain by considering boundary conditions.The numerical inversion of Laplace-Fourier transform is employed to acquire the actual solution.Numerical analysis for 3-D consolidation with anisotropic permeability of a layered soil system is presented,and the influence of anisotropy of permeability on the consolidation behavior is discussed.     

Semi-analytical solution to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils

In this paper, a series of semi-analytical solutions to one-dimensional consolidation in unsaturated soils are obtained. The air governing equation by Fredlund for unsaturated soils consolidation is simplified. By applying the Laplace transform and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem to the simplified governing equations of water and air, Darcy＇s law, and Fick＇s law, the transfer function between the state vectors at top and at any depth is then constructed. Finally, by the boundary conditions, the excess pore-water pressure, the excess pore-air pressure, and the soil settlement are obtained under several kinds of boundary conditions with the large-area uniform instantaneous loading. By the Crump method, the inverse Laplace transform is performed, and the semi-analytical solutions to the excess pore-water pressure, the excess pore-air pressure, and the soils settlement are obtained in the time domain. In the case of one surface which is permeable to air and water, comparisons between the semi-analytical solutions and the analytical solutions indicate that the semi-analytical solutions are correct. In the case of one surface which is permeable to air but impermeable to water, comparisons between the semi-analytical solutions and the results of the finite difference method are made, indicating that the semi-analytical solution is also correct.     

The elastodynamic solution for a solid sphere and dynamic stress-focusing phenomenon

This paper presents an analytical method of solving the elastodynamic problem of a solid sphere.The basic solution of the elastodynamic problem is decomposed into a quasi-static solution satisfying the inhomogeneous compound boundary conditions and a dynamic solution satisfying the homogeneous compound boundary conditions.By utilizing the variable transform,the dynamic equation may be transformed into Bassel equation.By defining a finite Hankel transform,we can easily obtain the dynamic solution for the inhomogeneous dynamic equation.Thereby,the exact elastodynamic solution for a solid sphere can be obtained.From results carried out,we have observed that there exists the dynamic stress-focusing phenomenon at the center of a solid sphere under shock load and it results in very high dynamic stress-peak.     

Two-dimensional interactions due to moving load in generalized thermoelastic solid with diffusion

The present paper is concerned with the investigation of disturbances in＇a homogeneous, isotropic elastic medium with generalized thermoelastic diffusion, when a moving source is acting along one of the co-ordinate axis on the boundary of the medium. Eigen value approach is applied to study the disturbance in Laplace-Fourier transform domain for a two dimensional problem. The analytical expressions for displacement components, stresses, temperature field, concentration and chemical potential are obtained in the physical domain by using a numerical technique for the inversion of Laplace transform based on Fourier expansion techniques. These expressions are calculated numerically for a copper like material and depicted graphically. As special cases, the results in generalized thermoelastic and elastic media are obtained. Effect of presence of diffusion is analyzed theoretically and numerically.     

Exact solution for the unsteady flow of a semi-infinite micropolar fluid

The unsteady motion of an incompressible micropolar fluid filling a half-space bounded by a horizontal infinite plate that started to move suddenly is considered. Laplace transform techniques are used. The solution in the Laplace transform domain is obtained by using a direct approach. The inverse Laplace transforms are obtained in an exact manner using the complex inversion formula of the transform together with contour integration techniques. The solution in the case of classical viscous fluids is recovered as a special case of this work when the micropolarity coecient is assumed to be zero. Numerical computations are carried out and represented graphically.     

Analytical solution of basic equations set of atmospheric motion

On condition that the basic equations set of atmospheric motion possesses the best stability in the smooth function classes, the structure of solution space for local analytical solution is discussed, by which the third-class initial value problem with typicality and application is analyzed. The calculational method and concrete expressions of analytical solution about the well-posed initial value problem of the third kind are given in the analytic function classes. Near an appointed point, the relevant theoretical and computational problems about analytical solution of initial value problem are solved completely in the meaning of local solution. Moreover, for other type of problems for determining solution, the computational method and process of their stable analytical solution can be obtained in a similar way given in this paper.     

