经典梁热过屈曲问题的解析解

基于非线性经典梁理论,建立了控制轴向和横向变形的基本方程,将两个非线性方程化简为一个关于横向挠度的四阶非线性积分-微分方程。对于本文所考虑的三类边界条件,该方程与相应的边界条件构成了微分特征值问题;直接求解该问题,得到热过屈曲构形的解析解,该解是外加热载荷的函数。为考察热载荷以及边界条件的影响,根据得到的解析解给出了一些数值算例,讨论了梁过屈曲行为的性质。本文得到的解析解可用于验证或改进各类近似理论和数值方法。     

基于计算机求解弯曲变形问题的一种新解析法(一)——复杂载荷作用下的静定梁问题

提出了一种求解弯曲变形问题的分段独立一体化积分法.分段独立一体化积分法首先将梁进行分段,独立建立具有四阶导数的挠曲线近似微分方程,然后分段独立积分4次,得到挠度的通解.根据边界条件和连续性条件,确定积分常数,得到挠度、转角、弯矩和剪力的解析函数.3个实例表明,分段独立一体化积分法建立方程简单,计算编程程式化,利用计算机求解速度快,与有限元法相比其优点是可以得到精确的解析解.     

剪切可变形梁非线性静态响应的精确解

本文给出了纵横向载荷作用下,梁非线性静态问题的精确解。基于非线性一阶剪切变形梁理论,导出了梁非线性静态问题的基本方程。将三个非线性方程化简为一个关于横向挠度的非齐次四阶非线性积分-微分方程,当只有轴向载荷作用时,该方程和相应的边界条件构成微分特征值问题。直接求解该方程,得到了梁非线性静态变形闭合形式的解,这个解显式地给出了梁的变形与外载荷之间的非线性关系,描述了梁变形后的非线性平衡路径。利用这个解,得到了梁临界屈曲载荷的一阶结果与经典结果。为考察载荷、长高比以及边界条件的影响,根据得到的解析解给出了一些数值算例,并讨论了梁不同阶屈曲模态下非线性静态响应的一些性质。结果表明:对应于方程特征参数λ的不同取值区间,梁的轴向载荷-挠度曲线有不同的解支;而对应于参数λ的同一取值区间,梁分别对应两个不同的屈曲模态。     

超静定梁变形计算的积分法

从线性化弯矩和曲率关系出发,将超静定梁多余反力的弯矩叠加到梁截面弯 矩中去,经两次积分得到了包括积分常数和多余反力的分段转角方程和挠曲线方程,利用边界 条件和连续条件确定积分常数和多余反力,进而确定了转角方程和挠曲线方程.文中工作扩大 了积分法的应用范围. 教学实践表明,用积分法解超静定梁的变形能够起到帮助学生学习和 掌握固体力学的边值问题解题思想的作用.     

计算梁弯曲变形和内力的简易方法

介绍一种合二而一的方法,从挠曲线的一般形式出发,通过边界条件确定待定常数,能同时得到挠曲线方程,转角方程,弯矩方程,剪力方程和支座反力.既避免了微分与积分运算又无需区分静定与超静定梁,也不论挠曲线方程是否分段,都可获解决.而且方法程式化具有便捷易学和一气呵成的特点.同时还深刻揭示出变形和内力的有机联系.     

考虑轴向力的双参数弹性地基有限长梁的静力问题

探讨轴向荷载对双参数地基梁弯曲的影响,以最小势能原理为基础,采用变分法推导了双参数地基上承受轴向力的梁的控制微分方程及边界条件,并明确了衰减参数γ需要满足的方程。对地基梁的参数γ进行了迭代,给出了双参数弹性地基上承受轴向力的有限长梁的内力及变形的求解方法。结果表明:轴向力的存在,使得地基梁的跨中挠度、最大弯矩、转角均有所增大;轴向力对地基梁的剪力有所影响,但影响程度并不大。本文计算方法准确可行,为双参数弹性地基模型的推广应用奠定了基础,具有广阔的应用前景。     

