FCC晶体中不均匀变形对空洞长大的影响

通过编制率相关有限元用户子程序,采用一个单胞模型研究了FCC晶体中孔洞在单晶及晶界的长大行为,分析了由于晶体取向及变形失配对孔洞长大和聚合的影响。研究结果表明：孔洞的形状和长大方向与晶体取向密切相关;晶界上孔洞的长大速度大于单晶中孔洞的长大速度;晶粒间的变形失配加速了晶界上孔洞的长大趋势,因而使材料易发生沿晶断裂,随着晶粒间取向因子差异的增加,孔洞越易沿着晶界长大。     

多轴载荷作用下马氏体耐热钢中微孔洞演化行为的模拟研究

微孔洞演化包括孔洞成核、生长和聚合三个阶段，是影响金属材料韧性断裂的重要因素.为了分析P91马氏体耐热钢中的塑性滑移对微观孔洞扩展的影响，论文提出了一种基于晶体塑性有限元的微观力学计算模型，量化了应力三轴度、洛德参数和晶体取向对微孔洞演化行为的影响.结果表明，在相对较高应力三轴度条件下，随着应力三轴度的增大，含孔洞马氏体块的等效应力-应变响应呈现出快速软化的特征，同时孔洞体积分数随着等效应变的增加而快速增加.对于给定的应力三轴度，胞元的聚合应变在[111]取向时最小，在[110]取向时最大.孔洞聚合开始时，低应力三轴度下孔洞形状趋向于椭球状，而较高应力三轴度时孔洞横向略鼓.在一定的应力三轴度和洛德参数范围内，在孔洞聚合和孔洞坍塌两种胞元失效状态之间存在着一个条带状过渡状态，在[100]晶体取向时，当洛德参数L=-1时条带最宽.论文揭示了P91马氏体耐热钢中微孔洞演化的基本机制，分析了晶体取向、应力三轴度和洛德参数对微孔洞演化的影响.这些发现为P91马氏体耐热钢的韧性损伤模型的进一步发展提供了微观理论基础.     

含与不含晶界空穴的双晶体蠕变行为研究

基于晶体滑移理论,建立了各向异性镍基合金双晶体的蠕变本构模型和蠕变寿命预测模型,通过MARC用户子程序CRPLAW将上述本构模型进行了有限元实现,并对双晶体蠕变行为进行了计算分析,考虑了:(1)晶体取向的影响;(2)垂直、倾斜和平行于外载方向的三种位向晶界情况;(3)晶界处引进空间空穴的影响。结果表明,双晶体上特别是微空穴和晶界附近区域的蠕变应力应变呈现不同的变化规律,对此晶粒晶体取向和晶界位向有较大的影响;微空穴的存在削弱了双晶体的承载能力,显著地影响了双晶体蠕变持久寿命;相同条件下,垂直晶界对双晶体模型的蠕变损伤影响最为强烈,倾斜晶界次之,平行晶界最小;微空穴的生长与晶界位向和晶体取向有强烈的依赖关系,其中垂直晶界更有利于晶体滑移和微空穴生长。     

含球形孔洞双晶铜单向拉伸性能的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了在单向拉伸载荷作用下含孔洞双晶铜晶体的力学行为,研究了晶粒内部孔洞和晶界孔洞对晶体力学行为的影响。结果表明,孔洞可以显著降低双晶体的弹性模量和屈服应力。对于晶粒内部关于晶界对称的孔洞,随着孔间距的增大,晶体弹性模量和屈服应力都有明显的提高;当保持孔间距不变而改变孔半径时,随着孔体积的不断增大,晶体弹性模量和屈服应力又都呈现出递减趋势。对于晶界上的孔洞,孔洞形状对晶体拉伸性能有显著影响,并且随着孔半径的增大,晶体弹性模量和屈服应力呈现出递减趋势,如果保持孔洞总体积恒定而依次增加孔洞数量,则晶体弹性模量和屈服应力逐渐减小。     

晶粒的取向和变形性质对双晶体循环变形影响的模拟研究

应用晶体细观力学方法，分析了双晶体循环变形过程中组元晶粒取向及其变形性质（Ｂａｕｓｃｈｉｎｇｅｒ效应和循环硬化）的影响，发现双晶体的反向屈服及循环硬化行为为主要由组元晶粒性质支配，晶间内应力的影响是次要的，晶粒取向对宏微观应力应变行为有重要的影响，取向对称性较弱或罗硬差别较大的双晶体晶界影响较大。     

