压力容器高应变区应变疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究

针对压力容器几何结构不连续高应变区断裂和疲劳破坏特点,本文通过对应变循环条件下疲劳裂纹扩展影响因素和控制参量的理论分析,提出将△J作为应变循环条件下疲劳裂纹扩展速率的控制参量,并在EPRI弹塑性断裂分析工程方法基础上,提出了△J的工程计算方法,并通过模拟应变疲劳裂纹扩展的SCT试样试验,验证了△J工程计算方法的可靠性,根据SCT试样应变疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究结果,在考虑了压力容器高应变区几何形状和材质变化对应变疲劳裂纹扩展参量影响后,提出了一种压力容器高应变区应变疲劳裂纹扩展速率工程估算方法。     

CT试样三维疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟

在循环载荷下疲劳裂纹的裂纹形貌在稳定扩展区近似为半椭圆形状,因此通过Paris方法根据疲劳裂纹表面尖端点应力强度因子的变化幅值(△K)得到扩展速率与真实的裂纹速率会有误差.为了更好的研究疲劳裂纹的性质,本文通过分析紧凑拉伸(CT)试样的疲劳裂纹扩展后的三维形貌,采用Jiang-Sehitoglu循环塑性模型和疲劳准则以...     

疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的研究进展

Ⅰ.引言 大量的研究和疲劳裂纹扩展的试验表明,对于存在一定尺寸裂纹及缺陷的材料或构件,只有当裂纹尖端的应力强度因子达到或超过某一值时,裂纹才会在交变应力的作用下扩展。当裂纹尖端的应力强度因子小于这一值时,裂纹在交变应力作用下不发生扩展。这个应力强度因子值,就是界限应力强度因予幅值△K_(th),在疲劳研究中称为裂纹扩展的门槛值。 门槛值△K_(th)和疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN一样,是反映带裂纹或缺陷构件抗疲劳性能的     

不均匀性焊接接头弹塑性断裂力学问题的有限元分析

本文对含裂纹焊接接头的简化模型——软夹硬不均匀裂纹体和硬夹软不均匀裂纹体——进行了弹塑性有限元分析,研究了材质力学性能不均匀性对OOD的影响规律.还研究了在静载和疲劳载荷下材质不均匀性对软夹硬不均匀体裂纹扩展行为的影响.     

论侧向应力与疲劳裂纹扩展

本文通过对Ⅰ型平裂纹及复合型斜裂纹的疲劳试验说明:虽然平行于裂纹面的正应力(侧向应力)对应力强度因子不起作用,但是对裂纹顶端的塑性变形,从而对疲劳裂纹扩展速率却有明显的影响.相应于同样的应力强度因子幅值,当双轴载荷比λ=1时,侧向应力为零,裂纹扩展最慢;随着λ值减小,裂纹扩展速率增大.因此,在估算疲劳寿命时,如果只考虑应力强度因子幅值的作用,而忽略实验加载条件和实际加载条件下侧向应力差别的影响,必然会带来较大的误差,甚至是不安全的.     

服役后API 5L X56钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验研究

为研究服役后X56双层海底管道钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,对外层管上截取的标准紧凑拉伸试样分别在空气和海水环境下进行不同最大疲劳载荷(P_max=9 kN,10 kN,12 kN)的疲劳裂纹扩展试验。与空气环境中CT试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率相比,裂纹生长至15.38 mm时,9、10、12 kN载荷下海水环境中CT试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率分别提高了1.82倍、1.54倍、1.43倍;随着裂纹扩展长度增大,外界载荷起主导作用,海水腐蚀的影响越来越小。综合分析最大疲劳载荷对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响,结果发现相同裂纹长度的前提下,疲劳载荷增加,应力强度因子幅值(ΔK)和疲劳裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)增加,海水腐蚀影响逐渐减小。疲劳裂纹扩展试验中所施加的最大疲劳载荷对CT试样的疲劳寿命具有较大影响,对Paris常数的影响较小。扫描电镜下CT试样的疲劳断口均为穿晶型断裂。海水环境中CT试样的疲劳断口表现出更多的二次裂纹和更高的撕裂脊。随着最大疲劳载荷增加,解理断裂形成的解理台阶晶面面积和高度差逐渐增大,疲劳断口越粗糙,解理特征越明显。     