考虑轴力二阶效应的损伤梁弯曲摄动解

将损伤梁等效为阶梯型变刚度Euler-Bernoulli梁，利用Heaviside广义函数，给出了阶梯型变刚度梁抗弯刚度的统一表达式．在此基础上，考虑轴向压力二阶效应，并以损伤为摄动参数，得到了均布横向载荷作用下，简支损伤梁弯曲挠度的一阶和二阶摄动解析解，并数值分析了摄动解析解的精度和损伤梁的弯曲变形特性，结果表明：随着轴向压力和刚度损伤参数的增加，挠度一阶和二阶摄动解析解误差增加，挠度二阶摄动解析解误差通常小于其一阶摄动解析解误差，且二阶摄动解的误差很小，满足工程应用的精度．同时，损伤梁的挠度和转角分布与完整梁的挠度和转角分布差异较大，在刚度变化位置处损伤梁转角斜率存在突变．这些结果可为轴力作用下Euler-Bernoulli梁损伤识别提供理论支撑．     

考虑切向摩擦力时弹性地基梁的振动

假定切向摩擦力与梁底面的纵向位移成正比,通过引入广义剪力,得到了梁的位移型平衡方程。将位移及荷载展开为带附加项的Fourier级数,利用平衡方程和边界条件研究了弹性地基梁的自由振动和简谐振动。通过算例结果分析表明:纵向摩擦力对梁的固有频率、位移和内力均有影响。梁的最大挠度、转角、弯矩及剪力随着地基纵向反力系数的增大而减小;梁的固有频率、轴向位移和轴力则随着地基纵向反力系数的增大而增大;同时轴力引起的轴向位移和转角引起的梁底面纵向位移具有同一数量级。     

分布轴向力作用下隔水管横向自由振动分析

隔水管固有频率的精确计算对保证隔水管的安全使用和防止共振的发生有着极为重要的意义.在分析中,考虑了分布轴向力和顶张力的共同作用,建立了隔水管横向振动力学模型;基于牛顿定律和纵横弯曲梁理论,对微单元受力分析,得到隔水管横向自由振动的四阶偏微分方程;利用分离变量法将四阶偏微分方程简化为四阶变系数常微分方程;采用积分法求解四阶变系数常微分方程,得到隔水管横向自由振动固有频率的解析解.结果表明:(1)分布轴向力作用下隔水管横向自由振动的固有频率和振型,与将分布轴向力简化为集中力作用下隔水管的固有频率和振型有很大差别;(2)顶张力一定时,随着分布轴向力减小,隔水管固有频率增大;分布轴向力一定时,随着顶张力增大,隔水管固有频率增大;(3)采用积分法求解隔水管横向振动特性时,计算精度高,为隔水管的优化设计提供了可靠的理论依据.     

超静定梁的挠曲线初参数方程

本文建立了超静定梁的挠曲线初参数方程，利用超静定梁的边界条件和支座处的约束条件以及静力学平衡条件定出了方程中的所有未知参数．可通过研究梁的初参数方程，求出整个梁中挠度，转角的最大值．     

磁场中轴向运动导电梁弯曲自由振动分析

研究磁场环境下轴向运动导电梁的弯曲自由振动．首先给出系统的动能、势能以及电磁力表达式,进而应用哈密顿变分原理,推得磁场中轴向运动导电梁的磁弹性弯曲振动方程．在位移函数设定基础上,应用伽辽金积分法分别推出三种不同边界约束条件下,轴向运动梁的磁弹性自由振动微分方程和频率方程,得到固有频率表达式．通过算例,得到了弹性梁固有振动频率的变化规律曲线图,分析了轴向运动速度、磁感应强度和边界条件对固有振动频率和临界值的影响．     

Semi-analytic solution of Eringen’s two-phase local/nonlocal model for Euler-Bernoulli beam with axial force

Eringen’s two-phase local/nonlocal model is applied to an Euler-Bernoulli nanobeam considering the bending-induced axial force, where the contribution of the axial force to bending moment is calculated on the deformed state. Basic equations for the corresponding one-dimensional beam problem are obtained by degenerating from the three-dimensional nonlocal elastic equations. Semi-analytic solutions are then presented for a clamped-clamped beam subject to a concentrated force and a uniformly distributed load, respectively. Except for the traditional essential boundary conditions and those required to be satisfied by transferring an integral equation to its equivalent differential form, additional boundary conditions are needed and should be chosen with great caution, since numerical results reveal that non-unique solutions might exist for a nonlinear problem if inappropriate boundary conditions are used. The validity of the solutions is examined by plotting both sides of the original integro-differential governing equation of deflection and studying the error between both sides. Besides, an increase in the internal characteristic length would cause an increase in the deflection and axial force of the beam.     

