脉冲爆震发动机进气道气动性能的数值研究

采用有限体积法计算了脉冲爆震发动机某轴对称超音速进气道在3种 不同出口条件(单个正弦扰动压力、某脉冲爆震发动机爆震室头部表压和进气道出口堵塞) 下的进气道内结尾正激波的运动情况，得出了进气道内结尾正激波运动特性和不同出口条件 的关系. 在计算中，采用了多块结构化网格，控制体积的界面无黏通量采用三阶迎风格 式插值获得，同时采用了minmod通量限制器以确保在激波处的解的物理特性；扩散通量采 用二阶中心差分格式插值获得. 定常计算采用当地时间步法，非定常计算采用双时间步法. 离散的代数方程采用交替方向迭代法求解。     

圆盘结构下旋转爆震波传播特性的实验研究

为研究圆盘结构下旋转爆震波的传播特性,通过改变反应物的质量流率及当量比,在非预混圆盘形旋转爆震模型发动机（rotating denonation engine,RDE）上进行实验研究。结果表明,爆震波在圆盘形RDE上成功起始并能够连续传播,得到了两种传播模态:单波模态和双波模态,在发动机工作过程中发现,集气腔与燃烧室存在相互作用。当反应物质量流率小于159.20 g/s时,旋转爆震波以单波模态稳定传播,爆震波传播频率为4.56~4.62 kHz,越靠近燃烧室外圆,爆震波的压力峰值及传播速度越大;当质量流率大于186.89 m/s时,旋转爆震波以双波模态传播,传播频率为8.59~8.64 kHz。双波传播模态经历四个阶段:起爆阶段的单波段、稳定双波段、不稳定双波段、排气阶段转单波段。当质量流率介于159.20~186.89 g/s之间时,旋转爆震波以单/双波混合模态传播。反应物当量比在1附近时,爆震波的传播过程较稳定,偏离1,爆震波传播不稳定,初始阶段起爆失败或传播过程中存在间断。     

喷管结构形式对爆震发动机性能影响分析

为了研究喷管结构形式对爆震发动机性能的影响,本文以氢气和氧气混合物为例,对不同喷管结构形式的爆震发动机工作过程进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明:采用收敛型喷管可以增加爆震管内压力,但会造成喷管内的负推力;采用扩张型喷管会使得喷管内的压力迅速下降,但可以提供正推力;采用收扩型喷管时喷管的冲量一般较低,但爆震管的冲量会有提升,可以显著提高爆震发动机性能。     

多管脉冲爆轰发动机管外复杂波系的研究

为了研究多管脉冲爆轰发动机外流场复杂波系变化特点,用CE/SE方法对7管脉冲爆 轰发动机内、外流场进行了计算. 7个爆轰管的排列方式是1个居中,另外6个绕其形成环 状排列,管内填充按化学当量比混合的氢气氧气混和物. 计算结果表明：CE/SE方法是一种 好的爆轰波模拟方法,能有效地捕捉激波等强间断;7管脉冲爆轰发动机外流场中存在着多 道相互作用相互影响的激波与膨胀波. 计算结果对多管脉冲爆轰发动机外流场复杂波系的特 性研究具有重要参考价值.     

多管脉冲爆轰发动机外三维流场的数值计算

为研究多管脉冲爆轰发动机黏性外流场变化特点,推导了三维黏性CE/SE方法,并对7管脉冲爆轰发动机的内、外流场进行了数值计算. 7个爆轰管的排列方式是1个居中、另外6个绕其形成环状排列. 管内流场采用一维模型进行处理; 管外流场采用三维模型进行计算, 得到多管脉冲爆轰发动机黏性外流场的变化规律. 计算结果表明,此多管脉冲爆轰发动机黏性外流场中存在旋涡及多道相互作用的激波与膨胀波, 该结果对多管脉冲爆轰发动机外流场特性研究具有一定的参考价值.      

