Numerical simulation on micromixer based on synthetic jet

This paper studied a concept of micromixer with a synthetic jet placed at the bottom of a rectangular channel. Due to periodic ejections from and suctions into the channel, the fluids are mixed effectively. To study the effects of the inlet velocity, the jet intensity and frequency, and the jet location on the mixing efficiency, 3-D numerical simulations of the micromixer have been carried out. It has been found that when the jet intensity and the frequency are fixed, the mixing efficiency increases when Re 〈 50, and decreases when Re 〉 50 with the best mixing efficiency achieved at Re = 50. When the ratio of the jet velocity magnitude to the inlet velocity is taken as 10 and the jet frequency is 100 Hz, the mixing index reaches the highest value. It has also been found that to get better mixing efficiency, the orifice of the synthetic jet should be asymmetrically located away from the channel＇s centerline.     

叶片榫头接触应力的求解研究

接触应力分析是不易检测、难于计算，但对于设计又是非常重要的一个难题。文中将实验检测技术与数值计算方法相结合，求解飞机发动机叶片榫头上的接触应力分布。基本思路是：1)用实验检测技术求出叶片榫头接触面上若干点的应力或应变值；2)通过给叶片根部接触面施加一定的约束条件，用数值计算法计算发动机叶片在离心力载荷作用下的全场应力分布，并进一步求出接触面上的接触应力分布；3)解除接触面上的约束条件，代之以计算获得的接触载荷，计算叶片在离心力载荷以及接触载荷共同作用下的全场应力或应变分布，并比较计算结果与实验结果；4)修改约束条件或计算模型，重复上述操作，直至计算结果与实验结果比较一致。研究表明，本文提出的方法能够较准确地给出接触面的载荷分布，判断约束条件的合理性具有简单、易行的特点。由于接触应力的复杂性，本问题还有深入研究的必要。     

引入特征粗糙度参数的Stribeck曲线试验研究

为探讨表面粗糙度对Stribeck曲线的影响,对不同初始表面的不锈钢销试件与45#钢盘试件在浸油润滑条件下进行摩擦磨损试验,研究摩擦系数的变化规律.结果表明:摩擦副表面越粗糙,对应Stribeck曲线上混合润滑区域面积越大,曲线斜率越小,使得不同表面粗糙度下的摩擦系数试验模型不具有唯一性.因此,将由分形参数导出的能客观表征粗糙表面的"特征粗糙度"参数引入Stribeck动压参数,从而提出新的动压参数.在新的动压参数下,具有不同表面粗糙度摩擦副的Stribeck曲线具有较好的一致性,继而可建立与粗糙度无关的摩擦系数试验模型.     

花岗岩晶粒尺寸对岩爆影响的试验研究

为探究晶粒尺寸对硬脆性岩石岩爆的影响，利用真三轴岩爆试验系统，对细中、中粗两种不同晶粒尺寸的含预制圆孔花岗岩开展了岩爆模拟试验。试验结果表明:在相同的加载过程中，细中晶粒花岗岩出现板裂静态脆性破坏，而中粗晶粒花岗岩出现岩爆动力破坏；细中晶粒花岗岩早期声发射活动较弱，大破裂、低主频事件在时空分布上较集中，特征应力较大，而中粗晶粒花岗岩早期声发射活动较活跃，大破裂、低主频事件在时空分布上较离散，特征应力较小，碎屑破碎程度更高。晶粒尺寸对花岗岩的岩爆倾向性具有重要影响，晶粒尺寸较大的硬脆性岩石的岩爆倾向性更强。深部地下岩体工程的岩爆倾向性评价中，除强度和脆性外，晶粒尺寸也是需要考虑的重要因素。     

基于LMI的框架结构分数阶控制方法研究

以框架结构为研究对象,采用分数阶状态方程进行控制器设计,提出了基于LMI的分数阶控制器设计方法。首先,把原系统振动方程改为阶次为1～2的分数阶状态方程,同时,构造同阶次分数阶控制器状态方程,进而组装为一个整体状态方程;其次,根据分数阶系统稳定性条件确定满足系统渐进稳定性的不等式。为了获得可行解,在不等式中附加了两个参数,同时,令控制器参数矩阵为对称;再次,从仿真结果来看,控制效果过好,但控制力偏大,为此,控制力计算时附加了调节因子,以期在满足控制效果的基础上,降低所需控制力;最后给出了一个算例说明本文方法的可行性。     