考虑两种晶界的各向异性双晶和三晶体晶界附近弹塑性应力场分析

采用率相关的晶体滑移有限元程序对具有不同晶体取向的双晶体晶界附近及三晶体三晶粒交汇处的弹塑性应力场进行了计算,考虑了几何晶界和物理晶界的影响.计算结果表明:双晶体及三晶体考虑几何晶界和物理晶界时,这两种晶界具有相同的应力分布趋势,只是物理晶界比几何晶界的应力集中程度小,双晶体晶界附近有较大的应力梯度,存在应力集中现象.三晶体三晶粒交汇处可能是应力集中之地也可能不造成应力集中,这主要取决于晶粒晶体取向及加载方向.由此可见,要准确理解金属材料的断裂过程,还需要从细观的角度对晶界的力学响应进行细致和深入的研究.     

表面微空洞长大和相互作用的晶体有限元分析

通过建立空洞长大和相互作用的3D模型,采用晶体塑性有限元模拟研究了FCC晶体表面空洞的长大和相互作用行为,分析了晶体取向和微空洞在表面的深度变化对表面空洞长大和相互作用的影响。模拟结果表明：晶体取向除了影响空洞形状和长大方向外,还会影响空洞长大速度;总体而言,在固定位移边界条件下硬取向晶粒表面的空洞长大和相互作用大于软取向。随着空洞在单晶体表面深度的增加,空洞周围的最大塑性变形增加,变形局部化更加严重,空洞长大速度增加。     

晶粒数量对多晶集合体初始各向异性的影响

Taylor类多晶晶体粘塑性模型被用于研究晶粒数量对随机分布多晶体拉伸塑性各向异性的影响。分别沿包含不同晶粒数量的多晶集合体的各方向进行单向拉伸数值模拟实验，得到多晶集合体各方向在一定等效应变下的等效应力，并用云图和等高线表示在多晶体的参考球面上。定义了描述多晶集合体各向异性程度的参考指标。讨论了三种确定晶体随机取向的方法。计算结果表明：晶粒数量有限的多晶集合体的应力应变响应仍有一定的各向异性，且随着晶粒数量增多，多晶集合体的各向异性程度降低；就所包含晶粒数相同的多晶集合体来说，在确定晶粒随机取向时，选取不同的方法对它的各向异性程度也有一定的影响。     

材料三维微结构表征及其晶体塑性有限元模拟

材料的力学性能,尤其是在有限变形下所呈现的宏观各向异性,是材料结构设计和服役寿命考虑的关键因素。由于宏观模型不能较好地反映材料微观结构(晶粒的形貌和取向等)对宏观塑性各向异性的影响,因此,本文建立了能实际反映晶粒形貌的三维Voronoi模型,并基于晶体塑性理论对铝合金在有限变形下的响应进行计算。首先,建立反映材料微结构的代表性体积单元RVE模型进行计算,并与实验结果进行对比验证。然后,以单向拉伸为例,分析了有限变形过程中试件的晶粒形貌和取向分布等微观因素对宏观各向异性演化的影响,并从材料和结构两个层面讨论了微观结构对宏观力学性能的影响。结果表明,本文模型能够反映微观结构对宏观力学性能的影响,为实际生产制造领域构件的力学性能提供可靠的预测。     

材料三维微结构表征及其晶体塑性有限元模拟

材料的力学性能，尤其是在有限变形下所呈现的宏观各向异性，是材料结构设计和服役寿命考虑的关键因素。由于宏观模型不能较好地反映材料微观结构（晶粒的形貌和取向等）对宏观塑性各向异性的影响，因此，本文建立了能实际反映晶粒形貌的三维Voronoi模型，并基于晶体塑性理论对铝合金在有限变形下的响应进行计算。首先，建立反映材料微结构的代表性体积单元RVE模型进行计算，并与实验结果进行对比验证。然后，以单向拉伸为例，分析了有限变形过程中试件的晶粒形貌和取向分布等微观因素对宏观各向异性演化的影响，并从材料和结构两个层面讨论了微观结构对宏观力学性能的影响。结果表明，本文模型能够反映微观结构对宏观力学性能的影响，为实际生产制造领域构件的力学性能提供可靠的预测。     

