应力强度因子K_Ⅰ的光弹性测定法

断裂力学研究有裂纹构件的强度。因此,必须研究裂纹尖端附近的应力场。对于线弹性材料,裂纹尖端附近的应力场主要由应力强度因子所控制。当应力强度因子K_I到达临界值——材料的断裂韧度K_(Ic)时,裂纹就迅速扩展,构件发生脆性破坏。所以,应力强度因子是线弹性断裂力学中的一个主要参数,确定任意构件的应力强度因子也就成为断     

短裂纹的疲劳性能探讨

在35CrMo钢门槛值△K_(th)测试数据基础上,我们发现材料短裂纹门槛值△K_(ths)与裂纹长度有关,而且△K_(ths)<△K_(thl)。本文着重探讨短裂纹门槛值△K_(ths)性态,并给出在不同裂纹长度时的门槛应力幅度△σ_(th)简化曲线图。     

稳态循环应力下结构断裂可靠性设计方法

对含初始缺陷（宏观裂纹）结构进行无限寿命断裂可靠性设计，给出了疲劳裂纹扩展应力强度因子的二维概率密度函数及其门槛值分布函数公式，通过应力强度因子，门槛值干涉模型可求得裂纹不扩展的可靠度和指定可靠度下不扩展裂纹的最大尺寸，并确定含裂纹构件的检修周期。     

厚度对近门槛区da/dN与ΔK_(th)影响的研究

本文依据四种厚度(6,9,12,15㎜)下30CrMnSiNi_2A钢CT试件的试验结果,对比了这四种厚度下的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△K_(th)与近门槛区da/dN分析了厚度的影响。     

CT试样三维疲劳裂纹扩展数值模拟

在循环载荷下疲劳裂纹的裂纹形貌在稳定扩展区近似为半椭圆形状,因此通过Paris方法根据疲劳裂纹表面尖端点应力强度因子的变化幅值(△K)得到扩展速率与真实的裂纹速率会有误差.为了更好的研究疲劳裂纹的性质,本文通过分析紧凑拉伸(CT)试样的疲劳裂纹扩展后的三维形貌,采用Jiang-Sehitoglu循环塑性模型和疲劳准则以...     

疲劳裂纹扩展过程中△K理论值的修正

通过聚碳酸酯紧凑拉伸试件的疲劳裂纹扩展速率试验和同时进行的光弹性实验,作者发现随着疲劳裂纹的扩展在裂纹尖端附近产生逐渐加强和扩大的残余应力场,揭示出了裂纹尖端附近的闭合效应的存在,它将使应力强度因子降低.因此,疲劳裂纹扩展过程中应力强度因子幅度△K 的理论值应该修正。本文提出了一种简便有效的修正方案.     

弹塑性疲劳微弯裂纹尖端塑性区问题

主要研究疲劳载荷作用下弹塑性裂纹弯曲延伸扩展问题.通过分析论证,比较精确地研究了疲劳载荷作用下弯曲延伸裂纹尖端塑性区域边界上交变应力的分布状况.综合考虑了疲劳作用应力,塑性区域交变应力,利用二阶摄动方法,研究计算了弯曲延伸裂纹尖端塑性区域的范围,并预测了疲劳载荷作用下弹塑性裂纹扩展路径.     

论侧向应力与疲劳裂纹扩展

本文通过对Ⅰ型平裂纹及复合型斜裂纹的疲劳试验说明:虽然平行于裂纹面的正应力(侧向应力)对应力强度因子不起作用,但是对裂纹顶端的塑性变形,从而对疲劳裂纹扩展速率却有明显的影响.相应于同样的应力强度因子幅值,当双轴载荷比λ=1时,侧向应力为零,裂纹扩展最慢;随着λ值减小,裂纹扩展速率增大.因此,在估算疲劳寿命时,如果只考虑应力强度因子幅值的作用,而忽略实验加载条件和实际加载条件下侧向应力差别的影响,必然会带来较大的误差,甚至是不安全的.     