等截面引射器启动性能数值研究

采用雷诺平均方程和SST k-ω湍流模型,空间离散采用二阶精度的Roe FDS方法,限制器采用Min-Mod方法,时间迭代采用隐式方法,研究了等截面引射器长度、引射器与喷管的间隙对其启动性能的影响。结果表明:等截面引射器存在启动、临界、不启动三种状态;在引射器长度一定的情况下,引射器与喷管之间的间隙越小,引射器的启动压比越小;在引射器与喷管之间间隙一定的情况下,对于本文所计算的工况,当引射器长度小于3m时,引射器所需的启动压比会很大,当引射器长度小于2m,则引射器很难启动;当引射器长度超过7m时,会对引射器的加工、安装、冷却带来诸多不利影响。     

爆震室壁面条件对脉冲爆震发动机爆震性能的影响

在爆震室内快速形成稳定传播的爆轰波是脉冲爆震发动机的关键．本文利用有限速率化学反应模型,考虑粘性、热对流,基于N-S方程对氢气与空气/氧气为反应混合物的爆震发动机爆震室内流场进行计算．从流场压力、速度、涡量、湍流动能等方面研究爆震室壁面条件对燃烧爆轰性能的影响,分析流场爆轰波压力与流场湍动能的关系,讨论可燃气体燃烧转爆轰的机理．结果表明：爆震室内燃烧爆轰机理受到化学反应能量释放、壁面摩擦效应、壁面与外界热交换的影响．在文中讨论的范围内,相比于半圆形和三角形的爆震室装置,矩形的爆震室增强装置能在更短的时间内得到较高的爆轰波压力和湍动能峰值．壁面粗糙层高度（粗糙度）影响爆震室的燃烧爆轰性质．当壁面粗糙度为0.15mm时,粗糙度对爆轰的激励作用大于抑制作用,能较快形成稳定的爆轰波,且推力为35.5N;随着壁面对流换热系数的增大,爆震室壁面的散热加剧．当壁面对流换热系数大于临界值2.6W/(m2·K)时,爆震室内不能形成稳定的爆震波．     

旋转爆震燃烧室轴向和周向长度对其出口流场压力和温度的影响

为了研究旋转爆震燃烧室与涡轮的匹配特性,利用二维欧拉方程数值研究了基于当量H₂/Air燃烧的旋转爆震燃烧室出口流场特性,对比分析了不同燃烧室轴向长度和周向长度出口总压脉动、总压畸变以及出口温度分布规律。结果表明:旋转爆震燃烧室在稳定工作状态下,其出口总压的脉动值会呈现周期性振荡;燃烧室尺度对发动机出口流场的不均匀性有很大影响,随着燃烧室轴向长度的增大或周向尺寸的减小,其出口总压脉动均值、畸变指数和出口温度分布系数均会减小,其出口流场均匀性提高。此外,爆震波高度随着周向尺寸的增大而增大;轴向尺寸对爆震波高度几乎不产生影响。     

横向爆震射流起爆爆震过程的数值模拟

对氢气/空气化学恰当比混合物中横向喷射的爆震射流在爆震室中起爆爆震波的过程和机理进行了数值模拟,并探讨了爆震射流位置和填充速度对其的影响。结果表明:爆震波分叉传播后会发生衍射并衰减,但随后可在联焰管壁面产生高温高压区域,引发二次起爆。且联焰管距离爆震室推力壁越小,其形成的壁面效应越有助于爆震形成;填充速度越大,爆震波形成位置越靠前。     

剪切增稠液阻尼器隔冲性能的实验研究

剪切增稠液在外载作用下粘度会迅速增大,基于剪切增稠液研制而成的阻尼器具有阻尼力大、响应快速、无能耗等优点,在阻尼耗能和冲击防护设备中具有重要的应用前景。本文使用振动台模拟半正弦脉冲信号,对集成剪切增稠液阻尼器的单自由度系统在不同冲击条件下的响应加速度和相对位移进行了研究,比较了冲击脉冲幅值和频率比对冲击隔离的影响,讨论了不同冲击条件下的系统阻尼比,得到了剪切增稠液阻尼器安装方式对其冲击隔离性能的影响。结果显示:冲击脉冲幅值对响应加速度幅值比影响不大;加速度幅值比随冲击脉冲频率比增大而迅速减小,相对位移幅值随频率比增大先减小再略微增大,然后继续减小;当剪切增稠液阻尼器横向安装时,其响应加速度幅值比更小,当安装夹角增大时,相对位移随之减小,系统阻尼比迅速增大。研究表明,剪切增稠液阻尼器能够提高单自由系统的冲击隔离性能。     

