电磁加载下7075铝环的膨胀断裂模式转变研究

利用电磁膨胀环实验技术,研究了7075铝环在2700～8700 s?1拉伸加载应变率下的断裂模式转变现象。实验结果表明:在低应变率下,铝环的断裂受最大正应力控制,发生拉伸断裂;在高应变率下,铝环的断裂受最大剪应力控制,发生剪切断裂;在中应变率下,铝环的断裂同时受最大正应力和最大剪应力控制,为拉伸和剪切同时存在的拉剪混合断裂模式;随着应变率的增加,铝环的破片数量呈先增加、再减小、最后增加的趋势,破片数量变化拐点与断裂模式转变点基本吻合。     

镍基单晶合金多轴非比例加载低周疲劳研究

基于正交设计, 分别在680℃和850℃下进行DD3镍基单晶合金薄壁圆管试样([001]取向)拉/扭非比例加载低周疲劳试验, 研究等效应变范围、应变路径角、拉/扭载荷相位角、循环特性和温度诸因素对镍基单晶合金多轴低周疲劳寿命的影响作用. 疲劳试验数据的极差分析表明, 应变路径角、拉/扭载荷相位角和等效应变范围是影响疲劳寿命的主要因素. 将菱形应变加载路径区分为比例加载段和非比例加载段, 提出了表征非比例加载效应的等效应变参量, 并通过引入单晶应变三轴性因子反映拉/扭应变路径角对多轴疲劳寿命的影响. 用考虑非比例加载效应的等效应变范围和单晶应变三轴性因子构造循环塑性应变能损伤参量, 进行多元线性回归分析, 疲劳寿命回归模型与试验寿命具有很好的相关性, 所有试验数据都落在2.0倍的偏差分布带之内.      

压缩-剪切复合应力下PMMA材料的静态力学特性研究

通过压缩具有一定倾斜角(0°,10°,15°,20°和25°)试件和双剪切模型试件,实现了单轴压缩、压缩-剪切复合应力以及纯剪切三种应力状态,得到PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)在相应应力状态下的应力-应变曲线,同时对不同应力状态下试件的破坏模式进行了分析。结果表明:在不同受力环境中材料的强度和破坏的机理不同;同单轴压缩状态下相比,材料在压缩-剪切复合应力状态下屈服极限、强度极限以及破坏应变均不同程度的增大,呈现明显的"剪切增强"现象。单轴压缩与压缩-剪切应力状态下试件的破坏模式均为在试件短对角面上出现明显的剪切屈服带,由应力分析得出试件剪应力在短对角面上达到最大,引起在此平面上分子链间滑动从而产生应变软化形成剪切屈服带;双剪切试件的破坏模式为与剪切面呈45°的斜面。     

α-钛合金TA6的动态力学性能和剪切现象分析

诸多文献已经报道了β和(α β)钛合金冲击和爆炸加载下的绝热剪切现象,本文利用分离式的Hopkinson压杆和反射式Hopkinson拉杆对α-钛合金TA6的动态力学性能进行研究,得到不同应变率下材料的应力-应变曲线,发现钛合金TA6和其他钛合金一样也是一种应变率敏感材料。冲击拉伸加载时破坏形状45度剪切断口,然而其在冲击压缩应力作用下体现为典型的韧性,并未出现其它类型钛合金通常会出现的绝热剪切破坏。进一步分析表明:α-钛合金TA6不同于β和(α β)的钛合金,α-钛合金TA6相对于β和(α β)的钛合金是一种绝热剪切不敏感的材料。同时也利用应力状态的柔韧系数的概念对拉伸时45度的剪切断口解释。     

超高强度钢AF1410塑性流动特性及其本构关系

在本文中,为揭示超高强度钢AF1410的塑性流动性,并研究其塑性流动本构关系,利用CSS4410电子万能试验机和改进的Hopkinson拉压杆技术,对AF1410钢在温度从100K到600K,应变率从0.001/s到2000/s,塑性应变超过20%的塑性流动特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,拉伸加载下AF1410钢屈服强度低于压缩屈服强度,且随应变率增加,拉压屈服强度差值越来越大;该材料塑性流动应力对应变率敏感性低,而对温度较为敏感;随应变率的提高,该材料拉伸失效应变减小,但温度对失效应变无明显影响。最后基于位错的运动学关系,借助试验数据,获得了AF1410钢的塑性流动物理概念本构模型,并通过与经典J-C模型的结果对比对该物理概念本构模型进行了评估分析,表明该物理概念本构模型在较宽温度和应变率范围能较好的预测AF1410钢的塑性流动应力。     

低碳钢扭转硬化拉伸强度的实验研究

本文提出了关于提高低碳钢硬化强度指标的新方法、是将试样扭转至剪切屈服极限后,按一定梯度增加单位残余塑性扭转角θ_p,卸载后将得到的硬化试样再进行常规拉伸试验,获得扭转拉伸硬化屈服极限σ_(τs)和强度极限σ_(τb),它们超过了常规拉伸硬化的强度指标.     