FINITE LAYER ANALYSIS FOR SEMI-INFINITE SOILS (Ⅰ)——GENERAL THEORY

In the present paper a finite layer method is studied for the elastodynamics of transverse isotropic bodies. With this method, semi-infinite soils can be considered as an transverse isotropic half-space, its material functions varying with depth. Dividing the half.space into a series of layers in the direction of depth the material fimetioms in each layer are simulated by exponential fumctions Consequently, the fundamental equations to be solved can be simplified if the fouricr transform with repsect to coordinates is used. We have obtained the relationship between the "layer forces" and "layer displacements". This finite layer method, in fact, can also be called a semi-analytical method. It possesses those advantages as the usual semi-analytical methods do, and can be used to analyse the problem of the interaction between soils and structures.     

General analytic solution of dynamic response of beams with nonhomogeneity and variable cross-section

In this paper, a new method, the step-reduction method, is proposed to investigate the dynamic response of the Bernoulli-Euler beams with arbitrary nonhomogeneity and arbitrary variable cross-section under arbitrary loads. Both free vibration and forced vibration of such beams are studied. The new method requires to discretize the space domain into a number of elements. Each element can be treated as a homogeneous one with uniform thickness. Therefore, the general analytical solution of homogeneous beams with uniform cross-section can be used in each element. Then, the general analytic solution of the whole beam in terms of initial parameters can be obtained by satisfying the physical and geometric continuity conditions at the adjacent elements. In the case of free vibration, the frequency equation in analytic form can be obtained, and in the case of forced vibration, a final solution in analytical form can also be obtained which is involved in solving a set of simultaneous algebraic equations with only     

Exact solutions for nonlinear transient flow model including a quadratic gradient term

The models of the nonlinear radial flow for the infinite and finite reservoirs including a quadratic gradient term were presented. The exact solution was given in real space for flow equation including quadratic gradiet term for both constant-rate and constant pressure production cases in an infinite system by using generalized Weber transform.Analytical solutions for flow equation including quadratic gradient term were also obtained by using the Hankel transform for a finite circular reservoir case. Both closed and constant pressure outer boundary conditions are considered. Moreover, both constant rate and constant pressure inner boundary conditions are considered. The difference between the nonlinear pressure solution and linear pressure solution is analyzed. The difference may be reached about 8% in the long time. The effect of the quadratic gradient term in the large time well test is considered.     

A PENNY-SHAPED CRACK IN A MAGNETOELECTROELASTIC LAYER UNDER RADIAL SHEAR IMPACT LOADING

This paper analyzes the dynamic magnetoelectroelastic behavior induced by a penny- shaped crack in a magnetoelectroelastic layer.The crack surfaces are subjected to only radial shear impact loading.The Laplace and Hankel transform techniques are employed to reduce the prob- lem to solving a Fredholm integral equation.The dynamic stress intensity factor is obtained and numerically calculated for different layer heights.And the corresponding static solution is given by simple analysis.It is seen that the dynamic stress intensity factor for cracks in a magnetoelec- troelastic layer has the same expression as that in a purely elastic material.And the influences of layer height on both the dynamic and static stress intensity factors are insignificant as h/a>2.     

Elastodynamic analysis at an interface of viscous fluid/thermoelastic micropolar honeycomb medium due to inclined load

In this paper, the effect of angle inclination at the interface of a viscous fluid and thermoelastic micropolar honeycomb solid due to inclined load is investigated. The inclined load is assumed to be a linear combination of normal load and tangential load. Laplace transform with respect to time variable and Fourier transform with respect to space variable are applied to solve the problem. Expressions of stresses, temperature distribution, and pressures in the transformed domain are obtained by introducing potential functions. The numerical inversion technique is used to obtain the solution in the physical domain. The frequency domain expressions for steady state are also obtained with appropriate change of variables. Graphic representations due to the response of different sources and changes of angle inclination are shown. Some particular cases are also discussed.     

DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF A DOUBLE-LAYERED SUBGRADE WITH ROCK SUBSTRATUM TO A MOVING POINT LOAD

In this paper, an analytical solution for the dynamic response of a double-layered subgrade with rock substratum to a moving point load is derived. The subgrade profile is divided into two layers. The upper layer is modeled by an elastic medium and the lower layer by a fully saturated poroelastic medium governed by Biot’s theory. In the meanwhile, the subgrade is resting on the rock substratum. The analytical solutions for stress, displacement and pore pressure are derived by using the Fourier transform. Numerical results obtained by using the inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) are used to analyze the influence of the moving load velocity, the thickness of an elastic medium layer and a fully saturated poroelastic medium layer on the dynamic response.     

