淬硬45钢在高温、高应变率下的动态力学性能及本构关系

在20℃~800℃的温度范围和10-3~104s-1的应变率范围内,采用电子万能试验机和分离式霍 普金森压杆,对淬硬45钢(45HRC)分别进行准静态实验和动态压缩力学性能实验,得到应力应变曲线。结 果表明:淬硬45钢的流动应力对应变率敏感性一般,但表现出较强的温度敏感性,随着应变率的增大而增大, 随着温度的升高而降低。采用以高斯函数表示温度效应的改进Johnson-Cook本构方程拟合了淬硬45钢在 高应变率和高温条件下的本构关系,拟合曲线与实验数据吻合较好。     

基于J-C模型的Q235钢的失效准则

使用Instron材料试验机、霍普金森拉杆（SHTB）对Q235钢试件进行了不同温度下的准静态和动态拉伸实验,研究了温度、应变率及应力三轴度对Q235钢失效应变的影响,结果表明:Q235钢失效应变随温度的升高而增加,随应变率的增加而减小,随应力三轴度的增加先减小后增加再减小。基于实验结果对Q235钢J-C失效模型中的温度项进行了修正,并结合数值模拟提出了基于J-C失效模型的应力三轴度三分段式失效准则,通过Taylor撞击实验和数值模拟对给出的模型相关参量进行了验证,实验与模拟结果吻合较好。     

45钢的J-C损伤失效参量研究

为了在结构碰撞效应的有限元分析中描述材料行为,通过开展45钢在不同应力状态和温度下的准静态材料力学性能实验及拉伸SHB实验,考察了应力状态三轴度、温度和应变率对材料失效应变的影响。由实验数据得到了Johnson-Cook失效模型参量,并通过出现失效的Taylor撞击实验和数值模拟进行了一定的验证,表明模型描述与实验结果的趋势一致。     

20#钢动态拉伸断裂行为及其临界损伤度研究

首先对一维应变平面冲击载荷下20#钢的动态拉伸断裂行为进行了实验研究,考察了加载应力和拉伸应变率影响;然后基于损伤度函数模型,对实验进行了数值模拟研究,结果表明：模型中定义的特征物理量一断裂临界损伤度与外载荷条件（加载应力和拉伸应变率）的无关性或不敏感性;最后,采用Ls-dyna动力有限元程序并嵌入损伤度函数模型,对滑移爆轰下20#钢柱壳内爆驱动层裂进行二维数值模拟研究,结果表明：一维应变平面层裂实验和模型计算确定的损伤模型参数,也适用于描述柱壳构形复杂应力环境下的动态拉伸断裂问题．从而初步证实了断裂临界损伤度可以看作是一个表征延性金属动态拉伸断裂的内禀物性参数．     

一种基于电磁霍普金森杆的材料动态包辛格效应测试装置及方法

金属材料在复杂载荷条件下的动态力学行为研究一直备受关注，但受限于实验设备，金属材料的动态包辛格效应响应一直都难以获得。为了探究金属材料的包辛格效应与应变率效应之间的关系，本文中提出一种基于电磁霍普金森杆(electromagnetic split Hopkinson bar，ESHB) 的非同步加载实验技术，为测试金属材料在高应变率加载下的包辛格效应提供了一种有效的实验方法。本文中，首先介绍了非同步加载装置的主要特点，即可以用两列由脉冲发生器产生的应力波对受载试样进行连续的一次动态拉-压循环加载，且加载过程保证了应力波的一致性。分析了应力波对试样加载过程中的波传播历程，确保了加载过程的连续性。随后介绍了动态加载过程，数据处理方法和波形分离手段，并对动态加载过程进行应力平衡性分析，论证了实验装置的可靠性。最后采用该方法测试了5%预应变下6061铝合金动态压缩-动态拉伸的包辛格效应，并与准静态下的实验结果进行对比。实验结果表明，该材料单轴压缩没有明显的应变率效应，但其包辛格效应具有应变率依赖性，高应变率下材料的包辛格应力影响因子由0.07增大至0.17，具有显著的提升，这对传统意义上铝合金材料应变率不敏感的结论提出了挑战。     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢高温动态响应特性及本构关系