基于弹性地基梁计算的Daubechies条件小波Ritz法研究

在现有的Daubechies小波Ritz法中,为方便边界条件的引入,借助于位移转换矩阵将Daubechies小波待定系数转换为节点位移。但该方法会降低计算精度,并且计算结果是多个离散的单点位移,不利于进一步解得弯矩、剪力、荷载集度。为寻求更为高效精确的弹性地基梁计算方法,对现有的Daubechies小波Ritz法进行改进,以避免位移转换矩阵的出现,从而提高了计算精度。结合广义变分原理,采用Lagrange乘子法,将边界条件作为附加条件引入自然变分条件下的泛函表达式,构造新的修正泛函。以该修正泛函的驻值条件建立求解矩阵方程组,进而解得未知场函数。此法称为Daubechies条件小波Ritz法。该法计算结果直接是小波基函数待定系数,单元内部任意点的位移均可通过小波基函数得到,也可进一步解得弯矩、剪力、荷载集度,因此比原有方法更为有效。最后,采用受均布荷载的两端铰支弹性地基梁算例,将Daubechies条件小波Ritz法计算结果与基于弹性地基梁理论的解析解进行比较,挠度值（保留小数点后6位小数）与解析解完全一致,弯矩值的相对误差为0.03%,说明Daubechies条件小波Ritz法具有较高计算精度。     

Comments on recent results bearing on the rubber elasticity theory

Summary A short survey of the present status of the rubber elasticity theory, with specific regard to the controversialC ₂ term of theMooney-Rivlin equation, is given. The implications of recent results, particularly those concerned with alterations of the network topology, are discussed. The occurrence of theC ₂ term in conventional networks, and deviations from theoretical expectation in the case of oriented networks, are attributed to complex topology and to non-equilibrium effects.     

Predicting the performances of rigid rover wheels on extraterrestrial surfaces based on test results obtained on earth

With a growing number of nations interested in planetary exploration, research and development of extraterrestrial rovers have been intensified. The usual practice is to test the performances of rovers on soil simulants on earth, prior to their deployment to extraterrestrial bodies. It is noted that in the tests the soil simulant is subject to the earth gravity, while the terrain on the extraterrestrial surface is subject to a different gravity. Therefore, it is uncertain whether the rover/rover wheel would exhibit the same performance on the extraterrestrial surface as that obtained from tests conducted on earth. This paper describes a practical methodology that can be employed to predict the performances of rover wheels on extraterrestrial surfaces, based on test results obtained on earth. As rigid wheels are used in many extraterrestrial rovers, this study focuses on examining the effects of gravity on the sinkage and compaction resistance of rigid rover wheels. Predictions obtained using the methodology are shown to correlate reasonably well with test data.     

钢轨表面剥离掉块路径预测研究

轮轨滚动接触下,钢轨表面会产生典型的鱼钩形剥离掉块,其形成机理目前暂未明确.为了探究轮轨滚动接触下钢轨表面裂纹扩展机理,基于最大周向拉应力准则,建立轮轨滚动接触疲劳计算模型,提出裂尖扩展路径预测方法,并对不同初始角度裂纹的扩展路径进行预测.结果表明,钢轨表面微裂纹为Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹,随着裂纹长度增加,KⅠ先增加后减小,...     

Experimental study on the effect of unsteadiness on boundary layer development on a linear turbine cascade

 The results from an experimental investigation of unsteady boundary layer behavior on a linear turbine cascade are presented in this paper. To perform a detailed study on unsteady cascade aerodynamics and heat transfer, a new large-scale, high-subsonic research facility for simulating the periodic unsteady flow has been developed. It is capable of sequentially generating up to four different unsteady inlet flow conditions that lead to four different passing frequencies, wake structures, and freestream turbulence intensities. For a given Reynolds number, two different unsteady wake formations are utilized. Detailed unsteady boundary layer velocity. turbulence intensity, and pressure measurements are performed along the suction and pressure surfaces of one blade. The results display the transition and development of the boundary layer, ensemble-averaged velocity, and turbulence intensity. Received: 23 September 1996/Accepted: 19 February 1997     

