龙门山地震带的地质背景与汶川地震的地表破裂

龙门山位于青藏高原与扬子地台之间, 系由一系列大致平行的叠瓦状冲断带构成, 自西向东发育汶川—茂汶断裂、映秀—北川断裂和彭县—灌县断裂,并将龙门山划分为3个构造地层带,分别为变形变质构造地层带（主要由志留系—泥盆系浅变质岩和前寒武系杂岩构成）、变形变位构造地层带（主要由上古生界—三叠系沉积岩构成）、变形构造地层带（主要由侏罗系至第三系红层和第四纪松散堆积构成）。
龙门山断裂带属地震危险区,3条主干断裂皆具备发生7级左右地震的能力,其中映秀—北川断裂是引发地震的最主要断层,据对彭县—灌县断裂青石坪探槽场地的研究结果表明,在该断裂带上最晚的一次强震发生在930±40a.B.P.左右,据此,可以初步判定,这3条主干断裂的单条断裂上的强震复发间隔至少应在1000a左右,表明龙门山构造带及其内部断裂属于地震活动频度低但具有发生超强地震的潜在危险的特殊断裂,以逆冲-右行走滑为其主要运动方式。
汶川地震属于逆冲—走滑型的地震,地表破裂分布于映秀—北川断裂带和彭县—灌县断裂带上。根据近南北向的断裂（小鱼洞断层、擂鼓断层和邓家坝断层）和地表断距可将映秀—北川断层的地表破裂带划分为两个高值区和两个低值区,两个高值区分别位于南段的映秀-虹口一带和位于中北段的擂鼓—北川县城—邓家坝一带;两个低值区分别位于中南段的白水河—茶坪一带和北段的北川黄家坝至平武石坎子一带,两个高值区分别与小鱼洞断层和擂鼓断层相关。根据保存于破裂面上的擦痕,可将该地震破裂过程划分为两个阶段,早期为逆冲作用,晚期为斜向走滑作用,其与地壳增厚构造模式和侧向挤出摸式在青藏高原东缘的推论具有不吻合性。鉴于龙门山的表层运动速率与深部构造运动速率具有不一致性,初步探讨了龙门山地区的地表过程与下地壳流之间的地质动力模型,认为下地壳物质在龙门山近垂向挤出和垂向运动,从而造成导致龙门山向东的逆冲运动、龙门山构造带抬升和汶川特大地震。在此基础上,根据汶川地震所引发的地质灾害,对地震灾后重建提出了的几点建议。     

平移断层的倾角对地震产生的影响

利用边界单元法和滑移弱化摩擦本构关系分析了平移断层上地震的产生。从依赖于速率和状态的摩擦本构关系出发，通过忽略速度的影响得到了滑移弱化摩擦本构关系。建立了两种本构关系之间的联系，使得在两种模型中可以使用共同的参数。通过将地球表面模拟成一个包含在无穷大弹性介质中的无穷大裂纹，已有的边界积分方法可以直接用来分析断层的滑移。由于断层上的摩擦本构关系的非线性，得到的方程也是非线性的，采用牛顿迭代法进行求解。通过数值计算得到了平移断层上滑移位移、速度及摩擦力的分布规律。考察了平移断层的倾角对地震产生的影响，计算结果表明断层的倾角越小，地震产生的位置离地球表面越近且地震产生所需滑移的时间越短。     

Probabilistic models and simulation methods for seismic ground acceleration

Probabilistic models of seismic ground acceleration are reviewed. The review includes uniformly modulated, oscillatory, amplitude and phase modulated, ARMA, and other processes. Moreover, a novel and general nonstationary Gaussian model is presented. The model consists of a superposition of harmonics with correlated Gaussian amplitudes. The harmonic frequencies and the amplitude probabilistic characteristics depend on the duration and the correlation of the target seismic ground motion, respectively. The model can be generalized to represent the seismic ground motion at two or more sites. Methods are also presented for generating realizations of the probabilistic models in the paper. The methods are applied to demonstrate the generation of artificial seismic ground motions and to evaluate the usefulness of various probabilistic models in earthquake engineering.Invited lecture presented at the 6th Italian National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Perugia, 13–15 October, 1993     

在地震作用下结构的模糊随机振动

地震干扰不仅具有明显的随机性,而且由于地震烈度和场地土分类本身定义不明确而带来强烈的模糊性,本文在上述模糊性和随机性的基础上,建立了地震地面运动含模糊参数的平稳过程简化模型,研究了在其作用下单自由度滞后体系的模糊随机振动的分析与计算方法,由于问题的复杂性和某些数学上的困难,文中作了一些必要的简化,以作为模糊随机振动理论的初步探讨。     