任意有限个平行移动荷载作用下简支梁绝对最大挠度的解析算法研究

利用能量原理中的最小势能原理以及多元函数的极值原理，得到了简支梁在任意有限个平行移动荷载作用下的挠度方程与绝对最大挠度的解析算式。建立的可能位移函数既满足了位移几何边界条件，又满足了静力边界条件，故足可以保证简支梁的挠度计算精度。     

High-precision solution to the moving load problem using an improved spectral element method

In this paper, the spectral element method(SEM)is improved to solve the moving load problem. In this method, a structure with uniform geometry and material properties is considered as a spectral element, which means that the element number and the degree of freedom can be reduced significantly. Based on the variational method and the Laplace transform theory, the spectral stiffness matrix and the equivalent nodal force of the beam-column element are established. The static Green function is employed to deduce the improved function. The proposed method is applied to two typical engineering practices—the one-span bridge and the horizontal jib of the tower crane. The results have revealed the following. First, the new method can yield extremely high-precision results of the dynamic deflection, the bending moment and the shear force in the moving load problem.In most cases, the relative errors are smaller than 1%. Second, by comparing with the finite element method, one can obtain the highly accurate results using the improved SEM with smaller element numbers. Moreover, the method can be widely used for statically determinate as well as statically indeterminate structures. Third, the dynamic deflection of the twin-lift jib decreases with the increase in the moving load speed, whereas the curvature of the deflection increases.Finally, the dynamic deflection, the bending moment and the shear force of the jib will all increase as the magnitude of the moving load increases.     

Daubechies条件小波有限元法研究

为拓展小波理论在结构工程中的应用,提高结构计算精度,提出了以Daubechies条件小波Ritz法为基础的Daubechies条件小波有限元法。该法结合广义变分原理和拉格朗日乘子法构造修正泛函,根据修正泛函的驻值条件得到全域法求解方程矩阵。根据构件的边界条件,按左右边界对求解矩阵进行相应拆分,构建条件小波单元刚度矩阵,并依据公共节点位移相等原则形成总体刚度矩阵,由此解得各单元的小波基待定系数,即可进一步求解位移场函数、内力分布函数及荷载集度函数。以工程中常见的弹性拉压杆及平面弯曲梁为例,详细阐述了该方法的构造过程。并通过典型算例将Daubechies条件小波有限元法计算值与理论解进行了对比,结果表明:在弹性拉压杆算例中,位移、应力、载荷集度的相对误差均在1.22×10-3%以内;在平面弯曲梁算例中,挠度、弯矩、载荷集度的相对误差均在8.91×10-2%以内。     

Transverse-longitudinal bending of rheonomic rods

In [1, 2], an energy method for the determination of critical buckling times is developed for rods subjected to compression in the conditions of longitudinal bending. In this case, for given compressive loads, the bending moments in the rod cross-sections depend only on the current deflection of the rod axis. In contrast to longitudinal bending, in the case of transverse-longitudinal bending the bending moment in general depends not only on the deflection but also on the axial coordinate and the reaction forces in the supports. Depending on the rod fixing conditions, the problems of transverse-longitudinal bending can be categorized as statically determinate or statically indeterminate. In the latter case, the derivation of equilibrium conditions for a rod segment is complicated by the indefiniteness of the reactions in the rod buckling process. In the current paper, the energy method developed in [1, 2] is extended to a class of statically indeterminate transverse-longitudinal bending problems. To determine the redundant variables, it is proposed to use the principle of minimum of additional dissipation.     

用切比雪夫多项式研究短梁的弯曲计算

考虑剪切效应,利用切比雪夫多项式构造严格满足表面切应力边界条件的轴向位移表达式,建立了短梁弯曲问题的新理论．利用奇异函数把作用在短梁上的复杂外载荷表示为分布载荷,推导出了短梁弯曲时的截面正应力公式及挠曲线表达式．把采用切比雪夫多项式推导出短梁的弯曲计算公式计算结果与弹性理论计算结果进行比较,可知该方法的计算精度较高．研究结果表明：在复杂外载荷作用下,当长高比小于等于6时,剪切变形对梁的弯曲挠度影响较大,而当长高比小于3时,剪切变形对梁的弯曲应力影响较大;因此建议采用切比雪夫多项式方法给出的挠度表达式、弯曲应力进行计算,因为切比雪夫多项式方法不但给出了复杂外载荷作用下梁截面挠度、弯曲应力的计算通式,而且该方法具有计算过程简便、精度高的优点．     