Lattice orientation effects on void growth and coalescence in fcc single crystals

Void growth and coalescence in fcc single crystals were studied using crystal plasticity under uniaxial and biaxial loading conditions and various orientations of the crystalline lattice. A 2D plane strain unit cell with one and two cylindrical voids was employed using three-dimensional 12 potentially active slip systems. The results were compared to five representative orientations of the tensile axis on the stereographic triangle. For uniaxial tension conditions, the void volume fraction increase under the applied load is strongly dependent on the crystallographic orientation with respect to the tensile axis. For some orientations of the tensile axis, such as [1 0 0] or [1 1 0], the voids exhibited a growth rate twice as fast compared with other orientations ([1 0 0], [2 1 1]). Void growth and coalescence simulations under uniaxial loading indicated that during deformation along some orientations with asymmetry of the slip systems, the voids experienced rotation and shape distortion, due mainly to lattice reorientation. Coalescence effects are shown to diminish the influence of lattice orientation on the void volume fraction increase, but noteworthy differences are still present. Under biaxial loading conditions, practically all differences in the void volume fraction for different orientations of the tensile axes during void growth vanish. These results lead to the conclusion that at microstructural length scales in regions under intense biaxiality/triaxiality conditions, such as crack tip or notched regions, the plastic anisotropy due to the initial lattice orientation has only a minor role in influencing the void growth rate. In such situations, void growth and coalescence are mainly determined by the stress triaxiality, the magnitude of accumulated strain, and the spatial localization of such plastic strains.     

Size effects on void growth in single crystals with distributed voids

The effect of void size on void growth in single crystals with uniformly distributed cylindrical voids is studied numerically using a finite deformation strain gradient crystal plasticity theory with an intrinsic length parameter. A plane strain cell model is analyzed for a single crystal with three in-plane slip systems. It is observed that small voids allow much larger overall stress levels than larger voids for all the stress triaxialities considered. The amount of void growth is found to be suppressed for smaller voids at low stress triaxialities. Significant differences are observed in the distribution of slips and on the shape of the deformed voids for different void sizes. Furthermore, the orientation of the crystalline lattice is found to have a pronounced effect on the results, especially for the smaller void sizes.     

Effects of void band orientation and crystallographic anisotropy on void growth and coalescence

The effects of void band orientation and crystallographic anisotropy on void growth and linkage have been investigated. 2D model materials were fabricated by laser drilling a band of holes into the gage section of sheet tensile samples using various orientation angles with respect to the tensile axis normal. Both copper and magnesium sheets have been studied in order to examine the role of crystallographic anisotropy on the void growth and linkage processes. The samples were pulled in uniaxial tension inside the chamber of an SEM, enabling a quantitative assessment of the growth and linkage processes. The void band orientation angle has a significant impact on the growth and linkage of the holes in copper. As the void band orientation angle is increased from 0° to 45°, the processes of coalescence and linkage are delayed to higher strain values. Furthermore, the mechanism of linkage changes from internal necking to one dominated by shear localization. In contrast, the void band orientation does not have a significant impact on the void growth and linkage processes in magnesium. Void growth in these materials occurs non-uniformly due to interactions between the holes and the microstructure. The heterogeneous nature of deformation in magnesium makes it difficult to apply a coalescence criterion based on the void dimensions. Furthermore, the strain at failure does not show a relationship with the void band orientation angle. Failure associated with twin and grain boundaries interrupts the plastic growth of the holes and causes rapid fracture. Therefore, the impact of the local microstructure outweighs the effects of the void band orientation angle in this material.     

磁电弹复合材料和刚性导电导磁圆柱压头的二维微动接触分析

本文求解平面应变状态下磁电弹复合材料半平面和刚性导电导磁圆柱压头的二维微动接触问题。假设压头具有良好的导电导磁性,且表面电势和磁势是常数。微动接触依赖载荷的加载历史,所以首先求解单独的法向加载问题,然后在法向加载问题的基础上求解循环变化的切向加载问题。整个接触区可以分为内部的中心粘着区和两个外部的滑移区,其中滑移区满足Coulomb摩擦法则。利用Fourier积分变换,磁电弹半平面的微动接触问题将简化为耦合的Cauchy奇异积分方程组,然后数值离散为线性代数方程组,利用迭代法求解未知的粘着/滑移区尺寸、电荷分布、磁感应强度、法向接触压力和切向接触力。数值算例给出了摩擦系数、总电荷和总磁感应强度对各加载阶段的表面接触应力、电位移和磁感应强度的影响。     

The influence of crystallographic orientation on the deformation behaviour of single crystals containing microvoids

This study deals with the influence of microvoids on the deformation and damage behaviour of ductile materials. Fully three dimensional simulations were performed for different void configurations. The crystallographic orientation of the void surrounding matrix was varied to accurately investigate its impact on void growth. The results of the simulations have shown that the void growth and deformation behaviour on a microscopic scale significantly depend on the crystallographic orientation of an anisotropic matrix material.     