金属拉扭强度关于材料声速及加载速率最小二乘法的回归模型

为了研究不同加载速率下金属的拉扭强度及其预测方法,利用声发射检测仪及电子拉扭试验机分别对铸铁和中碳钢标准试件进行了声速测定及不同加载速率、加载路径下的拉伸-扭转组合变形试验,得到了各试件材料的声速值及相应加载方案下的载荷-变形曲线;根据平面应力状态及强度理论,推导出了材料拉扭破坏的最大正应力、最大剪应力;利用试验中采集的最大轴力、最大扭矩计算得到了材料的拉扭破坏应力、破坏面方向;基于最小二乘法拟合得到了材料拉扭强度关于材料声速值、拉伸与扭转加载速率的多元回归模型。研究表明:随着拉伸与扭转加载速率的增加,铸铁、碳钢的破坏应力分别呈现总体上升、总体下降的趋势;相同加载速率、不同加载路径下材料的破坏强度各不相同;建立的回归模型能较好地预测给定材料在不同加载速率下的破坏应力,并以此建立塑性及脆性材料的拉扭强度条件。     

应变率及温度对FGH95粉末高温合金塑性变形性能影响的实验研究

在420℃～650℃的温度范围内,实验研究了FGH95粉末高温合金在应变率0．0001s^-1～0．01S^-1范围内的拉伸一断裂性能,分析了温度和应变率对该合金流动应力的影响,结果表明,应变率对杨氏模量、拉伸屈服强度和塑性模量的影响不是很大,随着应变速率的增大和温度的升高,合金的塑性流动应力有所提高,断裂强度和断裂韧性增强。并通过流动应力与应变、应变率和温度之间的函数关系,分别讨论了硬化指数咒、应变速率敏感系数m及应力相关系数K与温度ε和应变率;的函数关系。SEM断口分析表明FGH95合金是微缺陷敏感材料,在高温（420℃-650℃）应变率范围为10^-4s^-1～10^-1s^-1时的拉伸断裂都是韧性断裂。     

45钢薄壁圆柱管的冲击膨胀断裂机理研究

采用改进型霍普金森压杆实验技术,对不同膨胀断裂状态的45号钢薄壁金属圆柱管进行了冻结回收,直接观测了薄壁金属圆柱管动态膨胀断裂过程中的裂纹萌生、扩展情况以及最终断裂模式等断裂演化特征。对冻结回收样品进行的金相显微分析完整观察到了裂纹萌生、扩展直至断裂的整个膨胀断裂过程,并得出以下结论:薄壁金属圆柱管在中应变率的膨胀断裂过程中,拉伸和剪切断裂机制起主导作用。裂纹萌生于外壁面,并由外向内扩展,断裂模式随加载应变率的提高逐渐由拉剪混合向纯剪切过渡。与爆轰加载的高应变率薄壁金属圆柱管断裂过程不同的是,随加载载荷的增加,薄壁金属圆柱管的断裂逐渐由拉伸断裂向剪切断裂过渡,而非绝热剪切断裂,这种差异的产生原因尚待研究。     

需要考虑材料泊松比的某些塑性力学问题

本文例举了用测应变值确定受拉扭的薄壁管外载,受内压的封闭薄壁圆管在比例加载下的应变分量比值,以及平面应变条件下的三种初始屈服准则,说明对于这些塑性力学问题考虑材料真实泊松比 v 的必要性.     

一种改进的金属材料的高温动态拉伸实验技术

在旋转盘冲击拉伸实验装置上,利用金属材料自身的导电特性,对试样施加电流.使其在电流作用下发热,实现自加热,形成了试件快速加热而波导杆温升很小的金属材料的动态高温高应变率拉伸实验技术.应用该实验技术获取了45 #钢从室温到1000℃温度范围和应变率650s-1时的材料动态拉伸应力—应变曲线.实验结果表明,45 #钢具有明显的热软化效应,其流动应力和屈服应力随温度的升高而降低.     