基于双光纤光栅的冰压力传感器研究

冰压力是高纬度地区结构的重要荷载,然而传统的基于电阻应变计开发的冰压力传感装置在稳定性与耐久性上遇到难以跨越的难题。光纤光栅是目前在智能材料系统与结构健康监测研究与应用最为广泛的敏感材料之一,具有分布式绝对测量、抗腐蚀能力强等优点。本文基于双光纤光栅应变测量原理,考虑冰压力测试装置的环境条件,设计开发出冰压力传感装置,详细推导和试验验证了该装置的传感特性,并将试验与理论结果进行了对比。研究结果表明该装置具有温度自补偿、测量值与荷载作用点无关、线性度和重复性好、精度较高等优点,具有良好的应用前景。     

基于改进猴群算法的传感器优化布置方法研究

提出了一种基于新型智能算法一改进猴群算法的传感器优化布置方法.考虑传感器优化布置的特点,采用整数编码的方式给出了猴群的位置,克服了猴群算法只能解决连续性变量优化的问题;在初始化猴群位置时通过引入欧氏距离来增强猴群的多样性,以提高其全局搜索能力;并在爬过程中加入和声算法中的随机扰动机制,来提高其局部搜索能力;文末以大连世贸大厦为例,进行了参数敏感性分析以及传感器优化布置方案的选择.结果表明,改进的猴群算法能较好地解决传感器优化布置问题,较经典的序列法有其明显的优越性.     

基于NPF-CKF的捷联惯导系统动基座初始对准技术

当海况不佳时,水下航行器大幅晃动,捷联惯导系统无法快速完成自主初始对准,因此提出了利用多普勒计程仪提供的速度信息进行运动中辅助对准。针对在非线性对准中扩展卡尔曼滤波存在精度低,且需要计算雅可比矩阵等不足,提出了一种基于非线性预测滤波的求容积卡尔曼滤波算法。该滤波算法将惯性器件测量误差作为模型误差使用非线性预测滤波器进行实时预测,然后再利用求容积卡尔曼滤波对模型误差补偿后的系统进行状态估计。仿真结果表明,与扩展卡尔曼滤波和求容积卡尔曼滤波算法相比,该滤波算法能够不仅提高失准角特别是方位失准角的估计精度,其精度约为45″,而且加快了收敛速度。同时由于该滤波算法降低了系统状态的维数,因此也大大减少了计算量。     

不完备先验知识下的机械密封端面磨损状态评估研究

针对机械密封端面全状态先验知识不易获取,正常开启状态下和未打开状态下的先验知识可以获取的特点,以声发射信号作为监测信号,提出基于因子隐马尔可夫模型(FHMM)的机械密封端面磨损状态评估技术.应用经验模态分解(EMD)方法对原始信号进行分离提取,得到准确反映信号的特征信息,将机械密封端面接触状态下的先验特征归一化,并建立因子隐马尔可夫(FHMM)监测模型;根据观察序列对数似然度得到评估密封端面磨损状态性能指标,实现对端面磨损状态的评估.机械密封端面磨损状态监测试验表明:该方法能在仅具备端面接触状态先验知识的情况下,实现对密封端面磨损状态的初步评估,而且所需样本数较少、训练速度快、结果准确、具有较好扩展性.     

Shape effects of wheel grousers on traction performance on sandy terrain

This paper presents the effects of different wheel grouser shapes on the traction performance of a grouser wheel traveling on sandy terrain. Grouser wheels are locomotion gears that allow small and lightweight exploration rovers to traverse on the loose sand on extraterrestrial surfaces. Although various grouser shapes have been analyzed by some research groups, a more synthetic and direct comparison of possible grousers is required for practical applications. In this study, we developed a single wheel testbed and experimentally investigated the effects of four grouser shapes (parallel, slanted, V-shaped, and offset V-shaped) on the traction performance of linear movement on flat sand. The wheel slip, sinkage, traction and side force acting on the wheel axle, the wheel driving torque, and the efficiency of each wheel were examined. Thereafter, the effects on the lateral slope traversability of a small and lightweight four-wheeled rover with different grouser shapes were also examined. The traversability experiment demonstrated the vehicle mobility performance in order to contribute to the design optimization of rover systems. These experimental results and their comparisons suggested that, of the shapes studies herein, the slanted shape was the optimal grouser design for use in wheeled rovers on lunar and planetary soil.     