在293~873 K的环境下,采用分离式霍普金森杆装置对高氮钢试样进行了102~103 s-1应变率下的动态加载实验。结合准静态实验结果,分析了应变率和温度对材料塑性流动特性的影响。结果表明:高氮钢的动态力学行为具有很强的应变率敏感性和温度敏感性。当应变率达到400 s-1或更高时,流动应力随应变率的增加显著升高;在同一应变率下,流动应力随温度的降低明显升高。研究了温度和应变率耦合效应对材料塑性行为的影响,得出温度软化效应在高氮钢高温动态塑性变形中起主导作用。基于经典的Johnson-Cook（J-C）模型,通过对实验数据的分析,得出了高氮钢材料的修正J-C本构方程,经验证修正J-C方程预测结果与实验结果吻合。     

温度和应变率对拉伸载荷下高强铝合金本构关系影响的研究

介绍一种用于高温ＳＨＢ试验的新型快速加热电炉,可在一分钟左右将试件加热至５００℃,最高可加热至１０００℃,并且对金属材料和非金属材料均可加热,从而克服了目前使用的各种加热方法的局限性． 在２０℃～５００℃和０．００２０８～３５０ ｓ－ １的范围内研究了温度和应变率对拉伸载荷下高强铝合金本构关系的影响． 结果表明：（１）随着应变率的提高,该材料的强度提高,延伸率降低; （２）该材料的强度、延伸率及应变率均随温度的升高而降低; （３）该材料应变率敏感性随温度的升高而降低     

反分析法在光泡沫金属材料动态性能实验中的应用

在实验测试泡沫金属材料的动态性能时,由于其所具有的特殊性能使得传统的SHPB技术的采用遇到较大的困难.为了实验确定泡沫金属材料的初始动力坍塌强度和"平台"应力,研究其应变率效应,在现有SHPB实验装置的基础上,利用反分析法中的反卷积技术,通过计算机模拟给出了该实验装置的传递函数,完善了SHPB实验的数据处理系统,为实验研究泡沫材料的动态特性提供了一种有效的方法.     

套管式冲击拉伸实验装置的研制

介绍了几种常见的冲击拉伸实验装置,并做了简要的评述.提出了一种改进后的套管式冲击拉伸实验装置,该装置直接产生拉伸脉冲,消除了反射式冲击拉伸实验装置中两种干扰信号的影响,得到了远比反射式冲击拉伸实验更为理想的透射波形.运用改进后的套管式冲击拉伸试验装置对几种板材材料进行了动态拉伸实验,得到了这几种板材在600/s,1200/s,1800/s应变率下的应力应变曲线,与静态应力应变曲线相比较,反映了这几种板材具有明显的应变率效应.根据实验结果中动态与静态应力应变曲线的一致性,分析了这种套管式冲击拉伸实验装置的优越性与有效性,它能更好地反映材料的动态力学性能.     

超高强度钢AF1410塑性流动特性及其本构关系

在本文中,为揭示超高强度钢AF1410的塑性流动性,并研究其塑性流动本构关系,利用CSS4410电子万能试验机和改进的Hopkinson拉压杆技术,对AF1410钢在温度从100K到600K,应变率从0.001/s到2000/s,塑性应变超过20%的塑性流动特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,拉伸加载下AF1410钢屈服强度低于压缩屈服强度,且随应变率增加,拉压屈服强度差值越来越大;该材料塑性流动应力对应变率敏感性低,而对温度较为敏感;随应变率的提高,该材料拉伸失效应变减小,但温度对失效应变无明显影响。最后基于位错的运动学关系,借助试验数据,获得了AF1410钢的塑性流动物理概念本构模型,并通过与经典J-C模型的结果对比对该物理概念本构模型进行了评估分析,表明该物理概念本构模型在较宽温度和应变率范围能较好的预测AF1410钢的塑性流动应力。     