三维疲劳弹塑性弯曲裂纹塑性区研究

主要研究疲劳载荷作用下的三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端的塑性区问题.用数值解法计算出三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端交变塑性区于裂纹直线部分延长线上的投影长度的最大值和变化幅值,作图分析了三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端交变塑性区尺寸的最大值和变化幅值与三维裂纹体几何尺寸之间的关系.三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端交变塑性区的最大值和变化幅值随着三维裂纹体厚度的增大而减小,随着三维裂纹体厚度的均匀增大,三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端塑性区的最大值和变化幅值不断减小,减小的幅度越来越小,最终趋于平面应变状态下的弹塑性弯曲裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸最大值和变化幅值.当三维裂纹体几何尺寸相同时,三维弯曲裂纹尖端塑性区的最大值和变化幅值随外载荷的不断增大而逐渐增大.建立了一个计算三维弹塑性弯曲裂纹交变塑性区的最大值和变化幅值的崭新理论模型.     

测定薄板疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的升降法

测定疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值传统方法的整个过程只测出裂纹扩展门槛值的一个观测值,而由于材料不均匀等客观因素的限制,传统试验法的结果具有一定的随机性.本文利用升降法的原理,提出一种测定疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的升降法:预制裂纹并逐级降载使裂纹扩展速率接近门槛值速率,设定应力强度因子的级差,按照设定级差逐级降载,直至裂纹扩展速率低于门槛值速率,然后开始升载,直至裂纹扩展速率高于门槛值速率,再开始降载,如此重复进行即可以在疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值附近测得多对相反的数据点.运用小子样升降法数据处理方法,就可得到疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的均值和方差.最后通过某型铝合金薄板疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的测定试验验证了此方法的可行性.     

疲劳裂纹扩展的逻辑框架

人们已经发现应力强度因子变程△K与疲劳裂纹扩展率da/dN之间具有良好的对应关系,并由此建立了反映这些关系的各种理论。根据实验结果建立的疲劳裂纹扩展理论往往是假设性的(conjectory);但同时也可以用严谨的逻辑推理来导出疲劳裂纹扩展理论。演绎推导的理论和假设性的理论互为补充,促进了人们对疲劳裂纹扩展规律认识的不断深化。 本文对30年来疲劳裂纹扩展领域的工作进行了系统的总结,具体回顾考察了四种演绎推导理论:①无限大均匀宽板中的小裂纹扩展理论;②da/dN与△K相关的相似理论;③小范围屈服条件下均匀材料中的裂纹扩展理论;④链开式疲劳裂纹扩展理论,并将上述四种理论囊括在一个逻辑框架之中,用以分析疲劳裂纹扩展问题。本文也简述了如何应用这一逻辑框架来理解总结反映疲劳裂纹扩展行为的各种表达式,解释复杂的小裂纹扩展和复合材料中的裂纹扩展。     

中低强材料弹塑性高周疲劳裂纹扩展速率的研究

本文通过对LY12R铝合金中心裂纹拉伸(CCT)试件、紧凑拉伸(CT)小试件和30CrMnSi钢CT试件的试验,验证了测试中低强材料高周疲劳裂纹扩展速率时,可用单一参量J积分范围△J来描述疲劳裂纹从线弹性到弹塑性条件下的扩展速率da/dN,即da/dN=c(△J)~v。在计算△J时,采用了解析式计算法,使试验程序和数据处理都得到了一定程度的简化。在测试方法上,采用了ASTM E647—78T中的各项要求和程序,除取消试件满足线弹性条件的几何尺寸限制外,仅增加对计算△J的标定试验。因此,从方法上来说,可以看作是ASTM E647方法的一个补充。     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).