淹没磨料射流的空泡运动分析

通过对淹没条件下磨料射流的空泡运动分析研究,建立了淹没磨料射流的空泡运动方程,揭示了淹没磨料射流中空泡的溃灭特性,数值模拟了淹没磨料射流的磨料体积浓度以及空泡所处流场压力对空泡运动及溃灭的影响规律.分析表明:淹没磨料射流中磨料的存在增大流体的粘性系数,增大空泡溃灭历时,减弱射流的空蚀破坏能力;流场压力的改变对空泡溃灭过程影响显著,压力越高,空泡溃灭历时越短.     

开放空腔壳体倾斜入水运动特性试验研究

基于高速摄像试验方法,研究了开放空腔壳体的倾斜入水运动特性,重点分析了开放空腔结构引起的空泡流动特征和壳体运动规律.通过试验数据分析了开放空腔内气体运动将引起独特的空泡流动和阶段性的运动规律,探讨了初始入水速度、入水姿态对入水弹道和空泡形态等运动特征的影响.结果表明:开放空腔壳体入水空泡出现阶段波动演化现象,并先后经历两次闭合;入水空泡演化改变流体动力分布,直接影响壳体运动方式,进而改变水下弹道特征;空腔内部形成相对独立流场环境和开放端周期性流动,在重力作用下液体对空腔内下侧壁面作用力较大,加剧壳体偏转,从而改变入水运动过程的稳定性;随着入水速度的增大,空泡波动特征逐渐明显,闭合时间延迟,非对称深闭合引起的横向位移减小,但偏转角度与入水速度无关;随着初始姿态倾角减小,空泡波动程度减弱、闭合时间延迟,偏转角速度增大,闭合引起的横向位移增大.     

开放空腔壳体倾斜入水运动特性试验研究

基于高速摄像试验方法,研究了开放空腔壳体的倾斜入水运动特性,重点分析了开放空腔结构引起的空泡流动特征和壳体运动规律. 通过试验数据分析了开放空腔内气体运动将引起独特的空泡流动和阶段性的运动规律,探讨了初始入水速度、入水姿态对入水弹道和空泡形态等运动特征的影响. 结果表明:开放空腔壳体入水空泡出现阶段波动演化现象,并先后经历两次闭合;入水空泡演化改变流体动力分布,直接影响壳体运动方式,进而改变水下弹道特征;空腔内部形成相对独立流场环境和开放端周期性流动,在重力作用下液体对空腔内下侧壁面作用力较大,加剧壳体偏转,从而改变入水运动过程的稳定性;随着入水速度的增大,空泡波动特征逐渐明显,闭合时间延迟,非对称深闭合引起的横向位移减小,但偏转角度与入水速度无关;随着初始姿态倾角减小,空泡波动程度减弱、闭合时间延迟,偏转角速度增大,闭合引起的横向位移增大.      

两空泡运动特性研究

本文应用边界方法研究了两个相邻空泡的运动特性,得到了空泡的演化规律,以及空泡溃灭时的射流速度与溃灭时间的变化趋势,对于两个空泡之间的距离和半径比的影响进行了讨论。计算结果表明：不同大小的空泡在一起时则小泡会先溃灭,且人泡的存在时间与两泡的半径比成正比;大泡对小泡来说其作用相当于－固壁面,小泡会形成－指向大泡的溃灭射流。相同大小的空泡在一起溃灭时,会同时形成指向中间的射 流,与单空泡在固壁面附近的溃     

截卵形弹水平入水的速度衰减及空泡扩展特性

用轻气炮设备对截卵形弹进行了速度在100~150 m/s的水平入水实验,利用高速相机记录了整个入水过程,获取了截卵形弹体在水中运动的速度衰减规律,并对平头弹、卵形弹及截卵形入水弹道稳定性及速度衰减规律进行了对比,对截卵形弹体入水形成的空泡扩展行为进行了理论研究,建立了关于空泡扩展的理论模型,得到了固定位置和固定时间处空泡扩展半径、速度分别与时间和侵彻距离的关系,实验数据与理论计算吻合很好。     