材料超高温动态拉伸SHTB实验方法的有效性分析

针对高温拉伸分离式Hopkinson杆实验技术,通过数值模拟、实验验证以及几种典型材料的高温动态拉伸性能测试相结合的方法,对此实验技术中存在的几个关键问题进行了深入研究。结果表明:对于平板状钩挂式拉伸试样,通过标距段尺寸优化后,应力分布均匀,流动应力曲线与螺纹拉伸试样一致,且应力上升段后没有剧烈跳动;通过精确气动控制,在加载脉冲到来同时,可实现有效的试样快速同步组装和加载;当试样温度为1 200 ℃时,在冷加载杆与高温试样接触以及应力波加载试样的整个过程中,试样平均温度下降约1.3%,而加载杆端温升低于180 ℃。为了验证此实验技术,对3D打印TC4、镍基单晶高温合金DD6进行了最高温度约1 200 ℃时的高温动态拉伸力学性能实验测试。     

A New Experimental Technique for the Multi-axial Testing of Advanced High Strength Steel Sheets

This paper deals with the development of a new experimental technique for the multi-axial testing of flat sheets and its application to advanced high strength steels. In close analogy with the traditional tension-torsion test for bulk materials, the sheet material is subject to combined tension and shear loading. Using a custom-made dual actuator hydraulic testing machine, combinations of normal and tangential loading are applied to the boundaries of a flat sheet metal specimen. The specimen shape is optimized to provide uniform stress and strain fields within its gage section. Finite element simulations are carried out to verify the approximate formulas for the shear and normal stress components at the specimen center. The corresponding strain fields are determined from digital image correlation. Two test series are performed on a TRIP-assisted steel sheet. The experimental results demonstrate that this new experimental technique can be used to investigate the large deformation behavior of advanced high strength steel sheets. The evolution of the yield surface of the TRIP700 steel is determined for both radial and non-proportional loading paths.     

超声纯横波法测试45#钢的内部应力

声各向同性的金属材料在应力作用下,材料表现出声各向异性,这是用声弹性法分析材料内部应力的基础。本文用垂直于应力方向传播的超声纯横波对45#钢进行测试,测试时横波的偏振化方向分别平行和垂直于应力方向。实验结果表明:材料在拉、压应力作用下,相互正交的两超声纯横波的声速都发生了变化,且声各向异性因子与应力成线性关系。利用此关系可测试材料内部应力,提供了一种无损测试材料内部应力的方法,另外本实验方法也可以对材料内部残余应力进行评估。实验中利用回振法测量声速,可测量声速的微小变化,精度高。     

Novel Technique for Static and Dynamic Shear Testing of Ti6Al4V Sheet

Few shear test techniques exist that cover the range of strain rates from static to dynamic. In this work, a novel specimen geometry is presented that can be used for the characterisation of the shear behaviour of sheet metals over a wide range of strain rates using traditional tensile test devices. The main objectives during the development of the shear specimen have been 1) obtaining a homogeneous stress state with low stress triaxiality in the zone of the specimen subjected to shear and 2) appropriateness for dynamic testing. Additionally, avoiding premature specimen failure due to edge effects was aimed at. Most dimensional and practical constraints arose from the dynamic test in which the specimen is loaded by mechanical waves in a split Hopkinson tensile bar device. Design of the specimen geometry is based on finite element simulations using ABAQUS/Explicit. The behaviour of the specimen is compared with the more commonly used simple shear specimen with clamped grips. Advantages of the new technique are shown. The technique is applied to Ti6Al4V sheet. During the high strain rate experiments high speed photography and digital image correlation are used to obtain the local shear strain in the specimen. Comparison of experimental and numerical results shows good correspondence.     

韧性材料颈缩主应力面上应变分布假定的研究

为了深入研究韧性材料主应力面的应变分布情况，讨论Bridgman关于主应力面上应变均布假定的精度．本文首先结合断口学基本理论与在室温条件下拉伸断裂的Q235钢、40Cr钢和45#钢断口电子显微镜扫描结果，从微观角度分析其韧窝分布后发现应变均布假定存在一定的误差；然后基于体积守恒和Aramis三维应变观测系统测得的试验结果，将计算值和试验值进行对比分析发现，三种材料中除含碳量较高的45#钢外，应变均布假定并不适用于分析颈缩主应力面上应变分布．本文的研究成果可为进一步研究韧性材料颈缩大塑性阶段的应力、应变本构关系提供一定的参考．     