Experimental study of an air-breathing pulse detonation engine ejector

Experimental studies were performed in order to improve the understanding of the performance of ejector driven by an air-breathing pulse detonation engine (PDE) with a convergent nozzle. This research utilized a gasoline-air PDE at four different operating frequencies of 8 Hz, 10 Hz, 12 Hz and 15 Hz. The performance of PDE-ejector was quantified by thrust measurements. The effects of single ejector length and axial location on thrust augmentation were investigated. It was found that the single ejector with L/D of 2 showed the best performance and the maximum thrust augmentation occurred at a downstream placement of +1 tube diameter. The performances of two-stage and three-stage ejectors were also investigated. The results indicated that both the overlap ratio and the flow area between two stages should not be too large. The performance of the two-stage ejector was not as sensitive as single-stage ejector to axial position in current conditions. The three-stage ejector behaved better than the two-stage ejector but worse than the single-stage ejector in this work. A maximum thrust augmentation of 1.8 was obtained with an L/D of 2 at a downstream placement of +1 position and 15 Hz operating frequency.     

Rotary wave-ejector enhanced pulse detonation engine

The use of a non-steady ejector based on wave rotor technology is modeled for pulse detonation engine performance improvement and for compatibility with turbomachinery components in hybrid propulsion systems. The rotary wave ejector device integrates a pulse detonation process with an efficient momentum transfer process in specially shaped channels of a single wave-rotor component. In this paper, a quasi-one-dimensional numerical model is developed to help design the basic geometry and operating parameters of the device. The unsteady combustion and flow processes are simulated and compared with a baseline PDE without ejector enhancement. A preliminary performance assessment is presented for the wave ejector configuration, considering the effect of key geometric parameters, which are selected for high specific impulse. It is shown that the rotary wave ejector concept has significant potential for thrust augmentation relative to a basic pulse detonation engine.     

单次脉冲爆轰发动机工作过程的数值模拟

通过求解14组分和19个基元反应的CH4-O2-N2详细化学反应动力学机理的二维轴对称Navier-Stokes方程,对爆轰管内半球形高温火团引发的爆轰过程和爆轰波进入外流场后的全流场分布进行数值模拟。模拟结果显示了爆轰波在管内的成长、稳定传播、进入尾喷管后衰减为激波和进入外流场的全过程,以及爆轰管出口端附近区域的复杂涡与激波的相互作用。对轴线上的压力分布和封闭端的压力等进行了讨论,为脉冲爆轰发动机的开发研制提供参考信息。     

Propulsive performance of a liquid kerosene/oxygen pulse detonation rocket engine

Thrust and specific impulse are two critical parameters to estimate the performance of rocket engine. Utilizing liquid kerosene as the fuel, oxygen as oxidizer and nitrogen as purge gas, a series of multi-cycle detonation experiments were conducted to systemically investigate the relationships among the operating frequency, fill fraction and performance parameters of the pulse detonation rocket engine (PDRE). The operating frequency of PDRE was up to 49 Hz. The mass flow of liquid kerosene was measured by orifice meter and the mass flow of oxygen was measured based on the method of gas collection. The detonation chamber pressure traces were recorded by dynamic piezoelectric pressure transducers. A dynamic piezoelectric thrust transducer was used to record the instantaneous thrust produced by PDRE. Average thrust and detonative mixture-based specific impulse of PDRE with different operation frequency were obtained by experiments. The experimental results indicate that in the practical operation, the operating frequency caused the change of fill fraction, which resulted in a thrust enhancement. Due to the effect of fill fraction, average thrust did not linearly increase as the frequency rises. Fill fraction has a significant influence on the specific impulse of PDRE. The detonative mixture-based specific impulse presented a second order exponential decay with fill fraction, and was correspondingly increased with the raise of the operating frequency. With the strategy of partial filling in detonation tube, the specific impulse can be remarkably enhanced.     