用切比雪夫多项式研究短梁的弯曲计算

考虑剪切效应,利用切比雪夫多项式构造严格满足表面切应力边界条件的轴向位移表达式,建立了短梁弯曲问题的新理论．利用奇异函数把作用在短梁上的复杂外载荷表示为分布载荷,推导出了短梁弯曲时的截面正应力公式及挠曲线表达式．把采用切比雪夫多项式推导出短梁的弯曲计算公式计算结果与弹性理论计算结果进行比较,可知该方法的计算精度较高．研究结果表明：在复杂外载荷作用下,当长高比小于等于6时,剪切变形对梁的弯曲挠度影响较大,而当长高比小于3时,剪切变形对梁的弯曲应力影响较大;因此建议采用切比雪夫多项式方法给出的挠度表达式、弯曲应力进行计算,因为切比雪夫多项式方法不但给出了复杂外载荷作用下梁截面挠度、弯曲应力的计算通式,而且该方法具有计算过程简便、精度高的优点．     

Experimental studies on the effect of overload on fatigue crack growth

The fatigue crack growth behavior resulting from a single overload is investigated. In order to clarify the mechanism of overload on fatigue crack growth, the processes of crack closure and opening and their stress levels are monitored by strain gages placed on the back surface of specimens, and the fracture surface morphologies are examined by the microfractography. Experimental results may be used to explain quantitatively the mechanisms of retardation and delayed retardation after a single overload.     

基于FLUENT-EDEM耦合的爆炸抛掷特性研究

为了研究弹丸起爆后岩土碎屑的抛掷特性, 针对爆炸后侵彻通道内复杂的气固两相流动问题,提出了一种FLUENT软件与EDEM软件联合的数值模拟方案,分析了不同深径比条件下钻地通道内介质碎屑的抛掷过程。进一步研究了介质碎屑运移特性的影响因素。结果表明:介质碎屑的运移能力与爆炸荷载峰值成正比,与钻地通道深径比及碎屑粒径成反比。     

HMX基多组分PBX结构和性能的模拟研究

用分子动力学(MD)方法，对HMX基含少量TATB、F2311(粘结剂)和石蜡(钝感剂)的4组分PBX的结构和性能进行模拟研究。为细致考察各组分对主体炸药的作用，对2组分体系(HMX/TATB, HMX/F2311和HMX/石蜡)也进行类似的MD模拟。为深入揭示钝感机理和钝感剂的作用，还对HMX和石蜡超分子体系的相互作用进行量子化学第一性原理DFT计算。此外，对纯HMX及以它为基的多组分PBX的爆热和爆速进行了理论估算。结果表明，各PBX的弹性较纯HMX的有所改善，以粘结剂组分对主体炸药的力学性能影响最大。各组分的加入均或多或少地降低主体炸药的爆热和爆速。钝感剂与HMX的相互作用很弱，PBX的钝感性不是由电子结构因素所造成。多组分PBX的理论配方设计需综合考虑各种复杂因素。     

Effect of drum structure on particle mixing behavior based on DEM method

The optimization of the drum structure is beneficial to improve the particle motion and mixing in rotary drums. In this work, two kinds of drum structures, Lacy cylinder drum (LC) and Lacy-lifters cylinder drum (LLC), are developed on the basic of cylinder drum to enhance the heat transfer area. The particle motion and mixing process are simulated by DEM method. Based on the grid independence and model validation, the contact number between particles and wall, particle velocity profile, thickness of active layer, particle exchange coefficient, particle concentration profile and mixing index are demonstrated. The influences of the drum structure and the operation parameters are further evaluated. The results show that the contact number between particles and wall is improved in LC and LLC compared to cylinder drum. The particle velocity in LC is higher than that in cylinder drum at high rotating speed, and the particle velocity of the particle falling region is significantly improved in LLC. Compared to cylinder drum and LC, the thickness of active layer in LLC is smaller, while the local particle mixing quality is proved to be the best in the active region. In addition, the particle exchange coefficients between static region and active region in the three drums are compared and LLC is found tending to weaken the particle flow. Besides, the fluctuations of particle concentration in the active region, static region, and boundary region are weakened in LLC, and the equilibrium state is reached earlier. In addition, the overall particle mixing performance in cylinder drum, LC and LLC is analyzed. The particle mixing performance in cylinder drum is the worst, while the difference in mixing quality of LC and LLC depends on the operation conditions.