非平稳地震动的双调制模型研究

地震动是工程结构地震反应研究与抗震设计的基础,要分析工程系统的性能,必须要把地震动作为随机过程来建立可靠的模型。本文通过对非平稳过程演变谱的研究,给出双调制函数,建立了双调制非平稳地震地面运动模型。结合双调制函数和三角级数法生成人工地震波,通过对人工波频率和强度的非平稳性研究验证了双调制模型的有效性。同时本文给出了双调制非平稳地震激励的结构响应虚拟激励算法,得到响应的时变功率谱。分析表明,该模型具有明确的物理意义,且更符合实际,为结构抗震可靠性分析提供了一种较好的地震动模型。     

Wave propagation in saturated ground using the volume fractions

The purpose of this paper is to study the dynamic behavior of soft ground including a porous layer by considering the porosity change. In order to take the porosity change into account, the concept of the volume fraction, which has been proposed in continuum mechanics, is introduced. The constitutive equations presented by Bowen are applied to the analysis of the porous media. According to Bowen's theory, the porosity is considered as a variable called the volume fraction and has its own constitutive equation. The constitutive equation of the volume fraction has thermoelastic equation coefficients and is determined by the strains of the solid and the fluid. This means that the compressibilities of the solid and the fluid are considered. When the special condition is assumed, Bowen's theory can contain Biots's theory, which has been applied in earthquake engineering. The wave propagation in the ground including a porous layer, modeled by Bowen's theory, is studied and compared with that of Biot's theory. One-dimensional attenuation and surface amplitude are calculated. The effect of the volume fraction is discussed with respect to the compressibilities of the solid and the fluid.     

The “rebel travelling” of general nonlinear evolutional equation and discussion on related problems

This paper is a part of series works for discussing the “auto-destruction effects” of general nonlinear evolutional equations. The blown-up of Navier-Stockes equation is discussed in references [1,2]. Some expansion is made in this paper, and the blown-up of order-1 or 2 models and the “rebel travelling” of complex model of poly-order are discussed. The results indicate that “semi-rupture” appears for some models on specific condition: the blown-up appears during the whole evolution. For fluid, however, the weakly-nonlinear model is of more artificiality and there is much room for arguing about the smoothing scheme of the numerical integral on the basis of continuous thinking and so on.     

水平地震时斜面水坝受到的非线性动水压力的全过程的解析解

本文给出在非线性Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ阻尼作用下，由水平地震激发的水库内动水压力变化全过程的解析解：在激发初期其幅值较小，可用小参数法使控制方程线性化，从而求得各阶渐近控制方程的解析解；当动水压力的幅值增大到小参数展开不适用时，用ｖａｎ ｄｅｒｐｏｌ法求得非线性控制方程的渐近解，从而显示了动水压力的幅值从有序变化到发生突然跳跃的多值性的非线性本质。     

地震诱发滑坡复活机制的FLAC3D 数值模拟分析

地震是影响斜（边）坡、滑坡稳定性的主要因素之一。白龙江上某大型滑坡经顺层斜坡发生倾倒变形而成,天然状态下处于基本稳定状态,在“5.12″汶川地震作用下,该滑坡有整体复活迹象,其后缘周界形成了连续贯通的拉裂缝、错动台阶,尤其是滑坡下游区变形拉裂较明显。本文以该滑坡在地震作用下发生复活为例,在分析滑坡所处的区域地质条件的基础上,详细研究了滑坡的基本特征以及地震作用导致滑坡复活的现象、特征,然后利用FLAC^3D 软件内置动力分析模块对该滑坡复活机制进行了分析、研究。数值分析表明,地震作用下滑坡变形破坏受坡体形态的影响较显著,滑坡对地震波具有明显的放大效应; 同一地震动条件下,滑坡体相对周边处于稳定状态基岩边坡对地震更为敏感。这较好地解释了“5.12″汶川地震作用下,该滑坡的复活原因。     

Stochastic modeling for starting-time of phase evolution of random seismic ground motions

In response to the challenge inherent in classical high-dimensional models of random ground motions, a family of simulation methods for non-stationary seismic ground motions was developed previously through employing a wave-group propagation formulation with phase spectrum model built up on the frequency components' starting-time of phase evolution. The present paper aims at extending the formulation to the simulation of non-stationary random seismic ground motions. The ground motion records associated with N—S component of Northridge Earthquake at the type-II site are investigated. The frequency components' starting-time of phase evolution of is identified from the ground motion records, and is proved to admit the Gamma distribution through data fitting. Numerical results indicate that the simulated random ground motion features zero-mean, non-stationary, and non-Gaussian behaviors, and the phase spectrum model with only a few starting-times of phase evolution could come up with a sound contribution to the simulation.     