动静荷载对邻近巷道裂纹缺陷扰动的模拟实验

为了探究动静组合应力场作用下邻近巷道背爆侧裂纹缺陷的扩展规律,采用动静加载透射式动态焦散线方法进行了模拟实验,并结合裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子和能量释放率进行了分析。实验结果表明:在动静荷载作用下,邻近巷道背爆侧裂纹缺陷处也成为巷道主要扰动区,且爆炸荷载对背爆侧预制裂纹的起裂起主导作用;p=0.2 MPa时的相同动静组合应力场中,背爆侧预制裂纹的扩展位移差异与裂纹的倾角有关,当θ=75°时,爆炸应力波无法驱动裂纹起裂;在相同爆炸荷载作用下,θ=30°时,较小竖向荷载对裂纹的扩展具有抑制作用,且抑制作用随所施加的竖向荷载增加而增大,当p=0.4 MPa时,裂纹无法起裂;裂纹最终扩展位移,与裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子在极大值上下振荡变化的持续时间,或在裂纹扩展阶段能量释放率积累量,呈正相关。     

应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值的影响

本文提出了在工程应用中简单而实用的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值ΔK_(th)随应力比R变化的关系式,并与一些中、低碳铜及低合金钢的试验结果作分析比较,结果基本一致。     

Pressure-driven flow of a rate-type fluid with stress threshold in an infinite channel

In this paper we extend some of our previous works on continua with stress threshold. In particular here we propose a mathematical model for a continuum which behaves as a non-linear upper convected Maxwell fluid if the stress is above a certain threshold and as a Oldroyd-B type fluid if the stress is below such a threshold. We derive the constitutive equations for each phase exploiting the theory of natural configurations (introduced by Rajagopal and co-workers) and the criterion of the maximization of the rate of dissipation. We state the mathematical problem for a one-dimensional flow driven by a constant pressure gradient and study two peculiar cases in which the velocity of the inner part of the fluid is spatially homogeneous.     

地铁钢铝复合式第三轨/受电靴载流摩擦磨损特性研究

通过对销-盘摩擦磨损试验机的夹具和控制部分进行改进,研制出载流摩擦磨损试验装置,并采用该装置研究了地铁钢铝复合式第三轨与受电靴摩擦副之间的载流摩擦磨损特性,采用激光三维共焦扫描显微镜和电子能谱仪等微观手段,结合电接触理论分析了摩擦副的载流摩擦磨损机制.结果表明:存在1个法向压应力阈值,当试验的法向压应力大于此阈值时,摩擦系数随着电流的增加而增大,此时电流增加了机械磨损;而当法向压应力小于此阈值时,摩擦系数随着电流的增加而减小,此时电弧烧蚀材料损失量较机械磨损大;钢铝复合式第三轨的主要磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损;钢铝复合式第三轨授流时,在一定的列车运行速度下法向压应力阈值是最佳的工作压应力,既能保证顺利授流,又使得摩擦副材料的磨损量较小,确保行车安全,降低维护频率,节约地铁运行成本.     

Stress-induced fluid flow anisotropy in fractured rock

Anisotropic stress states are common in the upper crust and result in fracture apertures being dependent on fracture orientation. Fractured rocks should therefore display an anisotropic permeability determined by the aperture, length, and orientation of those fractures remaining open. In this paper, a numerical study of this effect is made for a rock containing two orthogonal fracture sets subject to a uniaxial compressive stress applied perpendicular to one of the sets. With increasing compressive stress, the decreasing aperture of fractures orientated perpendicular to the stress axis leads to a decrease in permeability both parallel and perpendicular to the stress. For flow parallel to the stress direction, this is a consequence of the finite length of the fractures, flow in fractures perpendicular to the stress being required to connect fractures orientated parallel to the stress direction. As the number of fractures is decreased towards the percolation threshold, the average permeability tensor is found to become increasingly isotropic. This behaviour results from the highly tortuous nature of the flow paths just at the percolation threshold.     

Mechanics modeling for deformation of nano-grained metals

The electro-deposition technique is capable of producing nano-grained bulk copper specimens that exhibit superplastic extensibility at room temperature. Metals of such small grain sizes deform by grains squeezing past each other, with little distortion occurring in the grain cores. Accommodation mechanisms such as grain boundary diffusion and grain rotation control the kinetics of the process. A model of a 9-grain cluster is proposed that incorporates both the Ashby-Verrall mechanism and the 30° rotation of closely linked grain pairs. A constitutive relation is derived that relates the creep strain rate linearly to the difference between the applied stress and a threshold stress. The creep rate and the threshold stress predicted by the model are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data.     