On the micromechanics of void growth by prismatic-dislocation loop emission

Experimental evidence and recent molecular dynamics simulations of void growth indicate that prismatic dislocation loop emission by externally applied stresses is a viable mechanism of void growth under shock loading conditions when diffusive processes are given no time to operate. In this paper, the process of growth by loop emission is studied in a model system comprised of a void in an infinite linearly elastic and isotropic solid loaded axisymmetrically by remote applied stresses. First, the interaction between applied stresses, the stress field of a single dislocation loop or a pile-up of loops next to the void, the surface energy expenditure on void surface change, and the lattice resistance to the motion of loops is reviewed. The necessary condition for interstitial loop emission is used to determine the equilibrium positions of the loops as well as the maximum number of loops in a pile-up under given applied stresses. For the parameters of the model-material with purely hydrostatic loading, the numerical results yield a volume change for the void, which when normalized by the initial undeformed volume, exhibits a strong dependence on the size of the void for radii less than ∼400 times the lattice Burgers vector. For larger voids, the normalized volume change was found to be independent of the void radius.     

Void growth and coalescence in single crystals

Void growth and coalescence in single crystals are investigated using crystal plasticity based 3D finite element calculations. A unit cell involving a single spherical void and fully periodic boundary conditions is deformed under constant macroscopic stress triaxiality. Simulations are performed for different values of the stress triaxiality, for different crystal orientations, and for low and high work-hardening capacity. Under low stress triaxiality, the void shape evolution, void growth, and strain at the onset of coalescence are strongly dependent on the crystal orientation, while under high stress triaxiality, only the void growth rate is affected by the crystal orientation. These effects lead to significant variations in the ductility defined as the strain at the onset of coalescence. An attempt is made to predict the onset of coalescence using two different versions of the Thomason void coalescence criterion, initially developed in the framework of isotropic perfect plasticity. The first version is based on a mean effective yield stress of the matrix and involves a fitting parameter to properly take into account material strain hardening. The second version of the Thomason criterion is based on a local value of the effective yield stress in the ligament between the voids, with no fitting parameter. The first version is accurate to within 20% relative error for most cases, and often more accurate. The second version provides the same level of accuracy except for one crystal orientation. Such a predictive coalescence criterion constitutes an important ingredient towards the development of a full constitutive model for porous single crystals.     

Modification of the Gurson Model for shear failure

Recent experimental evidence points to limitations in characterizing the critical strain in ductile fracture solely on the basis of stress triaxiality. A second measure of stress state, such as the Lode parameter, is required to discriminate between axisymmetric and shear-dominated stress states. This is brought into the sharpest relief by the fact that many structural metals have a fracture strain in shear, at zero stress triaxiality, that can be well below fracture strains under axisymmetric stressing at significantly higher triaxiality. Moreover, recent theoretical studies of void growth reveal that triaxiality alone is insufficient to characterize important growth and coalescence features. As currently formulated, the Gurson Model of metal plasticity predicts no damage change with strain under zero mean stress, except when voids are nucleated. Consequently, the model excludes shear softening due to void distortion and inter-void linking. As it stands, the model effectively excludes the possibility of shear localization and fracture under conditions of low triaxiality if void nucleation is not invoked. In this paper, an extension of the Gurson model is proposed that incorporates damage growth under low triaxiality straining for shear-dominated states. The extension retains the isotropy of the original Gurson Model by making use of the third invariant of stress to distinguish shear dominated states. The importance of the extension is illustrated by a study of shear localization over the complete range of applied stress states, clarifying recently reported experimental trends. The extension opens the possibility for computational fracture approaches based on the Gurson Model to be extended to shear-dominated failures such as projectile penetration and shear-off phenomena under impulsive loadings.