双相介质P波波动方程小波域多尺度模拟

相比于单相介质理论而言,双相介质理论更接近实际地层的真实情况,因此在地球物理勘探、地震工程和岩土动力学等领域有着广泛的应用。传统的波动方程数值解法由于本身固有的不足不利于求解诸如双相介质波动方程等复杂的非线性和不规则性问题;而小波方法则由于自身良好的特性可以用来构建解决此类问题的自适应性算法。本文详细推导了双相介质P波波动方程的有限差分矩阵表示形式,利用小波变换将其转移到小波域,设置阈值形成更为稀疏的迭代矩阵以构建自适应算法,从而达到减少计算量,增加地震波场数值模拟灵活性和准确性的目的。地球物理勘探的数值模拟实例验证了方法的有效性。     

基于尖点突变模型的地震液化和孔压研究

地震液化是一种严重的自然灾害，然而如何准确判断液化目前作的还很不成功。本文以经过持时修正的能量函数和经过粘粒及上覆压力修正的标贯击数为控制变量，以孔压发展为状态变量，根据液化的物理意义、室内孔压发展曲线的特点和国内外实测液化资料，建立了基于修正Zeeman突变方程的孔压液化发展模型。在此基础上，利用统计学中控制“弃真”概率的方法，确定了分叉曲线和新旧坐标之间的转换关系并且从统计的角度给出了不同土的孔压发展曲线。从孔压发展曲线看，对于R＞0的任何土，超静水压力均达不到1，其实这正好反映了宏观液化现象。在宏观震害中，只要有喷水冒砂现象即认为是液化，超静水压力只要能克服埋深而无须达到上覆压力即可使地下水到达地面从而显现宏观液化现象。检验结果表明这一模型是合理的。     

用回传波射矩阵法分析框架的地震效应

结构在地震载荷作用下的瞬态响应分析对抗震设计很重要. 大部分地震效应 研究采用时程积分等数值方法. 回传波射矩阵法是桁架和框架结构瞬态响应的一种新的频域 矩阵分析法. 基于Bernulli梁理论的回传波射矩阵法扩展到地面加速度载荷的情形, 对一榀钢制框架在地面El Centro波加速度作用下的瞬态应力计算, 结果表明该方法 能准确有效地进行结构的地震效应分析.     

用虚拟激励法求解非比例阻尼线性体系的非平稳随机地震响应

应用复振型分解方法,将非比例阻尼线性体系在地震作用下的动力方程求解问题转化为若干个广义复振子的求解与叠加问题。通过假定地震地面运动为一零均值的非平稳随机激励,应用虚拟激励法原理,推导得到了广义复振子动力坐标计算的一般公式,进而得到了非比例阻尼线性体系非平稳随机地震响应计算的一般解答。由于可以选择少量共轭复振型的影响进行计算,对于大型复杂非比例阻尼结构,其随机地震响应计算工作量可以大幅度减小。算例证实了这种方法的可靠性及可行性。     

The effect of concrete slab–rockfill interface behavior on the earthquake performance of a CFR dam

Earthquake response of the concrete slab is mostly depended upon its conjunction with rockfill. This study aims to reveal the effect of concrete slab–rockfill interface behavior on the earthquake performance of a concrete-faced rockfill dam considering friction contact and welded contact. Friction contact is provided by using interface elements with five numbers of shear stiffness values. 2D finite element model of Torul concrete-faced rockfill dam is used for this purpose. Linear and materially non-linear time-history analyses considering dam–reservoir interaction are performed using ANSYS. Reservoir water is modeled using fluid finite elements by the Lagrangian approach. The Drucker–Prager model is preferred for concrete slab and rockfill in non-linear analyses. Horizontal component of 1992 Erzincan earthquake with peak ground acceleration of 0.515g is used in analyses. The maximum and minimum displacements and principal stresses are shown by the height of the concrete slab and earthquake performance of the dam is investigated considering different joint conditions for empty and full reservoir cases. In addition, potential damage situations of concrete slab are evaluated.     