Strain rate sensitivity of flow stress at low temperatures in 304n stainless steel

Strain rate and temperature effects on the flow stress of 304N stainless steel were investigated using data obtained from torsion tests on thin-walled tubular specimens, at given strain rates of between 10⁻³ and 10⁻¹ with temperatures ranging from 83 to 296 K. Initially, the apparent strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress, obtained at test temperatures of 83, 153, 213, and 296 K, was examined. The strain dependence and the strain rate dependence of the mechanical threshold stress (the flow stress at O K) at strains less than 0.1 and at strain rates of 2.4 × 10⁻³ and 8.3 × 10² s⁻¹, is also discussed. It was concluded from the experimental results that the mechanical threshold stress depends not only on the strain but also on the strain rate.     

High temperature creep behaviour of an FeAl intermetallic strengthened by nanoscale oxide particles

The creep behaviour of an FeAl intermetallic strengthened by nanosized oxide particles has been examined at temperatures of 700–825 °C. For all temperatures the strain rate shows a power law dependence on the applied stress. At the lowest temperature and with the highest stresses there is evidence of a threshold stress produced by the difficulty of overcoming the particle barriers, while for higher temperatures as well as at low stresses there is no threshold stress and creep appears to be controlled by general climb. The fine oxide particles produce good strengthening at low temperatures but are more readily overcome at high temperatures due to their very small size and limited attractive relaxation force. Despite such fall in creep strength, this material remains one of the strongest iron aluminides to the temperature range evaluated.     

Analysis of deformation mechanisms in superplastic yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia

There have been extensive experimental observations of changes in the apparent rate controlling creep parameters in studies on superplastic materials. The three most common explanations associated with these changes in the stress exponent, n, the activation energy Q and the inverse grain size exponent, p involve the effect of concurrent grain growth, the operation of a threshold stress or transitions in creep mechanisms. Each of these factors may influence experimental creep data in a similar manner. Therefore, a careful analysis of the consequences of all three factors must involve the development of a consistent set of experimental observations in order to adequately distinguish the effects of each. This paper discusses the role of concurrent grain growth, a threshold stress and transitions in creep mechanisms in superplastic materials. Specific attention is given to the analysis of data on superplastic yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics for which an increase in n has been observed at low applied stresses. It is demonstrated that neither concurrent grain growth nor a threshold stress can account for all the relevant experimental observations in this material. It is concluded that the changes in rate controlling creep parameters are associated with the operation of two distinct sequential mechanisms as part of a grain boundary sliding process.     

光斑尺寸对K9玻璃近红外激光损伤阈值的影响

基于热弹性模型 ,用有限元法对不同光斑近红外激光辐照下K9玻璃样品中的温度和压力分布进行了计算。对厚 2mm、半径 10mm的圆片样品的计算结果表明 ,K9玻璃的损伤受表面环向拉伸应力的控制 ,光斑大小对损伤阈值有较大的影响 ,对光束总入射功率为 2 8kW的激光辐照 ,当光斑半径从 0 .4mm增加到 3mm时 ,损伤所需时间从 14ms增加到 1s。在一定光斑尺寸范围内 ,样品损伤 (表面拉伸断裂 )所需的激光功率密度在同一量级内变化 ,在更小光斑时 ,损伤时的最高温升趋于 5 6 5K。     

随机振动结构Von Mises应力过程峰值概率密度函数的研究

随机振动载荷作用下结构的多轴疲劳分析非常复杂,利用Von Mises应力准则将多轴应力转换为单轴应力是一条简单而有效的途径。在频域利用Von Mises应力对结构进行多轴疲劳分析的前提是必须获得Von Mises应力过程中应力循环的概率密度函数。本文利用平稳随机过程的穿越分析和极值的概率分析,给出了计算Von Mises应力过程峰值概率密度函数的公式,为进一步进行疲劳损伤及寿命分析打下了基础。     

Freeting fatigue strength of mechanical joints

An analytical approach to the calculation of fretting fatigue strength of mechanical joints based on a stress model of the fretting fatigue damage mechanism has been presented. The fretting fatigue limit has been defined as a stress (expressed by the threshold stress intensity factor) required for further propagation of the non-propagating main fatigue crack appearing in a cyclically loaded member. Some practical recommendations resulting from the theory have been suggested.