Optical measurement of the specimen deformation at high strain rate

During recent years, the investigation of the strain-rate-dependent properties of materials has become more and more important. The experimental techniques used to establish the specific dynamic behavior of materials all have in common that the acquisition of information concerning the deformation of the specimen is cumbersone and often questionable. Mostly, only limited information on the spatial distribution and time evolution of the deformation in specimen can be obtained. In this paper, a non-contact, optical technique is presented, providing the time evolution and spatial distribution of the axial deformation in specimens during a high strain rate test. The deformation of a line grid attached to the specimen is recorded during an experiment by means of a rotating drum camera. The time history of the axial displacements is subsequently derived by an advanced technique based on digital geometric moiré combined with a phase-shift method, specially developed to this purpose. The technique can be applied to a wide range of materials and high strain rate tests, and is illustrated by means of a split Hopkinson tensile bar experiment on a steel sheet specimen.     

M-shaped Specimen for the High-strain Rate Tensile Testing Using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Apparatus

An experimental technique is proposed to determine the tensile stress–strain curve of metals at high strain rates. An M-shaped specimen is designed which transforms a compressive loading at its boundaries into tensile loading of its gage section. The specimen can be used in a conventional split Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus, thereby circumventing experimental problems associated with the gripping of tensile specimens under dynamic loading. The M-specimen geometry provides plane strain conditions within its gage section. This feature retards necking and allows for very short gage sections. This new technique is validated both experimentally and numerically for true equivalent plastic strain rates of up to 4,250/s.     

大尺寸Hopkinson压杆及其应用

本文介绍了国内最大尺寸的SHPB装置;讨论了在大尺寸SHPB装置上测量混凝土类材料动态力学性能将会出现的几个问题;采取了在入射杆的打击端加设波形整形器,在试件与杆件之间加设万向头及在试件上直接测量应变等新的实验技术及采用新的数据处理方法,提高了试验结果的精确度和可信度;简要介绍了利用ф100 SHPB装置对四种体积含量(0,2%,4%和6%)钢纤维高强混凝土进行三种应变率(10~20/s,35~45/s和75~85/s)的冲击压缩实验。实验结果表明,钢纤维高强混凝土具有较强的应变率效应,其破坏应力、峰值应变随应变率增加而显著增加,弹性模量也随应变率增加而增加。另外,钢纤维含量对混凝土具有增韧效应,随着钢纤维含量的增加,其韧性增大,脆性降低。     

Stress analysis of an orthotropic material under diametral compression

The diametral compression test is commonly used to determine the tensile strength of brittle materials. For isotropic materials a simple relation based on specimen geometry and the applied load at failure is used to calculate the tensile strength. Previous to this work the effect of material orthotropy and material orientation on the specimen stress state had not been completely determined. In this study, both isotropic and orthotropic specimens were analyzed using a finite element analysis and experimentally verified by strain gage and photoelastic measurements. Further, this work investigated the effect of the applied load area on the specimen stress state. Results of this work show that there is a significant difference between the theoretical calculations based on the assumption of material isotropy when compared to an orthotropic material. This difference can be as much as 45 percent depending on the degree of orthotropy and the orientation. It was also determined that the applied load area and material orientation significantly influence the specimen stress state. An applied load area of 8 percent of the circumference was found to reduce the stresses in the applied load region.     

ZL303合金电磁热止裂后力学性能研究

利用自制的ZL-2超强脉冲放电装置对含有单边裂纹的ZL303合金试件进行电磁热止裂试验。通过微机控制电子万能试验机对止裂前后试件进行拉伸试验,并用SEM扫描电镜对断口进行观察,最后理论分析了受拉伸试件的应力强度因子。结果表明,电磁热止裂技术对ZL303具有良好的止裂效果;放电强化作用主要集中在裂尖附近,裂尖钝化形成焊口,裂尖处组织变细且强度提高,试件的抗拉强度平均提高了16.5%;电热应力强度因子削弱了拉应力所产生的应力强度因子,达到力学性能强化的效果。