基于Takagi—Sugeno模型的半主动TLCD对偏心结构的减震控制

采用在结构水平双向设置TLCD半主动控制装置的方法，对偏心结构在多维地震作用下的振动控制问题进行了研究。首先论述了基于Takagi—Sugeno模型的模糊神经网络的基本理论。然后介绍结构-TLCD扭转耦联控制系统微分方程及其状态空间求解方法，最后在建立起半主动控制策略的基础上。利用基于Takagi—Sugeno模型的模糊神经网络，根据控制准则调整TLCD的开孔率，实现对结构的半主动控制。数值结果表明，这种方法能对结构的平动反应和扭转反应都能起到较好的减震效果。     

汶川地震滑坡与地震参数及地质地貌因素之间的相关关系

采用大涡模拟方法,模拟了槽道湍流,得到了不同雷诺数下槽道湍流的结果. 在此基 础上,研究了平均速度、雷诺应力、脉动动能和脉动速度均方根的分布;讨论了平均速度的 壁面律问题;给出了雷诺应力、脉动动能和脉动速度均方根随雷诺数的变化规律,其中雷诺 应力、脉动动能给出了定量公式.     

Seismic behaviour of isolated multi-span continuous bridge to nonstationary random seismic excitation

This paper concentrates on the results of responses of a multi-span continuous bridge isolated with double concave friction pendulum bearings subjected to non-stationary random seismic excitation characterized by the incoherence, the wave-passage, and the site-response effects. The earthquake excitation is modelled as a non-stationary random process as uniformly modulated broad-band excitation. To perform the seismic isolation procedure, the double concave friction pendulum bearings which are sliding devices that utilize two spherical concave surfaces are placed at each of the six support points of the deck. The non-stationary response of the isolated bridge is compared with the corresponding stationary response in order to study the effects of non-stationary characteristics of the earthquake input motion. Solutions obtained from the stationary and non-stationary stochastic analyses for the isolated bridge to spatially varying earthquake ground motions are compared for the special cases of the earthquake ground motion model. The spatially varying earthquake ground motions are described stochastically based on an empirical coherency loss function and a filtered power spectral density function. The site effect is considered by a transfer function derived from one dimensional wave propagation theory. It is observed that the stationary assumption is reasonable for the considered ground motion duration.     

5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探

对乙炔氧气混合气体中爆轰波与激波的正面对撞现象的实验研究是以高速摄影获 取两波对撞的x-t纹影图,以烟迹板记录对撞中的爆轰胞格图案,并基于激波 理论和经典CJ爆轰理论求解了两波对撞的稳态解并探寻其规律. 研究发现透射波系包括一道激波和爆轰波, 以及紧随爆轰波后的稀疏波区,这一结果对应于一维理论分析中的CJ解. 透射波系基本不受 初始压强影响;初始温度也只成比例地改变流场整体速度,温度越高,速度越快;对波系起 实质影响作用的是入射激波强度,激波越强,则整个透射流场呈现偏向激波的趋势;理论分 析还指出,稀疏波区的出现不可避免,当激波强度趋于声波稀疏波区趋于消失,激波越强则 疏波区趋于扩大. 两波对撞存在一个有限的转变阶段,透射爆轰首先减缓,接着迅速迸发为 过驱爆轰,然后再逐渐平衡为CJ爆轰. 对于强不稳定的燃气,对撞后爆轰波在空间上的发展 极不均衡,一些区域发生火焰面与诱导激波的严重脱离,随后的火焰面失稳发展为诱导激波 区内的爆轰波,实验观察到了这种爆轰在烟迹板上留下的极为精细的迹线.     

概率地震危险性评价系统开发

工程建设时必须对工程场地的地震危险性进行评价,并且对工程结构物要采取抗震设计。由于相关部门往往针对某一地区只提供一个地震设防加速度范围值或地震设防烈度值,而且某一地震烈度值所对应的加速度值的范围也很大,使得在实际应用中给具体工程安全、经济地选用合适的抗震设防加速度带来一定困难;为解决这个问题,本文以概率地震危险性评价理论为基础,开发了一套地震危险性评价系统。利用该评价系统根据相关地震活动性参数,可以方便、快速地计算出具体工程应该采用的抗震设防加速度值,从而解决了工程活动中安全、经济地选用抗震设防加速度值的问题。文中还针对潜在线源和潜在面源的处理难以在程序上实现这一难题,分别提出了一种精确求解和近似求解的算法。本文并以实例进行了评价计算,计算结果与中国地震局公布的数据符合较好,从而验证了开发的评价系统具有较好的可信度。