超空泡航行体转弯运动流体动力特性的数值研究

基于有限体积法,采用两流体多相流模型和SST(Shear Stress Transport)湍流模型,建立了用于求解超空泡航行体转弯运动过程中的三维数值模型,研究了转弯运动条件下通气空泡的形态特征及超空泡航行体的流体动力特性。计算结果表明:在转弯运动过程中空泡产生弯曲变形,空泡轴线与航行体运动轨道基本重合;由于空泡的弯曲变形航行体两侧表面呈现非对称沾湿,利用空化器横向偏转能够避免沾湿区的出现,而且对航行体水平面流体动力有良好的控制作用。     

固液两相流体中的空泡溃灭计算

本文导出了固液两相流体中球空泡溃灭的运动方程,计算并讨论了空泡溃灭过程中的颗粒运动和颗粒对空泡溃灭的影响,得到了固相浓度、颗粒尺寸等因素与空泡溃灭之间的定性关系。在分析过程中,考虑了液体与固体颗粒之间的阻力耦合作用。     

旋转射弹高速倾斜入水多相流场与弹道数值模拟

基于VOF多相流模型和有限体积法求解水、汽、气多相流动的RANS方程，结合重叠网格技术和six DOF算法对某一型号舰载射弹倾斜入水过程进行数值模拟研究。首先基于该方法研究了射弹旋转效应对射弹运动特性及流体动力特性的影响，然后对不同入水角下倾斜入水过程进行分析，得到不同倾角下旋转射弹入水空泡形态发展规律、弹体运动特征及流体动力特性变化规律。研究结果表明:射弹的旋转有利于弹体在初始对称面内的弹道稳定性，但会降低弹体侧向稳定性，使射弹受到的阻力系数、俯仰力矩系数变小；入水角越小，形成的空泡越不对称，由射弹运动状态的改变引起的空泡形态变化越明显，在超空泡航行阶段，弹体运动较稳定，不同角度下流体动力系数差别很小，当弹体下表面刺破空泡壁沾湿时，弹体运动状态发生较大变化，流体动力系数迅速增大，此时入水角度过小，弹体容易失稳；弹体的沾湿对空泡形态、弹体运动稳定性和流体动力特性有着重要的影响。     

空泡在非均匀流场中的运动特性

1.运动方程的建立 空泡在非均匀流场中的运动特点是空泡与液体间有相对运动,从而它不再保持球形.本文统一把空泡对液体的相对位移、空泡变形作为广义坐标向量,利用Lagrange方程建立空泡的运动方程. 取固定坐标系x_1 o_1 y_1,随液体运动的坐标系xoy,x轴与流动方向重合;rcθ为确定泡壁运动的球座标系.设在任意时刻t,空泡对称轴与x轴成a角,与c点运动方向一致,c为泡壁与对称轴所夹线段的中点.将极角θ(0≤θ≤π)分成m等分,对应于θ_i=     

超空泡技术现状、问题与应用

超空泡技术可以使运动体在水中的阻力降低90{\%}左右, 辅以先进的推进技术, 运动体在水中将可以实现超高速的``飞行'. 超空泡减阻技术对海战武器的研制产生了巨大的影响,目前, 俄罗斯已经研制成功了速度达100\,m/s的``暴风'超空泡鱼雷; 美、德、法等国都正在进行超空泡减阻技术的基础与应用研究; 我国也于近年开展了超空泡技术的基础研究. 本文综述了超空泡技术研究的现状、问题与应用. 介绍了空化的基本原理、超空泡概念及其减阻机理; 总结了空化器设计、通气超空泡的生成与控制技术、空泡稳定性及超空泡航行体稳定性技术等若干关键技术; 回顾了国内外超空泡技术试验与数值模拟研究进展等. 最后分析了大型超空泡武器研究的技术难点, 并对超空泡技术领域的研究方向进行了展望.      