爆轰产物压力势能缓释方法研究

为扩大脉冲爆轰技术的应用领域 ,抑制其振动、噪声等不利因素 ,提高能源转换效率的可能性 ,本文通过实验和数值计算 ,研究了单次爆轰产物通过孔盘将压力势能缓慢释放到相邻腔体的现象。实验在长 2m、内径 40mm的爆轰管中进行 ,数值模拟采用自适应的有限体积方法和有限速率化学反应模型。实验和数值模拟分析的结果均表明 ,在爆轰管与相邻腔体之间放置孔径适当的隔离孔盘 ,可以使爆轰产物的压力势能逐渐地传递到腔体内 ,造成随时间逐渐上升的压力分布。     

增强型喷射器对爆轰波DDT过程的影响

在激波、火焰及射流同时存在的流场中，组织燃烧转爆轰过程是脉冲爆震发动机实现点火、起爆的关键问题。设计一类喷射器，采用C₂H₂/O₂/Ar反应，数值验证了该喷射器能增强爆震室燃料燃烧转爆轰的可行性，并讨论了流场中热点的点火机制。结果显示:该装置在流场中可激发不稳定性，产生漩涡，加速能量、质量的交换。流场产生热点，促进火焰速度加快，追赶前导激波。喷射器位置影响前导激波的运动速度。在一定范围内，前导激波速度越大，碰撞产生的热点越容易激发燃烧转爆轰过程。     

Optimization study of spray detonation initiation by electric discharges

Development of air-breathing pulse detonation engines is faced with a challenging problem of detonation initiation in fuel sprays at distances feasible for propulsion applications. Extensive experimental study on initiation of a confined n-hexane spray detonation in air by electric discharges is reported. It is found that for direct initiation of spray detonation with minimal energy requirements (1) it is worth to use one discharger located near the closed end of a detonation tube and at least one additional discharger downstream from it to be triggered in-phase with primary shock wave arrival; (2) the discharge area should be properly insulated to avoid electric loss to metal tube walls; (3) discharge duration should be minimized to at least 50 μs; (4) discharge channel should preferably occupy a large portion of a tube cross-section; (5) test tube should be preferably of a diameter close to the limiting tube diameter; (6) gradual transition between the volume with electric discharger and the tube should be used; and (7) a powerful electric discharger utilized for generating a primary shock wave can be replaced by a primary shock wave generator comprising a relatively low-energy electric discharger, Shchelkin spiral, and tube coil. With all these principles implemented, the rated electric energy of about 100 J was required to initiate n-hexane spray–air detonation in a 28-mm tube at a distance of about 1 m from the atomizer. PACS 02.60.Cb; 05.10.Ln; 47.11.+j; 47.15.Cb; 47.40.Nm This paper was based on work that was presented at the 19th Inter-national Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Hakone, Japan, July 27 - August 1, 2003     

On some conditions for detonation initiation downstream of a perforated plate

An experimental study is presented of the influence of detonation wave parameters and detonation product composition upstream of a perforated plate on the onset of detonation downstream. Experiments were performed in detonation tube 106 mm in diameter, separated into two sections by a perforated plate combined with a diaphragm. The tube was equipped with pressure sensors and a semi-cylindrical smoked foil. Hydrogen–air mixtures with different hydrogen concentrations were used upstream and downstream of the perforated plate. It is shown for mixtures containing 25 and 34 % of hydrogen in air that the onset of detonation downstream depends on detonation parameters upstream of the perforated plate. An increase in the initial pressure upstream of the plate leads to detonation initiation immediately downstream. The variation of mixture composition upstream of a perforated plate does not affect on detonation initiation downstream under the present experimental conditions.     

Detailed flowfields of a RAMAC device in H2−O2 full chemistry

Numerical simulations of a RAMAC device were performed for a range of speeds and grid densities. For certain initial conditions the detonation was unstable and propagated ahead of the projectile in a normal detonation wave, similar to the experimental phenomenon of unstart. The unstart was observed to develop within the narrow space between projectile and tube wall (the throat), so we focus on that area. Detailed flowfield views of the throat reveal a separated flow rotating in one large vortex. The detonation is overdriven but steady for fast enough upstream velocities. The vortex has an important role in triggering off the unstart by creating a condition at the throat whereby the detonation can propagate against the flow. An abridged version of this paper was presented at the 15th Int. Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Boulder, Colorado, from July 30 to August 4, 1995.