Strain-rate history and temperature effects on the torsional-shear behavior of a mild steel

Previous investigations on the effects of strain-rate and temperature histories on the mechanical behavior of steel are briefly reviewed. A study is presented on the influence of strain rate and strain-rate history on the shear behavior of a mild steel, over a wide range of temperature Experiments were performed on thin-walled tubular specimens of short gage length, using a torsional split-Hopkinson-bar apparatus adapted to permit quasi-static as well as dynamic straining at different temperatures. The constant-rate behavior was first measured at nominal strain rates of 10^?3 and 10³ s^?1 for ?150, ?100, ?50, 20, 200 and 400°C. Tests were then carried out, at the same temperatures, in which the strain rate was suddenly increased during deformation from the lower to the higher rate at various large values of plastic strain. The increase in rate occurred in a time of the order of 20 μs so that relatively little change of strain took place during the jump. The low strain-rate results show a well-defined elastic limit but no yield drop, a small yield plateau is found at room temperature. The subsequent strain hardening shows a maximum at 200°C, when serrated flow occurs and the ductility is reduced. The high strain-rate results show a considerable drop of stress at yield. The post-yield flow stress decreases steadily with increasing temperature, throughout the temperature range investigated. At room temperature and below, the strain-hardening rate becomes negative at large strains. The adiabatic temperature rise in the dynamic tests was computed on the assumption that the plastic work is entirely converted to heat. This enabled the isothermal dynamic stress-strain curves to be calculated, and showed that considerable thermal softening took place. The initial response to a strain-rate jump is approximately elastic, and has a magnitude which increases with decrease of testing temperature; it is little affected by the amount of prestrain. At 200 and 400° C, a yield drop occurs after the initial stress increment. The post-jump flow stress is always greater than that for the same strain in a constant-rate dynamic test, the strain-hardening rate becoming negative at large strains or low testing temperature. This observed effect of strain-rate history cannot be explained by the thermal softening accompanying dynamic deformation. These and other results concerning total ductility under various strain-rate and temperature conditions show that strain-rate history strongly affects the mechanical behavior of the mild steel tested and, hence, should be taken into account in the formulation of constitutive equations for that material.     

多晶石墨烯拉伸力学性能及其影响因素的灵敏度分析

晶粒尺寸、温度和应变率等对纳米材料的力学性能有重要影响。本文通过分子动力学（MD）数值模拟,分析了不同晶粒尺寸多晶石墨烯在不同温度、拉伸应变率下的杨氏弹性模量、极限应力、极限应变等拉伸力学性能。结果表明,晶粒尺寸、温度和拉伸应变率对拉伸力学性能有较大影响。利用正交实验法,分别分析了杨氏弹性模量、极限应力和极限应变对晶粒尺寸、温度和拉伸应变率的敏感程度。结果表明,杨氏弹性模量和极限应力对影响因素的敏感程度由大到小依次为晶粒尺寸、温度和拉伸应变率;极限应变对影响因素的敏感程度由大到小依次为晶粒尺寸、拉伸应变率和温度。研究结果可为多晶石墨烯的理论研究和工程应用提供参考。     

Mechanical behavior of Gamma-Met PX under uniaxial loading at elevated temperatures and high strain rates

Gamma titanium aluminides have received considerable attention over the last decade. These alloys are known to have low density, good high temperature strength retention and good oxidation and corrosion resistance. However, poor ductility and low fracture toughness have been the key limiting factors in the full utilization of these alloys. More recently, a new generation of gamma titanium aluminide alloys, commonly referred to as Gamma-Met PX, has been developed by GKSS, Germany. These alloys have been observed to have superior strength and better oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures when compared with conventional gamma titanium aluminides.The present paper discusses results of a study to understand the uniaxial mechanical behavior in both compression and tension of Gamma-Met PX at elevated temperatures and high strain rates. The compression and tensile tests are conducted using a modified Split-Hopkinson Bar apparatus at test temperatures ranging from room temperature to 900 °C and strain rates of up to 3500 s⁻¹. Under uniaxial compression, in the temperature range from room to 600 °C, the flow stress is observed to be nearly independent of test temperature. However, at temperatures higher than 600 °C thermal softening is observed at all strain rates with the rate of thermal softening increasing dramatically between 800 and 900 °C. The room temperature tensile tests show negligible strain-rate dependence on both yield stress and flow stress. With an increase in test temperature from room to 900 °C, the material shows a drop in both yield and flow stress at all levels of plastic strain. However, the measured flow stress is still higher when compared to nickel based super-alloys and other gamma titanium aluminides under similar test conditions. Also, no anomaly in yield stress is observed up to 900 °C.     

镁合金屈服与强度的实验研究

报导镁合金ＭＢ８薄壁圆管试件在比例加载时Ｐ－ｐ复杂应力状态下的实验结果，主要研究了：（１）初始屈服曲面；（２）强度极限曲面；（３）初始屈服曲面与强度极限曲面的关系。     

THE DURABILITY OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE REBARS IN SALT LAKE HIGH AND COLD AREA1)