壳体约束对液体爆炸抛撒流场特性的影响

进行了不同壳体约束条件下的液体爆炸抛撒实验,讨论了壳体对起爆后早期抛撒流场特征的影响,分析了爆炸分散过程中液体的状态变化和破碎分散机理,并通过数值模拟进行了对比分析。结果表明,在爆炸反射稀疏波的作用下液体发生空化现象,壳体强度越高,空化发生的延迟越大,发生位置越靠近爆心,同时,爆炸产物气体与液体在其界面附近越早发生掺混。     

含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形与破裂

油--气润滑过程中润滑油液滴受高速气流扰动易形成含气泡油滴,微气泡将对油滴撞击壁面时的运动过程以及壁面油膜 层的形成质量产生重要影响. 基于耦合的水平集--体积分数 方法,对含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面行为进行数值模拟研究, 考察含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形运动过程,探讨气泡破裂的动力学机制,分析气泡大小、碰撞速度和液体黏度等因素对含气 泡油滴撞壁过程中气泡变形特征参数的影响规律. 研究表明:含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面后气泡会发生变形,并破裂形成膜液滴;气泡随同 液滴运动过程中,气泡内外压力和速度梯度变化是使气泡发生破裂的主要诱因. 气泡大小对气泡破裂方式影响较大,气泡较小时发生单 点破裂,而气泡较大时更容易发生多处破裂. 不同大小气泡受力差异较大,气泡大小与破裂发生时刻没有明显相关性. 碰撞速度和液体 黏度对气泡的变形、破裂和破裂发生时刻都具有一定的影响. 碰撞速度越大,油滴动能越大,更容易产生气泡变形和破裂现象. 液体黏 度增大,在油滴撞壁运动前期促进气泡变形,而在运动后期可以阻延气泡破裂行为发生.      

The characteristics of a vapour bubble moving in a non-uniform flow field

The present paper describes the dynamic process of a vapour bubble moving in a non-uniform flow field. The coupling between the bubble moving as a whole and the deformation of the bubble surface is considered. The effect of the pressure gradient on the bubble movement is analysed. For a given flow field the numerical calculation is carried out until the vapour bubble is split by a micro-jet.     

Experimental Study on Bubble Movement Characteristics during Underwater Pyrotechnic Combustion

High-speed photography was used to study bubble movement characteristics during underwater pyrotechnic combustion. The results show that bubble behaviors include bubble formation at the nozzle, departure from the nozzle, bubble coalescence, and bubble breakup. Compared with cavitation bubbles and fluidization bubbles, the nozzle bubbles formed during underwater pyrotechnic combustion feature larger diameters, up to centimeters, and darker, and more irregular shapes. During large bubble coalescence, two bubbles approach each other, generate a channel for transfer of mass and heat, and finally coalesce. The bubbles contain high-temperature gases and solid residues generated during pyrotechnic combustion, which lead to non-uniform forces on the bubble surface and make the bubbles more prone to breakup. Because of the high-temperature solid grains, the surrounding liquid vaporizes to form bubbles.     

自由场水中爆炸气泡的物理特性

将水中爆炸气泡运动阶段周围流场假设为无粘、无旋、不可压缩的理想流体,运用边界元法模拟自由场中气泡的运动,在气泡运动模拟过程中引入数值光顺技术及弹性网格技术,避免因网格扭曲而导致的数值发散,并开发计算程序。计算值与实验值吻合良好,误差小于10%。从自由场水中爆炸气泡的基本现象入手,基于本文中开发的程序系统地研究了自由场中气泡的动力学特性。对流场中不同方位的压力进行分析,得出气泡中心的迁移方向及射流的攻击方向压力载荷比其他方向均大,说明气泡射流的攻击方向压力载荷最大,对水中结构造成严重毁伤,表明了气泡载荷的不对称性。计算了流场中不同位置的速度变化曲线,结果表明随着距气泡中心距离的增大,气泡运动引起的滞后流的速度迅速减小,且随着气泡的膨胀和坍塌,滞后流的方向逆转,总结了滞后流的衰减及变化规律。     