Effect of gravity on nonlinear oscillations of a horizontal,immovable-end beam

A critical problem in designing large structures for space applications, such as space stations and parabolic antennas, is the limitation of testing these structures and their substructures on earth. These structures will exhibit very high flexibilities due to the small loads expected to be encountered in orbit. It has been reported in the literature that the gravitational sag effect under dead weight is of extreme importance during ground tests of space-station structural components [1–4]. An investigation of a horizontal, pinned-pinned beam with complete axial restraint and undergoing large-amplitude oscillations about the statically deflected position is presented here. This paper presents a solution for the frequency-amplitude relationship of the nonlinear free oscillations of a horizontal, immovable-end beam under the influence of gravity.The governing equation of motion used for the analysis is the Bernoulli-Euler type modified to include the effects of mid-plane stretching and gravity. Boundary conditions are simply supported such that at both ends there is no bending moment and no transverse and axial displacements. These boundary conditions give rise to an initial tension in the statically deflected shape. The displacement function consists of an assumed space mode using a simple sine function and unknown amplitude which is a function of time. This assumption provides for satisfaction of the boundary conditions and leads to an ordinary differential equation which is nonlinear, containing both quadratic and cubic functions of the amplitude. The perturbation method of multiple scales is used to provide an approximate solution for the fundamental frequency-amplitude relationship.Since the beam is initially deflected the small-amplitude fundamental natural frequency always increases relative to the free vibration situation provided in zero gravity. The nonlinear equation provides for interactions between frequency and amplitude in that both hardening and softening effects arise. The coefficient of the quadratic term in the nonlinear equation arises from the static (dead load) portion of the deflection. This quadratic term, depending upon its magnitude, introduces a softening effect that overcomes the hardening term (due to initial axial tension developed by deflection) for large slenderness ratios.For very large slender, immovable-end beams, the fundamental natural frequency is greater than that of beams without axial constraints undergoing small amplitude oscillations. This phenomenon is attributed to the stiffening effect of the statically-induced axial tension. However, the stiffening effect of axial tension in beams with slenderness ratios greater than approximately 392 undergoing large-amplitude symmetric-mode oscillations is overpowered by the presence of gravitational loading.Nomenclature A amplitude of the first harmonic - A ₁ cross-sectional area of beam - a(t) vibratory amplitude - E Young's modulus - g acceleration due to gravity - g ₁,g ₂,g ₃ constants defined in equations (8) - I area moment of inertia of cross-section - L length of beam - N axial tension force induced by gravitational loading     

A simple calculation of the transverse impact on beams and its experimental verification

The tests of several scientific workers have shown that the central maximum loading by transverse impact on beams is independent of the boundary conditions. In this case, the length of the beam is so long that the elastic waves reflected from the supports return to the point of contact after the central peak stress has developed. Now, by these conditions it is possible to simplify the integral equation for the impact force due to the transverse impact. The simplification is realized by calculating separately the series of the eigenfunctions and the eigenfrequencies. Introducing a special reference time and dimensionaless variables, the altered integral equation may be treated in a relative simple way by a computer. The results given in dimensionless form, namely the impact force and the central bending strain as a function of time, allow quickly the calculation of the mechanical loading. The magnitudes of the impact values also depend on a parameter which may be signified as a characteristic value of the transverse impact. This parameter contains the impact velocity, the striking mass, the Hertz constant and a parameter of the beam. This simplified theory of transverse impact was verified by measurements with strain gages, displacement device and PhotoStress method. The contact time was also measured and the data of the tests were changed, i.e., the velocity of the striking mass and the magnitude of the mass. In order to obtain the axial central strain at the lower side of the beam, the added action of the impact force must be taken into account according to the theory of Wilson-Stokes. Using the normalized curves of data of the impact, it is possible for untrained engineers to calculate the mechanical loading.     

用等效力系变换矩阵求解静不定桁架极限载荷

采用等效力系变换矩阵研究了双模量静不定桁架极限载荷问题．首先证明了固体的等效力系变换矩阵与等效位移变换矩阵是互为转置的矩阵,采用等效力系变换矩阵求解双模量静不定桁架结构的内力,然后再利用静力方程确定双模量静不定桁架结构的极限载荷．当力的变换关系可以根据物理条件容易求得,而位移的变换关系不容易找出时,用等效力系变换矩阵求解静不定桁架极限载荷,就更能显示出其计算过程简洁、清晰等优点．用等效力系变换矩阵求解静不定桁架极限载荷不涉及材料的性质,对各向同性材料、双模量材料静不定桁架极限载荷的求解都适用．