FINITE LAYER ANALYSIS FOR SEMI-INFINITE SOILS (Ⅱ)——SPECIAL CASES AND NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

In the present paper reductions of the finite layer mathod once studied in detail by the authors for the elastodynamies of transverse isotropic bodies are given to several special cases. Two-dimensional problems, axisymmetric problems and static problems are discussed, respectively, and this Jinite layer method is also generalized to the problems in which materials possess viscous properties. Two numerical examples have been presented for the axisymmetric case. From these two examples it can be concluded that the finite layer method can be used to analyse semi-infinite layered soils and to deal with the problem of the interaction between soils and structvres.     

SOLUTIONS FOR CYLINDRICAL CAVITY IN SATURATED THERMOPOROELASTIC MEDIUM

Based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, the mass conservation equation and heat energy balance equation are established. The governing equations of thermal consolidation for homogeneous isotropic materials are presented, accounting for the coupling effects of the temperature, stress and displacement fields. The case of a saturated medium with a long cylindrical cavity subjected to a variable thermal loading and a variable hydrostatic pressure （or a variable radial water flux） with time is considered. The analytical solutions are derived in the Laplace transform space. Then, the time domain solutions are obtained by a numerical inversion scheme. The results of a typical example indicate that thermodynamically coupled effects have considerable influences on thermal responses.     

Axisymmetrical analytical solution for vertical vibration of end-bearing pile in saturated viscoelastic soil layer

Based on elasticity and the theory of saturated porous media, and regarding the pile and the soil as a single phase elastic and a saturated viscoelastic media, respectively, the dynamical behavior of vertical vibration of an end-bearing pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer is investigated in the frequency domain using the Helmholtz decomposition and variable separation method. The axisymmetrical analytical solutions for vertical vibrations of the pile in a saturated viscoelastic soil layer are obtained, and the analytical expression of the dynamical complex stiffness of the pile top is presented. Responses of dynamic stiffness factor and equivalent damping of pile top with respect to the frequency are shown in figures using a numerical method. Effects of the saturated soil parameters, modulus ratio of the pile to soil, slenderness ratio of pile and pile＇s Poisson ratio, etc. on the stiffness factor and damping are examined. It is shown that, due to the effect of the transversal deformation of the pile and the radial force of the saturated viscoelastic soil acting on the pile, the dynamic stiffness factor and the damping derived from the axisymmetrical solution are greatly different from those derived from the classical Euler-Bernoulli rod model, especially at some specific excitation frequencies. Therefore, there are limitations on applicability of the Euler-Bernoulli rod model in analyzing verticai vibration of the pile. More accurate analysis should be based on a three-dimensional model.     

Hybrid graded element model for transient heat conduction in functionally graded materials

This paper presents a hybrid graded element model for the transient heat conduction problem in functionally graded materials (FGMs). First, a Laplace transform approach is used to handle the time variable. Then, a fundamental solution in Laplace space for FGMs is constructed. Next, a hybrid graded element is formulated based on the obtained fundamental solution and a frame field. As a result, the graded properties of FGMs are naturally reflected by using the fundamental solution to interpolate the intra-element field. Further, Stefest’s algorithm is employed to convert the results in Laplace space back into the time-space domain. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is assessed by several benchmark examples. The results demonstrate well the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method.     

Computational model for short-fiber composites with eigenstrain formulation of boundary integral equations

A computational model is proposed for short-fiber reinforced materials with the eigenstrain formulation of the boundary integral equations （BIE） and solved with the newly developed boundary point method （BPM）. The model is closely derived from the concept of the equivalent inclusion Of Eshelby tensors. Eigenstrains are iteratively determined for each short-fiber embedded in the matrix with various properties via the Eshelby tensors, which can be readily obtained beforehand either through analytical or numerical means. As unknown variables appear only on the boundary of the solution domain, the solution scale of the inhomogeneity problem with the model is greatly reduced. This feature is considered significant because such a traditionally time-consuming problem with inhomogeneity can be solved most cost-effectively compared with existing numerical models of the FEM or the BEM. The numerical examples are presented to compute the overall elastic properties for various short-fiber reinforced composites over a representative volume element （RVE）, showing the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed computational modal and the solution procedure.