对玻璃纤维(glass fiber reinforced polymer, GFRP)筋和GFRP -钢筋夹芯复合筋在盐湖地区多重环境因素耦合作用下进行耐久性试验,分析环境类型及作用时间对极限抗拉强度、弹性模量、极限应变的影响。结果表明：在多重因素耦合作用下,随着盐湖卤水腐蚀周期、冻融次数、干湿循环次数的增加,GFRP筋和GFRP夹芯复合筋的抗拉强度逐渐减小,但是GFRP筋减小的幅度较小,而GFRP夹芯复合筋由于有钢筋的存在,抗拉强度减小比较大,特别是在盐湖卤水90 d以上、冻融150次以上时GFRP夹芯复合筋的极限抗拉强度实验不是很明显,屈服强度几乎不存在并且与抗拉极限强度相接近,表现出明显的脆性;在各种因素作用下,GFRP筋随着龄期的增加,弹性模量先减少后增加,而GFRP夹芯复合筋的弹性模量逐渐减小,相对来讲减小的幅度不是很大;各种耦合因素作用下GFRP筋和GFRP夹芯复合筋的极限抗拉强度、弹性模量均比单因素作用下小,且腐蚀性的大小关系是盐湖卤水+干湿循环+冻融耦合>盐湖卤水+干湿循环>冻融>盐湖卤水。     

EFFECTS OF MICROSTRUCTURE ON THE MACROSCOPIC ELASTO-PLASTIC PROPERTIES OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

The generalized self-consistent finite-element iterative averaging method was adopted toanalyze the elasto-plastic tensile properties of SiC whiskers reinforced aluminum matrix composites.The effects of varying fiber's aspect ratio and volume fraction on the macroscopic elasto-plastic defor-mation of the composites were studied.By the analysis of microscopic stress fields,the relation be-tween the propagation of the elasto-plastic region in the matrix and the macroscopic elasto-plastic de-formation of composites was discussed.It was found that the propagation of the plastic region in thematrix between the fiber's ends would affect prominently the elasto-plastic tensile behaviour of thecomposites.It was shown that the characterization of the stress-strain response in terms of the 0.2%offset yield strength is incomplete.     

材料参数对韧性材料高应变率拉伸碎裂过程的影响

Grady-Kipp将一个与断裂能量相关的内聚断裂模型引入Mott[1]的刚性卸载波分析,导出一个预测韧性材料在高速拉伸碎裂过程中产生碎片的平均尺度的计算公式[2]。为定量评估Grady-Kipp公式的适用程度,采用数值方法模拟了具有不同材料参数的一维弹塑性杆在高应变率拉伸过程中的碎裂现象。通过改变材料的断裂能 、密度 和应变率敏感系数c,模拟了杆在不同应变率 下的碎裂过程,研究了材料参数对碎裂时的碎片尺度、表观断裂应变和断口温升等的影响。通过对应变率和碎片尺寸进行无量纲化,证实Grady-Kipp公式在广泛的材料参数范围内能较好地预测碎裂过程中发生的碎片平均尺寸。     

预应变对中子辐照高纯铝拉伸性能的影响

金属材料的中子辐照硬化和脆化一直都是核能安全领域十分关注的重要问题之一. 为了进一步认识预应变对中子辐照金属材料塑性形变和最终断裂特性的影响规律, 及其微观机理, 本文研究了10%拉伸预应变高纯铝的拉伸应力-应变曲线、失稳应力和失稳应变等随辐照剂量的变化规律. 结果表明, 辐照剂量越高, 预应变高纯铝内部孔洞的尺寸和数密度越高, 导致屈服强度和极限拉伸强度越高, 均匀延伸率和失稳应变越小, 表现出典型的辐照硬化和脆化效应, 但失稳应力与辐照剂量几乎无关. 相同辐照剂量条件下, 预应变引入的高密度位错能够显著降低辐照孔洞的尺寸和数密度, 加之辐照退火效应的综合影响, 导致预应变能够降低高纯铝屈服强度的增长率和失稳应变的下降率, 从而表现出一定的抑制辐照硬化和脆化的能力, 预应变还能够提高高纯铝的失稳应力, 但整体而言预应变并不能提高高纯铝的延性. 最后, 基于J-C本构模型的中子辐照退火态金属材料的脆化模型能够直接应用于预应变金属材料, 且模型预测结果与实验结果吻合较好.      

INFLUENCE OF SHAMPOO ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN HAIRS1)

头发的弹性和抵抗意外拉断的能力是人们非常关注的指标。为了迎合这一需求,有些厂商推出了具有所谓“强韧”发质功效的洗发水,但其实并不清楚是否真能使头发变“强韧”。为此,针对市场上常见的一种标称具有“强韧”功效的洗发水,通过拉伸力学实验对头发洗护前后的力学性能进行了对比研究。结果表明,用洗发水处理后的头发,屈服应力下降,意味着头发更容易过早进入塑性变形;抗拉强度、最大应变减小,意味着头发抵抗外力拉断的能力下降;杨氏模量下降,说明头发抵抗弹性变形的能力变差。综上,所研究的洗发水对“强韧”发质没有帮助。 关键词: 头发,洗发水,力学性能,强度,韧性