Study of periodically excited bubbly jets by PIV and double optical sensors

Interactions between large coherent structures and bubbles in two-phase flow can be systematically observed in a periodically excited bubbly jet. Controlled excitation at fixed frequency causes large eddy structures to develop at regular intervals. Thus, interactions between large vortices and bubbles can be studied with PIV and double optical sensors (DOS) using phase-averaging techniques. A number of results on the time and space dependence of velocities and void fractions are presented revealing physical interactions between the liquid flow field and bubble movement as well as feedbacks from bubble agglomeration on the development of flow structures. A clear indication of bubble trapping inside the vortex ring is the generation of a bubble ring that travels with the same velocity as the vortex ring. The DOS results indicate clustering of the bubbles in coherent vortex structures, with a periodic variation of void fraction during the excitation period.     

The effect of rigid-body motions on the whipping response of a ship hull subjected to an underwater bubble

The dynamic elastic response of a floating ship hull girder to an underwater explosion bubble is normally composed of two parts: rigid-body motion and elastic deformation. However, the effects of rigid-body motion have consistently been neglected in the current literature based on the assumption that they are small. In this paper, our focus is on the study of rigid-body motion effects on the hull girder's elastic deformation, also known as the ‘whipping response’. A theory of interaction between a gas bubble and a hull girder is presented. The bubble dynamic equations combined with the bubble migration, free surface effect and drag force considerations are solved numerically using the Runge–Kutta method. The rigid-body and elastic responses of the hull that are induced by the impulsive pressure of a bubble are calculated using the methods presented herein. Two different examples of real ships are given to demonstrate the effect of rigid-body motion on whipping responses. The numerical results show that rigid-body motions reduce the amplitudes and vibration natural periods of the bending moments of the hull girder. These effects can be ignored for slender hulls, but must be taken into consideration for shorter/wider hulls so as not to underestimate the longitudinal strength.     

Interaction of underwater explosion bubble with complex elastic-plastic structure

Considering the elastic-plasticity of the structure, the combination of boundary element method and finite element method （FEM） is employed to present the calculation method for solving the complex coupled dynamic problem of bubble, elastic-plastic structure and the free surface, and the complete three-dimensional calculation program is developed as well. The error between the calculated result and the experimental result is within 10%. Taking a surface ship for example, the three-dimensional calculation program is extended to engineering filed. By employing the program, the response of the ship under the bubble loading is analyzed. From the stress-time history curves of typical elements of the structure, it can be seen that the pressure reaches its maximum when the bubble collapses and this validates that the pressure generated by the bubble collapse and the jet can cause serious damage on the ship structure. From the dynamic process of the interaction between the three-dimensional bubble and the ship, the low order vertical mode of the ship is provoked and the ship presents whip-shaped motion. And the ship does elevation and subsidence movement with the expansion and shrinkage of the bubble. Some rules and conclusions which can be applied to the engineering problems are obtained from the analysis in this paper.     

Bubble dynamics and interactions with a pair of micro pillars in tandem

This study investigates flow patterns and bubble dynamics of two-phase flow around two 100 μm diameter circular pillars in tandem, which were entrenched inside a horizontal micro channel. Bubble velocity, trajectory, size, and void fraction were measured using a high speed camera and analyzed using a particle tracking velocimetry method. A range of gas and liquid superficial velocities were tested, resulting in different bubbly flow patterns, which were consistent with previous studies. These flow patterns were altered as they interacted with the pillars. Depending on the relative transverse location of bubbles to the pillars, and through bubble–bubble interaction, the flow sometimes returned to its original state. It was also determined that the pillars altered both the bubble trajectory and void fraction, especially in the pillars region.